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Hussain, S. |
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Shafqat Hussain Research Proposal for Pakistan |
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Pakistan; Iucn; predation; predator; prey; livestock; conflict; herders; surveys; interviews; herding-techniques; browse; herding techniques; herding; techniques; 3900 |
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SLN @ rana @ 3 |
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398 |
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Hussain, S. |
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The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers |
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2003 |
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Oryx |
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37 |
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26-33 |
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Central Karakorum,farmer-wildlife conflict; livestock predation,snow leopard,Uncia uncia,; Western Himalayas. |
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Between 1998 and 2001 I carried out surveys in four areas in the Baltistan district of the Northern Areas of Pakistan to estimate the population of the snow leopard and to examine the threats to its future conservation. I estimate that a total of 36-50 snow leopards are present in the areas surveyed. Based on the availability of suitable snow leopard habitat and of its prey species, I estimate that 90-120 snow leopards are potentially present in Baltistan and 300-420 throughout its range within Pakistan's borders. Although this estimate is higher than extrapolations based on earlier surveys, the long-term future of the snow leopard is under threat. This is mainly due to retaliatory killings by farmers, and poaching for pelts and other body parts. Species-focused conservation policies, particularly those targeting ungulates for the promotion of trophy hunting, may constitute an additional threat to snow leopard conservation in the region. However, all forms of threats to the snow leopard in Baltistan appear to emanate from the relatively poor economic conditions of the local people. |
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SLN @ rana @ 898 |
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401 |
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Inayat, S.; Khan, A. |
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Title |
Identifying Womens Roles in Snow Leopard Conservation |
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1998 |
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xvi |
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3 |
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Pakistan; conservation; surveys; women; Gender; livestock; awareness; browse; 4480 |
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Islt |
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Full Text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 436 |
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403 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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International Snow Leopard Trust, Conservation and Education Program for 1999 |
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1999 |
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education; conservation; livestock; corrals; pens; predator; prey; poaching; hunting; depredation; Dna; Mongolia; Macne; Slims; gobi; Tibet; Qomolangma; Nepal; Bhutan; China; Afghanistan; India; Pakistan; Wwf; browse; 4030 |
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Full Text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 365 |
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406 |
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Jackson, R. |
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Title |
SSC Plan for Snow Leopard |
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1992 |
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physiology; status; distribution; description; behavior; reproduction; mating; breeding; vocalization; gestation; biology; habitat; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; longevity; homerange; home-range; prey; diet; Cites; Iunc; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected-areas; movements; activity; livestock; herders; depredation; conflict; trade; poaching; hunting; research; captivity; management; zoos; Slims; surveys; transects; browse; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3920; plan; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard |
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DRAFT – Revised September 22, 1992 by Rodney Jackson |
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SLN @ rana @ 201 |
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450 |
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Jackson, R.; Ahlborn G.; Ale S.; Gurung D.; Gurung M.; Yadav |
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Reducing Livestock Depredation in the Nepalese Himalaya: Case of the Annapurna Conservation Area |
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1994 |
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reducing; livestock; depreadation; nepalese; Himalaya; annapurna conservation area; 2090 |
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In the Nepalese Himalaya, conflict with rural communities due to livestock predation to large carnivores like snow leopard, common leopard, wolf and wild dog has risen sharply in recent years. This increase is attributed to a number of factors, including implementation and enforcement of wildlife protection laws (which have permitted a recovery in carnivore numbers), the creation of protected areas (which serve as refuges from which predators can populate the surrounding area), the depletion of natural prey due to poaching and loss of habitat, and lax livestock herding practices. However, little information is presently available upon which to design remedial programs. U.S. AID provided research funding for an in-depth assessment of snow leopard predation in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP), an new innovative approach to nature conservation. Baseline information on livestock numbers and mortality were gathered during household interviews, followed by field surveys to assess animal husbandry systems, map pastures, establish periods of use and estimate stocking rates, and to characterize habitat using randomly located plots. Data substantiate the existence of depredation “hotspots”, where high loss occurs, in some cases exceeding 14% to 20% of the livestock population over a short period. Losses varied seasonally, and from year to year. Small-bodied stock like goat and sheep were more vulnerable than large-bodied stock like yak, although horses were especially vulnerable. Factors most closely associated with predation included lack of guarding (or very lax supervision), especially during the daytime, and repeated use of pastures where livestock depredators were known to be actively hunting. Herders usually reacted to repeated depredation incidents by attempting to trap or shoot the suspected culprit until losses declined to an acceptable level. As large carnivore populations become increasingly fragmented and genetically isolated, new management strategies are urgently needed, especially within the buffer zones and intervening corridors between separated parks and reserves. People reside within nearly all Himalayan protected areas, and such issues as loss of livestock and competition between wildlife and livestock cannot be avoided. A plan is offered for alleviating livestock loss in the Annapurna Conservation Area that involves local institutions in decision-making, rewards sound husbandry practices, strengthens indigenous institutions, without further eroding ACAP’s unique biological diversity and diverse carnivore population. The authors believe these measures and ideas could be fruitfully extended to other parts of the Himalaya. |
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Unpublished Report prepared for U.S. Agency for International Development, King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation. BioSystems Analysis, Tiburon, California. |
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SLN @ rana @ 219 |
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451 |
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Jackson, R. |
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Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet's Qomolangma National Nature Preserve |
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1999 |
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Qomolangma; livestock; Tibet; predator; predation; prey; protected-areas; parks; reserves; conflict; corrals; pens; depredation; livestock-depredation; browse; livestock depredation; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; 4020 |
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Full Text at URLMay 6, 1999Rodney M. Jackson (Author)Contact and Mailing Address: 18030 Comstock Ave,Sonoma, CA 95476Phone (707) 935-3851; Fax 933-9618; E-mail: rodjackson@mountain.org Author's Title: Senior Program Associate for Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation, The Mountain Institute, Dogwood and Main Streets, Franklin, WV 26807; and Conservation Director, International Snow Leopard Trust, Suite 325, 4649 Sunnyside Ave., North, Seattle, WA 98103 Title: Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet's Qomolangma National Nature Preserve Key Words: crop damage, wildlife depredation, conflict resolution, Tibet Subject: Managing conflict in protected areasPresentation Type: Oral paper |
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SLN @ rana @ 364 |
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462 |
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Jackson, R. |
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The Snow Leopard Conservancy, Dedicated to demonstrating innovative, grassroots measures that lead local shepherds to become better stewards of the endangered snow leopard, its prey and habitat |
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2000 |
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livestock-depredation; livestock; herders; conflict; Iucn; enclosures; pens; corrals; trap; poison; hunting; behavior; Ladakh; guard-dogs; Dogs; economics; incentives; compensation; depredation; guard; browse; 4060 |
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Jackson, R.; Fox, J.L. |
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Report on Fifth Slims Training Workshop (Nepal) |
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2000 |
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Snow Line |
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xvii |
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6-15 |
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Slims; Nepal; training; techniques; Gps; field-work; surveys; Tibet; habitat; China; hunting; poaching; livestock; population; Shey-Phoksundo; parks; protected-area; reserves; annapurna; Dhorpatan; Manaslu; Sagarmatha; Langtang; Islt; Wwf; Hmg; Dnpwc; browse; 4460 |
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Nepal's snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are mostly found along the northern border with Tibet (China). The largest populations are in Dolpa, Mugu, Manang, and Myagdi Districts. Potential habitat totals about 30,000 square kilometers. Numbers are estimated at 300-500, but surveys are urgently needed to confirm this rough guess. Like elsewhere, the primary threats center on poaching, depletion of natural prey, livestock depredation and resultant retributive killing of snow leopards by herders, and the lack of public awareness and support for conserving snow leoaprds, especially among local herders. |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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466 |
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Jackson, R.; Wangchuk, R. |
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A Community-Based Approach to Mitigating Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards |
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2004 |
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Human Dimensions of Wildlife |
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snow leopard,depredation,human-wildlife conflict,participatory planning,India; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Himalayan; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; attack; sheep; goats; goat; local; villagers; community-based; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; India; conflict; pens; income; participatory; strategy; planning; sense; project; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; protection; retaliatory; poaching |
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Livestock depredation by the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan villages, especially in or near protected areas. Mass attacks in which as many as 100 sheep and goats are killed in a single incident inevitably result in retaliation by local villagers. This article describes a community-based conservation initiative to address this problem in Hemis National Park, India. Human-wildlife conflict is alleviated by predator-proofing villagers' nighttime livestock pens and by enhancing household incomes in environmentally sensitive and culturally compatible ways. The authors have found that the highly participatory strategy described here (Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action-APPA) leads to a sense of project ownership by local stakeholders, communal empowerment, self-reliance, and willingness to co-exist with
snow leopards. The most significant conservation outcome of this process is the protection from retaliatory poaching of up to five snow leopards for every village's livestock pens that are made predator-proof. |
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SLN @ rana @ 890 |
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471 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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Snow leopard. Uncia uncia |
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1985 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian |
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In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 718 |
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584 |
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Kreuzberg, E.; Esipov, A.; Bykova, E.; Vashetko, E. |
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Number, Distribution and Status of Habitats for Snow Leopard in Gissar Nature Reserve and Neighboring Areas |
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2000 |
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xvi |
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4 |
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Uzbekistan; Gissar; habitat; distribution; status; field-study; research; surveys; poaching; hunting; grazing; livestock; browse; 4440 |
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Full text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 432 |
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595 |
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Limbu, R. |
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Snow Leopards could save Mountain Biodiversity |
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1999 |
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3 |
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Nepal; asia; poaching; herder; livestock; fur; fur-coats; medicine; herders; bone; bones; browse; fur coats; coat; 1060 |
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The woman in the picture is wrapped in a luxurious fur coat and hat. The distinctly spotted pelt is that of a snow leopard -- that elusive and endangered species found in the mountains of central and south Asia. “A coat like that would probably cost $60,000-$80,000 in a big shop,” said Dr Rodney Jackson at a presentation he made recently on the status of his favorite subject. “Fortunately, changing norms of the fashion world and increasing consumer awareness (mean that) fewer people are wearing snow leopard pelts,” noted Dr Jackson, Conservation Director of the International Snow Leopard Trust. Still, the threat of extinction persists, he warns. “The demand for fur may have gone down but the demand for bones and body parts as marketable items for use in traditional Chinese medicine has gone up.” Further, conflict with humans is rapidly becoming the single most important issue, he said. |
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Journal Title: Inter Press Service |
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SLN @ rana @ 370 |
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620 |
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McCarthy, T. |
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Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia |
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1999 |
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Mongolia; conservation; legal-status; Iunc; Cites; distribution; status; Altay; gobi; parks; preserves; habitat; reserves; refuge; protected-area; poaching; hunting; trade; furs; pelts; skins; coats; bones; trapping; livestock; herders; killing; habitat-fragmentation; threats; Disease; prey; diet; Mne; laws; education; management; Macne; Wwf; Islt; regulations; monitoring; Slims; tourism; conflict; browse; legal status; legal; protected; area; fragmentation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; 3890 |
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Full Text Available at URL: DRAFT |
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SLN @ rana @ 366 |
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657 |
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McCarthy, T. |
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Snow leopard conservation project, Mongolia: WWF Project Summary of Field Work |
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1999 |
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irbis-enterprises; Mongolia; gobi; Altai; Altay; habitat; status; distribution; Uvs; conservation; parks; preserves; refuge; protected-area; herders; livestock; predator; prey; field-work; field-study; field-studies; training; Slims; transects; sign; sprays; scrapes; markings; population; browse; irbis; enterprises; protected; area; field work; field; work; field study; study; 3870 |
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Full Text at URL: Project No. MN0004.01, reporting period 1998-1999 |
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658 |
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McCarthy, T. |
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Snow Leopard Conservation Comes of Age |
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2000 |
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Mongolia; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; slcp; conservation; knitting-for-snow-leopards; education; herders; conflict; livestock; prey; David-Shepard-Conservation-Foundation; WWF-Mongolia; browse; snow; leopard; plan; knitting; foundation; Dscf; Wwf; 3860 |
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Full Text at URL Published in Cat News, 2000 |
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SLN @ rana @ 382 |
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661 |
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McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards in Mongolia |
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2000 |
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Mongolia; distribution; status; irbis; irbis-enterprises; herders; livestock; economy; conservation; gobi; habitat; Disease; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; hunting; poaching; skins; pelts; coats; furs; bones; trade; Macne; habitat-fragmentation; browse; enterprises; fragmentation; habitat fragmentation; 4090 |
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Full Text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 383 |
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662 |
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Mishra, C.; Allen, P.; McCarthy, T.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Agvaantserengiin, B.; Prins H. |
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Title |
The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard |
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2003 |
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Conservation Biology |
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17 |
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1512-1520 |
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Central Asia; community; conservation; herder; incentive program; India; livestock; Mongolia; pastoralists; poaching; retaliatory killing; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Pastoralists and their livestock share much of the habitat of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) across south and central Asia. The levels of livestock predation by the snow leopard and other carnivores are high, and retaliatory killing by the herders is a direct threat to carnivore populations. Depletion of wild prey by poaching and competition from livestock also poses an indirect threat to the region's carnivores. Conservationists working in these underdeveloped areas that face serious economic damage from livestock losses have turned to incentive programs to motivate local communities to protect carnivores. We describe a pilot incentive program in India that aims to offset losses due to livestock predation and to enhance wild prey density by creating livestock-free areas on common land. We also describe how income generation from handicrafts in Mongolia is helping curtail poaching and retaliatory killing of snow leopards. However, initiatives to offset the costs of living with carnivores and to make conservation beneficial to affected people have thus far been small, isolated, and heavily subsidized. Making these initiatives more comprehensive, expanding their coverage, and internalizing their costs are future challenged for the conservation of large carnivores such as the snow leopard. |
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SLN @ rana @ 904 |
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693 |
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Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Datta, A. |
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Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs |
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2006 |
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Oryx |
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40 |
Issue |
1 |
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1-7 |
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anthropogenic; area; Arunachal; assessment; awareness; bharal; biodiversity; carnivore; carnivores; community; community-based; conservation; deer; depredation; dhole; endangered; extinct; fauna; goral; grazing; habitat; habitats; High; Himalaya; hunting; incentives; India; indian; Iucn; leopard; livestock; livestock-depredation; livestock depredation; local; mammals; musk; musk-deer; nayaur; panthera; people; peoples; plant; plants; potential; Pseudois; Pseudois-nayaur; pseudois nayaur; range; recent; region; Report; reserve; resource; schools; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; survey; surveys; threat; threatened; threats; tiger; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; ungulate; ungulates; valley; wildlife; work; Panthera-tigris; tigris |
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The high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh,India, located in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, remain zoologically unexplored and unprotected. We report results of recent mammal surveys in the high altitude habitats of western Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 35 mammal species (including 12 carnivores, 10 ungulates and 5 primates) were recorded, of which 13 are categorized as Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One species of primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, is new to science and the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus is a new addition to the ungulate fauna of the Indian subcontinent. We documented peoples' dependence on natural resources for grazing and extraction of timber and medicinal plants. The region's mammals are threatened by widespread hunting. The snow leopard Uncia uncia and dhole Cuon alpinus are also persecuted in retaliation for livestock depredation. The tiger Panthera tigris, earlier reported from the lower valleys, is now apparently extinct there, and range reductions over the last two decades are reported for bharal Pseudois nayaur and musk deer Moschus sp.. Based on mammal species richness, extent of high altitude habitat, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, we identified a potential site for the creation of Arunachal's first high altitude wildlife reserve (815 km2). Community-based efforts that provide incentives for conservation-friendly practices could work in this area, and conservation awareness programmes are required, not just amongst the local communities and schools but for politicians, bureaucrats and the army. |
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SLN @ rana @ 861 |
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697 |
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Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y. |
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Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya |
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2007 |
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Environmental Management |
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39 |
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490-496 |
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Gya-Miru; livestock depredation; Lynx; snow leopard; trans-himalaya; wolf |
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The loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among Trans-Himalayan pastoralists. Because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. In the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia, Tibetan wolf Canis lupus chanku, and Eurasian lynx Lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely Gya, Rumtse, and Sasoma, within the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. The three villages reported losses of 295 animals to these carnivores during a period of 2.5 years ending in early 2003, which represents an annual loss rate of 2.9% of their livestock holdings. The Tibetan wolf was the most important predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock loss because of predation, followed by snow leopard (38%) and lynx (2%). Domestic goat was the major victim (32%), followed by sheep (30%), yak (15%), and horse (13%). Wolves killed horses significantly more and goats less than would be expected from their relative abundance. Snow leopards also killed horses significantly more than expected, whereas they killed other livestock types in proportion to their abundance. The three villages combined incurred an estimated annual monetary loss of approximately $USD 12,120 amounting to approximately $USD 190/household/y. This relatively high total annual loss occurred primarily because of depredation of the most valuable livestock types such as yak and horse. Conservation actions should initially attempt to target decrease of predation on these large and valuable livestock species. |
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SLN @ rana @ 924 |
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712 |
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Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y. |
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Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: the influence of livestock grazing |
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2007 |
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Ecological Resources |
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22 |
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25-31 |
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habitat shift; livestock; Tibetan argali; Time budget; trans-himalaya |
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Livestock production is the primary source of livelihood and income in most of the high steppe and alpine regions of the Indian Trans-Himalaya. In some areas, especially those established or proposed for biodiversity conservation, recent increases in populations of domestic livestock, primarily sheep and goats, have raised concern about domestic animals competitively excluding wild herbivores from the rangelands. We
evaluated the influence of domestic sheep and goat grazing on the habitat use and time budget of the endangered Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, India. We asked if the domestic sheep and goat grazing and collateral human activities relegate the argali to suboptimal habitats, and alter their foraging time budgets. Data were collected on habitat use and time budget of a population of c. 50 argalis before and after c. 2,000 sheep and goats moved onto their winter pasture in the Tsabra catchment of the aforementioned reserve. Following the introduction of domestic sheep and goats, argalis continued to use the same catchment but shifted to steeper habitats, closer to cliffs, with lower vegetation cover, thus abandoning previously used plant communities with denser cover. Argalis' active time spent foraging also decreased by 10% in response to the presence of livestock. These results suggest a clear disturbance effect of livestock on argalis, and indicate a potential for competition, conceivably a significant disadvantage for argalis in winter when forage availability is minimal. |
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SLN @ rana @ 926 |
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713 |
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Nowell, K.; Preisser, T. |
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Saving Their Skins; Pay herders not to hunt snow leopards? Villagers laughed at first |
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1997 |
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Herder-incentive-program; poaching; hunting; skins; pelts; furs; coats; bones; medicine; Mongolia; herders; livestock; gobi; conservation; ibex; browse; herder; incentive; program; 3880 |
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Full Text at URL: Recieved as email from Gobi . Kristin Nowell, and Thomas Preisser, are co-founders of the Los Gatos, Calif.-based Cat Action Treasury, a nonprofit fund for endangered wild cats. |
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SLN @ rana @ 324 |
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731 |
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Oli, M. |
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Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: Prey ratio |
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1994 |
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Journal of Mammalogy |
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75 |
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998-1004 |
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snow leopard,Panthera uncia,blue sheep,Pseudois nayaur,density,predator:prey ratio,harvest rate,livestock predation,Nepal |
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I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predatorprey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 105-km2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6-10.2 sheep/km2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diet of snow leopards. Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard :blue sheep ratio was 1 :1 14-1 :159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. |
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SLN @ rana @ 894 |
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741 |
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Oli, M.K.; Taylor, K.R.; Rogers, M.E. |
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Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of livestock: An assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal |
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1994 |
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Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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68 |
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63-68 |
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snow leopard,blue sheep,livestock predation,public attitudes,Annapurna Conservation Area,Nepal. |
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Public attitudes towards snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of domestic livestock were investigated by a questionnaire survey of four villages in snow leopard habitat within the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal Most local inhabitants were subsistence farmers, many dependent upon yaks, oxen, horses and goats, with an average livestock holding of 26.6 animals per household. Reported losses to snow leopards averaged 0.6 and O. 7 animals per household in two years of study, constituting 2.6% of total stockholding but representing in monetary terms almost a quarter of the average annual Nepali national per capita income. Local people hem strongly negative attitudes towards snow leopards and most suggested that total extermination of leopards was the only acceptable solution to the predation problem. Snow leopards were reported to be killed by herdsmen in defence of their livestock. The long-term success of snow leopard conservation programmes may depend upon the satisfactory resolution of the predation conflict. Some possible ways of reducing predation losses are also discussed. |
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SLN @ rana @ 893 |
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753 |
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Sangay, T.; Vernes, K. |
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Human-wildlife conflict in the Kingdom of Bhutan: Patterns of livestock predation by large mammalian carnivores |
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2008 |
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Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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141 |
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1272-1282 |
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bear; Bhutan; compensation; conflict; Himalayas; leopard; livestock; predation; snow leopard; tiger |
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Abstract |
We examined predation activity throughout Bhutan by tiger (Panthera tigris), common leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) on a variety of livestock types using data gathered over the first two years (2003-2005) of a compensation scheme for livestock losses. One thousand three hundred and seventy five kills were documented, with leopards killing significantly more livestock (70% of all kills),
than tigers (19%), bears (8%) and snow leopards (2%). About 50% of livestock killing were of cattle, and about 33% were of horses, with tigers, leopards and snow leopards killing a significantly greater proportion of horses than predicted from availability. Examination of cattle kills showed that leopards killed a significantly greater proportion of smaller prey (e.g., calves), whereas tigers killed a significantly greater proportion of larger prey (e.g., bulls). Overall, livestock predation was greatest in summer and autumn which corresponded with a peak in cropping agriculture; livestock are turned out to pasture and forest during the cropping season, and subsequently, are less well guarded than at other times. Across Bhutan, high horse density and low cattle and yak density were associated with high rates of livestock attack, but no relationship was found with forest cover or human population density. Several northern districts were identified as 'predation hotspots', where proportions of livestock lost to predation were considerable, and the ratio of reported kills to relative abundance of livestock was high. Implications of our findings for mitigating livestock losses and for conserving large carnivores in Bhutan are discussed. |
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SLN @ rana @ 903 |
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842 |
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