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| Author | Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. | ||||
| Title | The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man | Type  |
Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Wildlife Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 99 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 52 |
| Keywords | predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130 | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 291 | Serial | 876 | ||
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| Author | Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P. | ||||
| Title | Determining the composition of herbivore diets in the Trans-Himalayan rangelands: A comparison of field methods | Type |
Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of Rangeland Ecology and Management | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 59 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 512-518 |
| Keywords | bite count; Bos grunniens; Capra hircus; diet; fecal analysis; feeding site examination; food habits; free ranging; Nepal; Ovis aries; trans-himalayan | ||||
| Abstract | In late summer, in a semi-arid mountain range in Nepal, we compared 3 field methods for determining the botanical composition of herbivore diets. Data were collected from the same animals belonging to 1 herd of domestic yak (Bos grunniens) and 2 herds of mixed smallstock, consisting of domestic goats (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries). Bite count, feeding site examination, and microhistological analysis of feces gave different estimates of forage categories and plant species in both animal groups. Because yaks grazed in other vegetation communities when not observed for bite-counts and feeding signs, the results from the latter methods could not be compared directly with that from fecal analysis. In smallstock, feeding site examination gave higher estimates of graminoids and lower estimates of shrubs than the other 2 methods, probably because all feeding signs on shrubs were not detected. Bite-counts and fecal analysis gave comparable results, except that forbs were underestimated by fecal analysis, presumably due to their more complete digestion. Owing to the difficulty in collecting samples that are representative of the entire grazing period and the problem of recording feeding signs correctly, both feeding site examination and bite-counts are unsuitable methods for studying the food habits of free ranging domestic and wild herbivores. Microhistological analysis of feces appears to be the most appropriate method, but correction factors are needed to adjust for differential digestion. The systematic use of photomicrographs improves the speed and accuracy of the fecal analysis. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 935 | Serial | 889 | ||
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| Author | Sunquist, F. | ||||
| Title | Where cats and herders mix. (snow leopards in Tibet and Mongolia) | Type |
Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | International Wildlife | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 27-33 |
| Keywords | Mongolia; Tibet; herder; livestock; snow-leopard; predator; prey; World-Wildlife-Foundation; habitat; reserve; park; refuge; Pakistan; China; herders; parks; protected-area; snow leopard; browse; Wwf; world wildlife foundation; 1110; snow; leopard; range; territory; central; Central Asia; asia; Animal; region; conservation; wildlife; foundation; border; sheep; Baltistan; enclosures; area; home; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; countries; country; Feed; Cats; cat; mountain; peoples; people | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard inhabits a huge range of territory which encompasses some of Central Asia's most bleak and inhospitable terrains. The animal herders in these regions are desperately poor and yet they have agreed to cooperate with conservation groups in protecting the snow leopard. The World Wildlife Foundation has worked to create a refuge on the Pakistan-China border. Sheep herders near Askole, a village in the Baltistan region of northern Paksitan, drive their flocks past stone enclosures. The area is also home to snow leopards. With their natural prey dminished, leopards in 13 countries of central Asia occasionally feed on livestock, putting the cats on a collision course with mountain peoples. | ||||
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| Notes | COPYRIGHT 1997 National Wildlife Federation , Jan-Feb 1997 v27 n1 p26(8) Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 330 | Serial | 950 | ||
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| Author | Marma B.B.and Yunchis V.V. | ||||
| Title | A contribution to biology of the Snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) (by observations in captivity) | Type |
Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1968 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | XLVII, issue 11. | Issue | Pages | 1689-1694 | |
| Keywords | Lithuania; Kaunas zoological garden; breeding; blood characteristics; physiological characteristics; captivity; duration of pregnancy; birth; cubs; feeding; snow leopard.; 7610; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | The methods to obtain the progeny of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatrian tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rat lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological garden of the world about 29 snow leopards were born, 14 of them in the Kaunas zoological garden. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 739 | Serial | 648 | ||
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| Author | Ale, S.; Brown, J. | ||||
| Title | The contingencies of group size and vigilance | Type |
Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Evolutionary Ecology Research, | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | Pages | 1263-1276 | |
| Keywords | attraction effect,contingency,dilution effect,fitness,group-size effect,many-eyes effect,predation risk,vigilance behaviour; predation; decline; potential; predators; predator; feeding; Animals; Animal; use; food; effects; Relationship; behaviour; methods; game; Interactions; interaction; factor; value; Energy | ||||
| Abstract | Background: Predation risk declines non-linearly with one's own vigilance and the vigilance of others in the group (the 'many-eyes' effect). Furthermore, as group size increases, the individual's risk of predation may decline through dilution with more potential victims, but may increase if larger groups attract more predators. These are known, respectively, as the dilution effect and the attraction effect. Assumptions: Feeding animals use vigilance to trade-off food and safety. Net feeding rate declines linearly with vigilance. Question: How do the many-eyes, dilution, and attraction effects interact to influence the relationship between group size and vigilance behaviour? Mathematical methods: We use game theory and the fitness-generating function to determine the ESS level of vigilance of an individual within a group. Predictions: Vigilance decreases with group size as a consequence of the many-eyes and dilution effects but increases with group size as a consequence of the attraction effect, when they act independent of each other. Their synergetic effects on vigilance depend upon the relative strengths of each and their interactions. Regardless, the influence of other factors on vigilance – such as encounter rate with predators, predator lethality, marginal value of energy, and value of vigilance – decline with group size. |
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 886 | Serial | 53 | ||
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| Author | Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. | ||||
| Title | Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo | Type |
Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 74-83 | |
| Keywords | behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
| Abstract | This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 915 | Serial | 202 | ||
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| Author | Aromov B. | ||||
| Title | The Biology of the Snow Leopard in the Hissar Nature Reserve | Type |
Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 108-109 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; snow leopard; Hissar ridge; Hissar nature reserve; number; diet; breeding.; 6070; Russian; work; Data; biology; snow; snow-leopard; leopard; nature; reserve; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; times; tracks; pugmarks; Feed; ibex; kills; kill; Age; records; predation; Case; horses; horse; marmot; Himalayan; domestic; goat; wild; wild boar; sheep; Cattle; attack | ||||
| Abstract | The work contains data on biology snow leopard in Hissar nature reserve, Uzbekistan. The number of snow leopards in this reserve has increased from two or four in 1981 to between 13 and 17 individuals in 1994. Since 1981, snow leopards have been sighted 72 times and their tracks or pugmarks 223 times. In the Hissar Nature Reserve snow leopards largely feed on ibex. Over a period of 14 years, 92 kills and remains of ibex aged from one to thirteen years of age have been examined. Other records of predation, by the number of events observed, include 33 cases of juvenile and mature horses, 25 long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata). 18 Himalayan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayemis), 17 domestic goat, 13 wild boar (Sus scrofa), five domestic sheep and three incidents involving cattle. Twenty-two attacks on domestic flocks were reported, and these occurred during both the daytime and at night. Snow leopards usually mate between the 20th of February and March 20th. The offspring are born in late April to May, and there are usually two per litter (23 encounters), although a single litter of three has also been recorded. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 586 | Serial | 99 | ||
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| Author | Khan, A. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Occurrence in Mankial Valley, Swat: Final report | Type |
Report | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-17 | ||
| Keywords | snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; valley; Report; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; ecosystem; habitat; species; plants; plant; Animals; Animal; birds; research; action; study; survey; Support; Islt; community; Organization; surveys; winter; information; local; sign; pugmarks; feces; scrapes; scrape; prey; prey species; prey-species; recent; population; markhor; hunting; Culture; Pressure; areas; area; feeding; livestock; burning; decline | ||||
| Abstract | Mankial is a sub-valley of the Swat Kohistan. Temperate ecosystem of the valley is intact to a greater extent, which provides habitat to a variety of species of plants, animals and birds. Snow leopard is reported from the valley. To confirm its occurrence, the HUJRA (Holistic Understanding for Justified Research and Action), conducted the study titled “Snow Leopard Survey in Mankial Valley, district Swat, NWFP”. The author provided technical support, while ISLT (The International Snow Leopard Trust) funded the project under its small grants program. The World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan (WWF-Pakistan) and the Mankial Community Organization (MCO) facilitated surveys under the project. Surveys revealed that Snow leopard visits parts of the Mankial valley in winter months. Information from the local community shows that Snow leopard remains in the Serai (an off-shoot of the Mankial Valley) from early winter to early spring. Intensive surveys of the prime snow leopard winter habitat in the valley found several snow leopard signs including pugmarks, feces, and scrapes. The study also found occurrence of prey species through indirect evidence though. However, information from the local community confirmed that in the recent past there was a good population of markhor in the valley, which is now reduced to less than 50, mostly due to hunting and habitat disturbance. Hunting is part of the local culture and lifestyle. During winter months hunting pressure is low, as most of the local community migrates to warmer plain areas than Mankial Valley. However, those who live in the area lop oak branches for feeding their livestock and cut trees for burning, in addition to hunting prey species of snow leopard. This has resulted in stunted oak vegetation in most of the lower reaches of the valley and decline of the markhor population. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2003. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1069 | Serial | 530 | ||
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