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Jiang, Z., Xu, A. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard |
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2006 |
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Chiese Journal of Zoology |
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128 |
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China |
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Chinese |
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Zhigang Jiang, Aichun Xu |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1369 |
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Jiang, Z. |
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Title |
Rescue Snow Spirit---Snow Leopard |
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2006 |
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Zoological Research |
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242 |
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China |
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Chinese |
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1368 |
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Ming, M., Xu, F. |
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Successful Camera Trapping on Snow Leopard in Muzat Valley, Tomur Feng Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, P. R. China |
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2006 |
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Arid Land Geography |
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307-308 |
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China |
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Chinese |
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Ming Ma, Feng Xu |
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1367 |
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Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H. |
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Title |
Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains |
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2006 |
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Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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52 |
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4 |
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788-793 |
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behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang |
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The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. |
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In Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 971 |
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683 |
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Khatiwada, J.R. & Chalise, M.K. |
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Status of snow leopard and conflict perception in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Eastern Nepal |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Nepalese Journal of Zoology |
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1 |
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1 |
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1-8 |
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Uncia uncia, Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, livestock depredation, blue sheep |
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Kangchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) is situated in the Taplejung district at the north-eastern region of Nepal. Livestock keeping is the main activity of people for making a living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Each year snow leopard kills a number of livestock resulting significant economic losses for the poor people living in this remote area. Unless the people – snow leopard conflicts is well understood and appropriate conflict management activities are implemented, the long run co-existence between people and snow leopard –especially the existence of snow leopard in this part of the world–will be in question. This has now become an utmost important as the aspiration of the people for economic development has risen significantly and the area has been open to tourism. Study was done by counting snow leopard signs walking systematically in total 18 snow leopard sign transects covering 18.01 km in length in three sites, i.e. Lonak, Khambachen and Dudhpokhari of the Conservation Area. The average sign density was 12.63/km. The livestock depredation by snow leopard for one year (2005-06) was studied by interviewing the herders to understand the responsible and specific bio-physical and economic factors. The study revealed that sub-adult yaks were mostly hunted by snow leopard. Cattle's' winter (December-April) pastures are most vulnerable sites for predation. Presence of bushes, forest and boulders and rugged mountain crevices make good hides for snow leopard. The study also showed that a lax animal guarding system was significantly responsible for high livestock depredation by snow leopard. Blue sheep was observed by walking in selected trails and from vantage points. A total of 354 individual sheep of different age and sex of 14 different herds were recorded during the study period. The study showed that improvement in livestock guarding system should be adopted as the most important activity. However despite the importance of livestock in the KCA it is still not well understood why the herders neglect for proper livestock guarding. Proper guarding system required in winter pastures to reduce the depredation pressure. |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1319 |
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Mishra, C.; Bagchi, S. |
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Title |
Living with large carnivores: predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
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2006 |
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Journal of Zoology |
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1-8 |
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large; carnivores; carnivore; predation; livestock; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia |
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Livestock predation by large carnivores and their retaliatory persecution by pastoralists are worldwide conservation concerns. Poor understanding of the ecological and social underpinnings of this human-wildlife conflict hampers effective conflict management programs. The endangered snow leopard Uncia uncia is involved in conflict with people across its mountainous range in South and Central Asia, where pastoralism is the predominant land use, and is widely persecuted in retaliation. We examined human-snow leopard conflict at two sites in the Spiti region of the Indian Trans-Himalaya, where livestock outnumber wild ungulates, and the conflict is acute. We quantified the snow leopard's dependence on livestock by assessing its diet in two sites that differed in the relative abundance of livestock and wild ungulates. We also surveyed the indigenous Buddhist community's attitudes towards the snow leopard in these two sites. Our results show a relatively high dependence of snow leopards on livestock. A higher proportion of the snow leopard's diet (58%) was livestock in the area with higher livestock (29.7 animals km^2) and lower wild ungulate abundance (2.1-3.1 bharal Pseudois nayaurkm^2), compared with 40% of diet in the area with relatively lower livestock (13.9km^2) and higher wild ungulate abundance (4.5-7.8 ibex Capra ibexkm^2). We found that the community experiencing greater levels of livestock losses was comparatively more tolerant towards the snow leopard. This discrepancy is explained by the presence of a conservation-incentive program at the site, and by differences in economic roles of livestock between these two communities. The former is more dependent on cash crops as a source of income while the latter is more dependent on livestock, and thereby less tolerant of the snow leopard. These data have implications for conflict management strategies. They indicate that the relative densities of livestock and wild prey may be reasonable predictors of the extent of predation by the snow leopard. However, this by itself is not an adequate measure of the intensity of conflict even in apparently similar cultural settings. |
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SLN @ rana @ 862 |
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696 |
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Sharma, S., Dutta, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V. |
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Title |
Marking site selection by free-ranging snow leopard (Uncia uncia) |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Conservation Biology in Asia |
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197-213 |
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Paper 13 |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1131 |
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Shrestha, R.; Wegge, P. |
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Determining the composition of herbivore diets in the Trans-Himalayan rangelands: A comparison of field methods |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Journal of Rangeland Ecology and Management |
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59 |
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5 |
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512-518 |
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bite count; Bos grunniens; Capra hircus; diet; fecal analysis; feeding site examination; food habits; free ranging; Nepal; Ovis aries; trans-himalayan |
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In late summer, in a semi-arid mountain range in Nepal, we compared 3 field methods for determining the botanical composition of herbivore diets. Data were collected from the same animals belonging to 1 herd of domestic yak (Bos grunniens) and 2 herds of mixed smallstock, consisting of domestic goats (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries). Bite count, feeding site examination, and microhistological analysis of feces gave different estimates of forage categories and plant species in both animal groups. Because yaks grazed in other vegetation communities when not observed for bite-counts and feeding signs, the results from the latter methods could not be compared directly with that from fecal analysis. In smallstock, feeding site examination gave higher estimates of graminoids and lower estimates of shrubs than the other 2 methods, probably because all feeding signs on shrubs were not detected. Bite-counts and fecal analysis gave comparable results, except that forbs were underestimated by fecal analysis, presumably due to their more complete digestion. Owing to the difficulty in collecting samples that are representative of the entire grazing period and the problem of recording feeding signs correctly, both feeding site examination and bite-counts are unsuitable methods for studying the food habits of free ranging domestic and wild herbivores. Microhistological analysis of feces appears to be the most appropriate method, but correction factors are needed to adjust for differential digestion. The systematic use of photomicrographs improves the speed and accuracy of the fecal analysis. |
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SLN @ rana @ 935 |
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889 |
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Sharma, S., Thapa, K., Chalise, M., Dutta, T., Bhatnagar, Y.V., McCarthy, T. |
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The snow leopard in Himalaya: A step towards their conservation by studying their distribution, marking habitat selection, coexistence with other predators, and wild prey-livestock-predator interaction |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Conservation Biology in Asia |
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184-196 |
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Himalaya, Nepal, ecology, snow leopard, Uncia uncia, prey, livestock, predator |
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Snow leopard (Uncia uncial) is a flagship species of the Himalaya. Very few studies have been done on the ecology of this species in the Himalaya. This paper presents an overview of four studies conducted on snow leopards in Nepal and India, dealing with various aspects of snow leopard ecology including their status assessment, making behaviour, habitat selection, food habits, and impact on livestock. The information generated by these studies is useful in planning effective conservation and management strategies for this endangered top predator of high mountains. |
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Paper 12; From: Pages 184-196 of Conservation Biology in Asia (2006) McNeely, J.A., T. M. McCarthy, A. Smith, L.Olsvig-Whittaker, and E.D. Wikramanayake (editors). Published by the Society for Conservation Biology Asia Section and Resources Himalaya, Kathmandu, Nepal, 455 pp. |
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1130 |
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Williams, P. A. |
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A GIS ASSESSMENT OF SNOW LEOPARD POTENTIAL RANGE AND PROTECTED AREAS THROUGHOUT INNER ASIA; AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERNET MAPPING SERVICE FOR SNOW LEOPARD PROTECTION |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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101 |
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Snow leopard distribution knowledge is a critical conservation need. During the 2003 Snow Leopard Symposium, a pressing demand for a comprehensive collection of observation data became apparent. Expanding the knowledge of population distribution will help identify areas for conservation and add validity to the potential range map developed by Hunter and Jackson (1997). An equally strong need is an analysis of the extent of protected-area coverage of snow leopard habitat. Another crucial requirement is accurate representation and immediate availability of data to researchers throughout the range.
This project was developed in cooperation with the International Snow Leopard Trust, the Snow Leopard Conservancy, and International Center of Applied Ecology. It is also supported by the Snow Leopard Network, an affiliation of individuals working together to establish effective conservation of the snow leopard throughout Inner Asia. The specific goals of this project are to collect and graphically depict existent knowledge of snow leopard distribution and identify areas lacking data; evaluate the potential range map; assess protected areas to see if snow leopards occur indiscriminately; and produce an internet geographical database and interactive mapping service for research.
This thesis validates the potential range map created by Jackson and Hunter (1997). The majority of sightings (88%) fall within the modeled potential range. This suggests that the map is accurate in representing habitat that supports snow leopards. The thesis also highlights varying degrees of support for protected areas. Most of the potential range lies outside of protected areas. Consequently, most countries contain less than 47 percent of their sightings within protected area boundaries.
This thesis organized and analyzed existing snow leopard data in a geodatabase to evaluate the potential range map and effectiveness of protected areas throughout the range. The geodatabase and internet mapping service provides a standardized method of data exchange and communication among researchers. This is a small step forward in the conservation of the snow leopard, but creates a necessary foundation for future collaborative data exchange projects to follow. The technologies and methodologies used here should be expanded to meet the individual needs of projects. |
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University of Montana |
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1345 |
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Tiwari, D. |
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Status, habitat utilization and conservation of Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus (H. SMITH, 1826) in Lantang National Park, Central Nepal |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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This study was carried out in the Langtang National park which is situated in the Northern Part of Central Nepal. The research work on "Status, Habitat utilization and conservation of Himalayan Tahr in Langtang National Park was conducted during February to October of 2005. Altogether 468.55 hours and of 80 days with aimed to estimate the population status and Habitat utilization of Himalayan Tahr and to
recommend for appropriate management.
The study was carried out from Ghodatabela to Langsisa Kharka. The study area was divided into 5 survey blocks occupying a total of 25 sq. km. The fixed point count from ridge line vantage points were conducted for the Hamalayan Tahr count. Observed herds and individual were repeatedly counted and recorded. Local herders and key residents were interviewed. A total of 218 individuals of different age and sex Himalayan Tahr were recorded during the study in 8 different herds. Three types of herds were recognized: Adult male – adult female – young (37.5%), Adult female – young (37.5%)and adult male (25%). Survey revealed that 50 percent of Tahr herds were observed in 4200m – 4900m and least (12%) were in 3700-4000m. Animals were not located in 3850m – 4200m. Stratified random sampling was done to analyze the vegetation in their habitat and identified 47 potential plant species.
The encroachment of their habitat is severe by the excessive livestock grazing and utilization for cowshed. Noticeable disturbance felt due to frequent poaching and tourist flow. The conservation of this species seems to be vital as it is prime prey species of snow Leopard in Langtang National Park. |
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Master's thesis |
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Kathmandu, Nepal |
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Central Department of Zoology, Ecology Program, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal |
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1323 |
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Pandey, M. |
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Status, habitat utilization, threats and conservation of musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster HODGSON 1839) in Lantang National Park, Central Nepal |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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“Status, habitat utilization, threats and Conservation of musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster Hodgson 1839) in Langtang National Park, Central Nepal” was carried out in Musk Deer Conservation Area of LNP.
The study was conducted spending more than 516 hours (16th February 2005 to 4th October 2005). The study applied the indirect method identifying 5 different blocks in the habitat for the status and habitat utilization of musk deer in LNP. It mainly deals with types of fecal deposits, distribution of those deposits in different topography and forests. The study also deals with other related evidences found in the study area.
Questionnaire survey provides the additional information regarding its threats and conservation. Forty-five different fecal deposits were found and 3 musk deer were sighted. Block B was found to be the appropriate habitat for musk deer. 68.8 percent of fecal deposits were recorded in Block B. Different types of fecal deposits found in Block B were very fresh and fresh (22.5%), old (38.7%) and very old (16.3%).
Thirty-three species of plants were recorded from the quadrates plotted in the study area. Among them Betula utilis was found the most dominant species . High percentage of fresh droppings were also recorded in Betula forest and maximum old deposits were recorded in mixed forest.
Animal trail was found preferred by musk deer. Forty percent of observed droppings were found on animal trail. Similarly, 8.88 percent of Relic sites were found in animal trail. High number of bedding sites were recorded in Betula and mixed
forest.
Questionnaire survey revealed that musk deer in Langtang National Park is in declining state. Seventy percent of the respondents agree about the poaching activity of musk deer in their area. Apart from this, tourists, local people and livestock are the major threats to musk deer in Langtang. High degree of habitat deterioration, livestock grazing, illegal hunting and predator such as Snow Leopard are the major threats in that area. Therefore, these issues have to be addressed for a long term survival of the endangered musk deer species in Langtang National Park. |
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Master's thesis |
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Kathmandu, Nepal |
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English |
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Central Department of Zoology-Ecology Program, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1322 |
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Author |
Flora and Fauna International |
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Title |
Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Keywords |
Central Asia; Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop; June 2006; Report; snow leopard; workshop; central; asia; snow; snow-leopard; leopard |
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Abstract |
Meeting report for the Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop, held in Bishkek in June 2006. |
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Flora and Fauna International |
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BISHKEK, 19-21 JUNE 2006. Meeting Report |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 878 |
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275 |
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Author |
Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Munkhtsog, B. |
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Title |
Autumn Habitat Selection by Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita Mountain, Xinjiang, China |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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Year |
2006 |
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Zoological Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
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221-224 |
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Keywords |
habitat; Habitat selection; selection; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; mountain; Xinjiang; China; Chinese; Altay; mountain system; system; 30; transects; transect; surveys; survey; study; area; analysis; primary; factor; 200; 600; Base; valley; Forest; region; south; grazing; status; topography |
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Abstract |
Habitat selection of Snow Leopard ( Unica unica) in Beita Mountain of the Altay Mountain system in northeast Xinjiang was conducted from September to October 2004. Six habitat features of 59 sites used by Snow Leopard and 30 random plots were measured by locating 15 transects surveys in the study area . Vanderploge and Scaviaps selectivity index was used to assess Snow Leopardps selection for the different habitat parameters. Principal Component Analysis was used as the primary factor . The results indicated that Snow Leopard preferred the altitude between 2000 – 2 200 m and avoided 2 600 – 3 000 m ; selected cliff base , ridgeline and avoided hillside and valley bottom ; utilized the shrub and rejected the forest ; selected the nongrazing area and avoided the slightly broken region ; preferred north orientation and rejected the south orientation. The results show that grazing status , vegetation type , topography and the ruggedness are the primary factors for the habitat selection of Snow Leopard. |
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Full text available in Chinese |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 872 |
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1039 |
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Author |
Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y. |
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Title |
Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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Year |
2006 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
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Pages |
471-473 |
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Keywords |
study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley |
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Abstract |
Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides. |
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Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 871 |
Serial |
1036 |
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Author |
Xu, F.; Ma, M.; Wu, Y.-Q. |
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Title |
Winter Daily Activity Rhythm and Time Budget of Ibex(Capra ibex) |
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2006 |
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activities; activity; capra ibex; Daily activity rhythms; ibex; Time budget; Tomor Protected Area; winter; Xinjiang |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 868 |
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1035 |
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Author |
Wikramanayake, E.; Moktan, V.; Aziz, T.; Khaling, S.; Khan, A.; Tshering, D. |
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Title |
The WWF Snow Leopard Action Strategy for the Himalayan Region |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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1-21 |
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behaviour; biodiversity; conservation; ecology; Himalayan; protected area; snow leopard; strategy; Wwf |
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Abstract |
As a 'flagship' and 'umbrella' species the snow leopard can be a unifying biological feature to
raise awareness of its plight and the need for conservation, which will benefit other facets of Himalayan
biodiversity as well. Some studies of snow leopards have been conducted in the Himalayan region. But,
because of its elusive nature and preference for remote and inaccessible habitat, knowledge of the
ecology and behaviour of this mystical montane predator is scant. The available information, however,
suggests that snow leopards occur at low densities and large areas of habitat are required to conserve
a viable population. Thus, many researchers and conservationists have advocated landscape-scale
approaches to conservation within a regional context, rather than focusing on individual protected areas.
While the issues are regional, the WWF's in the region have developed 5-year strategic actions and
activities, using the regional strategies as a touchstone, which will be implemented at national levels.
The WWF's will develop proposals based on these strategic actions, with estimated budgets, for use by
the network for funding and fund-raising. WWF also recognizes the need to collaborate and coordinate
within the network and with other organizations in the region to achieve conservation goals in an
efficient manner, and will form a working group to coordinate activities and monitor progress. |
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Notes |
Report 1-23. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 921 |
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1022 |
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Author |
Warren E.Johnson, E.E. |
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Title |
The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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311 |
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73-77 |
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classification; divergence; Dna; Felidae; genetics; Miocene; mitochondrial; phylogeny; radiation; species; taxonomic |
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Modern felid species descend from relatively recent (<11 million years ago) divergence and
speciation events that produced successful predatory carnivores worldwide but that have
confounded taxonomic classifications. A highly resolved molecular phylogeny with divergence dates
for all living cat species, derived from autosomal, X-linked, Y-linked, and mitochondrial gene
segments (22,789 base pairs) and 16 fossil calibrations define eight principal lineages produced
through at least 10 intercontinental migrations facilitated by sea-level fluctuations. A ghost lineage
analysis indicates that available felid fossils underestimate (i.e., unrepresented basal branch
length) first occurrence by an average of 76%, revealing a low representation of felid lineages
in paleontological remains. The phylogenetic performance of distinct gene classes showed that
Y-chromosome segments are appreciably more informative than mitochondrial DNA, X-linked,
or autosomal genes in resolving the rapid Felidae species radiation. |
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Washington D.C. |
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Jill Pecon-Slattery, W.J.M., Agostinho Antunes, Emma Teeling, Stephen J.O'Brien |
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SLN @ rana @ 880 |
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1008 |
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Author |
Waits, L.P.; Buckley-Beason, V.A.; Johnson, W.E.; Onorato, D.; McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia)
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2006 |
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Molecular Ecology Notes |
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7 |
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311-314 |
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identification; leopard; leopards; microsatellites,noninvasive genetic sampling,Panthera uncia,snow leopard; panthera; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; endangered; carnivores; carnivore; mountain; region; central; Central Asia; asia; methods; conservation; management; Molecular; individual identification; Hair; domestic; cat; felis; captive; number; probability; using; wild |
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Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty-eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 x10-11) and siblings (7.5x10-5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild. |
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SLN @ rana @ 865 |
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1001 |
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Author |
Mishra, C.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Datta, A. |
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Mammals of the high altitudes of western Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya: an assessment of threats and conservation needs |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Oryx |
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40 |
Issue |
1 |
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1-7 |
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anthropogenic; area; Arunachal; assessment; awareness; bharal; biodiversity; carnivore; carnivores; community; community-based; conservation; deer; depredation; dhole; endangered; extinct; fauna; goral; grazing; habitat; habitats; High; Himalaya; hunting; incentives; India; indian; Iucn; leopard; livestock; livestock-depredation; livestock depredation; local; mammals; musk; musk-deer; nayaur; panthera; people; peoples; plant; plants; potential; Pseudois; Pseudois-nayaur; pseudois nayaur; range; recent; region; Report; reserve; resource; schools; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; species; survey; surveys; threat; threatened; threats; tiger; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; ungulate; ungulates; valley; wildlife; work; Panthera-tigris; tigris |
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The high altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh,India, located in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, remain zoologically unexplored and unprotected. We report results of recent mammal surveys in the high altitude habitats of western Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 35 mammal species (including 12 carnivores, 10 ungulates and 5 primates) were recorded, of which 13 are categorized as Endangered or Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. One species of primate, the Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala, is new to science and the Chinese goral Nemorhaedus caudatus is a new addition to the ungulate fauna of the Indian subcontinent. We documented peoples' dependence on natural resources for grazing and extraction of timber and medicinal plants. The region's mammals are threatened by widespread hunting. The snow leopard Uncia uncia and dhole Cuon alpinus are also persecuted in retaliation for livestock depredation. The tiger Panthera tigris, earlier reported from the lower valleys, is now apparently extinct there, and range reductions over the last two decades are reported for bharal Pseudois nayaur and musk deer Moschus sp.. Based on mammal species richness, extent of high altitude habitat, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, we identified a potential site for the creation of Arunachal's first high altitude wildlife reserve (815 km2). Community-based efforts that provide incentives for conservation-friendly practices could work in this area, and conservation awareness programmes are required, not just amongst the local communities and schools but for politicians, bureaucrats and the army. |
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SLN @ rana @ 861 |
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697 |
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Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S.J. |
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Title |
The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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311 |
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74-77 |
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carnivore; classification; divergence; Dna; Felidae; fossil; lineages; Miocene; mitochondrial; Molecular; phylogeny; radiation; taxonomic |
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Abstract |
Modern felid species descend from relatively recent (G11 million years ago) divergence and speciation events that produced successful predatory carnivores worldwide but that have confounded taxonomic classifications. A highly resolved molecular phylogeny with divergence dates for all living cat species, derived from autosomal, X-linked, Y-linked, and mitochondrial gene segments (22,789 base pairs) and 16 fossil calibrations define eight principal lineages produced through at least 10 intercontinental migrations facilitated by sea-level fluctuations. A ghost lineage analysis indicates that available felid fossils underestimate (i.e., unrepresented basal branch length) first occurrence by an average of 76%, revealing a low representation of felid lineages in paleontological remains. The phylogenetic performance of distinct gene classes showed that Y-chromosome segments are appreciably more informative than mitochondrial DNA, X-linked, or autosomal genes in resolving the rapid Felidae species radiation. |
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SLN @ rana @ 908 |
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502 |
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Janovsky, M.; Grone, A.; Ciardo, D.; Vollm, J.; Burnens, A.; Fatzer, R.; Bacciarini, L.N. |
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Phaeohyphomycosis in a Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) due to Cladophialophora bantiana |
Type ![sorted by Type field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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2006 |
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Journal of Comparative Pathology |
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134 |
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245-248 |
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Cladophialophora bantiana; fungal infection; phaeohyphomycosis; snow leopard; spinal meningitis; Uncia uncia |
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Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana was diagnosed in a 5-month-old snow leopard with spastic paralysis of the hind legs and inability to defaecate or urinate. At post-mortem examination, a greenish soft mass resembling an abscess was found on one side of the epidural space at the fourth lumbar vertebral body. Histological examination revealed a purulent meningitis with myelomalacia. Dematiaceous fungal hyphae, present within the inflammatory infiltrate, were identified as C. bantiana by culture and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. This neurotropic fungus rarely affects organs other than the brain in human beings and cats, and has been reported only occasionally in Europe. The case described suggests that phaeohyphomycosis due to C. bantiana infection may be recognized more frequently in the future and the possible involvement of organs other than the brain should be borne in mind. |
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SLN @ rana @ 891 |
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489 |
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Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. |
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Title |
Estimating Snow Leopard Population Abundance Using Photography and Capture-Recapture Techniques |
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2006 |
Publication |
Wildlife Society Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
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34 |
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3 |
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772-781 |
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abundance; camera trapping; capture rates; dentistry; identification; India; photography; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Abstract |
Conservation and management of snow leopards (Uncia uncial) has largely relied on anecdotal evidence and presence-absence data due to their cryptic nature and the difficult terrain they inhabit. These methods generally lack the scientific rigor necessary to accurately estimate population size and monitor trends. We evaluated the use of photography in capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques for estimating snow leopard population abundance and density within Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. We placed infrared camera traps along actively used travel paths, scent-sprayed rocks, and scrape sites within 16-30 kmý sampling grids in successive winters during January and March 2003-2004. We used head-on, oblique, and side-view camera configurations to obtain snow leopard photographs at varying body orientations. We calculated snow leopard abundance estimates using the program CAPTURE. We obtained a total of 66 and 49 snow leopard captures resulting in 8.91 and 5.63 individuals per 100 trap nights during 2003 and 2004, respectively. We identified snow leopards based on the distinct pelage patters located primarily on the forelimbs, flanks, and dorsal surface of the tail. Capture probabilities ranged from 0.33 to 0.67. Density estimates ranged from 8.49 (SE+0.22) individuals per 100 kmý in 2003 to 4.45 (SE+0.16) in 2004. We believe the density disparity between years is attributable to different trap density and placement rather than to an actual decline in population size. Our results suggest that photographic capture-mark-recapture sampling may be a useful tool for monitoring demographic patterns. However, we believe a larger sample size would be necessary for generating a statistically robust estimate of population density and abundance based on CMR models. |
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SLN @ rana @ 912 |
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476 |
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Author |
Blomqvist, L.; Dexel, B. |
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Title |
In Focus: Declining numbers of wild snow leopards |
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2006 |
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EAZA Zoo News |
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26-27 |
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asia; Cites; conflict; habitat loss; herder; laws; poaching; protection; snow leopard; threat; trade; Uncia uncia |
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International collaboration to ensure the long-term survival of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the wild is today more acutely needed than ever! Trade in live snow leopards, their skins and bones, has during the last decade reached such extensiveness that the species is in danger of being wiped out from many of its former habitats. All recent surveys support declining populations throughout most of their range. |
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SLN @ rana @ 887 |
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172 |
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Author |
Wingard, J.R.; Zahler, P. |
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Title |
Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia |
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2006 |
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1-170 |
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steppe; illegal; wildlife; trade; Mongolia; study; threat; populations; population; areas; area; fur; fur trade; fur-trade; game; meat; hunting; Chain; impact; biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; conservation; rural; livelihood; Wildlife-Management; management; survey; survey methods; methods; history; action; International; enforcement; domestic; community-based; approach |
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The current study in Mongolia is truly groundbreaking, in that it shows that the problem of commercial wildlife trade is also vast, unsustainable, and a major threat to wildlife populations in other areas. This paper's Executive Summary briefs the topics of wildlife trade in Mongolia, fur trade, medicinal trade, game meat trade, trophy and sport hunting, trade chains and markets, trade sustainability, impacts of wildlife trade on biodiversity conservation, impacts of trade on rural livelihoods, enabling wildlife management, and management recommendations. The main content of the paper includes: wildlife trade survey methods, a history of wildlife trade in Mongolia, wildlife take and trade today, enabling wildlife management, and recommendations and priority actions. The recommendations have been divided into six separate sections, including (1) cross-cutting recommendations, (2) international trade enforcement, (3) domestic trade enforcement, (4) hunting management, (5) trophy and sport hunting management, and (6) community-based approaches. Each section identifies short-term, long-term, and regulatory goals in order of priority within each subsection. |
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World Bank |
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Washington, D.C. |
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East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department |
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Mongolian version. English language translation is also available in the SLN bibliography. Mongolia Discussion Papers. East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington D.C.: World Bank. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1079 |
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1026 |
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