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Author Jiang, Z.
Title Snow leopards in the Dulan International Hunting Ground, Qinghai, China Type (down) Report
Year 2005 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-8
Keywords snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; hunting; Qinghai; China; project; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; surveys; survey; mountains; mountain; province; transect; study; area; transects; pug; pug marks; pug-marks; marks; scrapes; scrape; density; densities; wild; ungulates; ungulate; region; camera; environment; photo; capture; population; population size; population-size; Animals; Animal; 20; livestock; Human; attitudes; attitude; tibetan; 30; nature; reserve; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; species; snow line; snow-line; endemic; alpine; central; Central Asia; asia; countries; country; fox; range; areas; Xinjiang; inner; Inner-Mongolia; Mongolia; Tibet; gansu; Sichuan; habitat; protection; nature reserves; reserves; cat; populations; domestic; laws; law; field; field surveys; field survey; field-surveys; field-survey; Kunlun; distribution; survival; status; Data; conservation
Abstract From March to May, 2006œªwe conducted extensive snow leopard surveys in the Burhanbuda Mountain Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China. 32 linear transect of 5~15 km each, which running through each vegetation type, were surveyed within the study area. A total of 72 traces of snow leopard were found along 4 transects (12.5% of total transects). The traces included pug marks or footprints, scrapes and urine marks. We estimated the average density of wild ungulates in the region was 2.88ñ0.35 individuals km-2(n=29). We emplaced 16 auto2 trigger cameras in different environments and eight photos of snow leopard were shot by four cameras and the capture rate of snow leopard was 71.4%. The minimum snow leopard population size in the Burhanbuda Mountain was two, because two snow leopards were phototrapped by different cameras at almost same time. Simultaneously, the cameras also shot 63 photos of other wild animals, including five photos are unidentified wild animals, and 20 photos of livestock. We evaluated the human attitudes towards snow leopard by interviewing with 27 Tibetan householders of 30 householders live in the study area. We propose to establish a nature reserve for protecting and managing snow leopards in the region. Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is considered as a unique species because it lives above the snow line, it is endemic to alpines in Central Asia, inhabiting in 12 countries across Central Asia (Fox, 1992). Snow leopard ranges in alpine areas in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Gansu and Sichuan in western China (Liao, 1985, 1986; Zhou, 1987; Ma et al., 2002; Jiang & Xu, 2006). The total population and habitat of snow leopards in China are estimated to be 2,000~2,500 individuals and 1,824,316 km2, only 5% of which is under the protection of nature reserves. The cat's current range is fragmented (Zou & Zheng, 2003). Due to strong human persecutions, populations of snow leopards decreased significantly since the end of the 20th century. Thus, the

snow leopards are under the protection of international and domestic laws. From March to May, 2006, we conducted two field surveys in Zhiyu Village, Dulan County in Burhanbuda Mountain, Kunlun Mountains, China to determine the population, distribution and survival status of snow leopards in the area. The aim of the study was to provide ecologic data for snow leopard conservation.
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Notes Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1068 Serial 493
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Author Mishra, C.; Allen, P.; McCarthy, T.; Madhusudan, M.D.; Agvaantserengiin, B.; Prins H.
Title The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Conservation Biology Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 1512-1520
Keywords Central Asia; community; conservation; herder; incentive program; India; livestock; Mongolia; pastoralists; poaching; retaliatory killing; snow leopard; Uncia uncia
Abstract Pastoralists and their livestock share much of the habitat of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) across south and central Asia. The levels of livestock predation by the snow leopard and other carnivores are high, and retaliatory killing by the herders is a direct threat to carnivore populations. Depletion of wild prey by poaching and competition from livestock also poses an indirect threat to the region's carnivores. Conservationists working in these underdeveloped areas that face serious economic damage from livestock losses have turned to incentive programs to motivate local communities to protect carnivores. We describe a pilot incentive program in India that aims to offset losses due to livestock predation and to enhance wild prey density by creating livestock-free areas on common land. We also describe how income generation from handicrafts in Mongolia is helping curtail poaching and retaliatory killing of snow leopards. However, initiatives to offset the costs of living with carnivores and to make conservation beneficial to affected people have thus far been small, isolated, and heavily subsidized. Making these initiatives more comprehensive, expanding their coverage, and internalizing their costs are future challenged for the conservation of large carnivores such as the snow leopard.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 904 Serial 693
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Author Koshkarev E.
Title What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union? Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2000 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 (19) Issue Pages 72
Keywords Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7280; Russian
Abstract It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature conservation Journal. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 706 Serial 556
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Author Koshkarev E.
Title About snow leopard Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 8. Issue Pages 148-151
Keywords Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7290; Russian
Abstract In 1980-s, in Central Asia there were 1,500-1,700 snow leopards: 800-900 in Kyrgyzstan, 500 in Tajikistan, 200 in Kazakhstan, and 100 in Uzbekistan. During the last century the number of snow leopard was constantly decreasing, though a its drastic reduction was observed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because of increased poaching for snow leopard and its objects of prey. The highest level of poaching was observed to occur in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan's population of snow leopard reduced to 200 animals. A decrease of snow leopard number in other parts of its habitat with less intense hunting (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, south-west Kyrgyzstan) was mostly because of depletion of food resources (population of ungulates reduced five eight times). The reasons are corruption and unemployment. In order to improve the situation it is required to improve regulatory framework and replicate existing positive experience in economic motivation of nature protection activities.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 707 Serial 557
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Author Koshkarev E.P.
Title Key areas of snow leopard's habitat as main conservation objects Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Part. 1. Issue Pages 97-98
Keywords Kazakhstan; Southern Siberia; Central Asia; Talass ridge; Chatkal ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Hissar ridge; species range; key sites; snow leopard; nature reserves.; 7260; Russian
Abstract The most vulnerable key areas within the snow leopard habitat are East Kazakhstan (an area of 48,000 square km) with no protected areas network established, and South Siberia (131,000 square km), where snow leopard is protected in three nature reserves. These areas are distant from main part of the habitat, isolated and have more extreme conditions. In Central Asia's key area (213,000 square km) linked to a main Chinese-Afghani part of the habitat, snow leopard was found in 11 nature reserves and two national parks. For reliable protection of this species it would be expedient to strengthen the role of the mountain nature reserves by means of extension and amalgamation of the areas, and other measures.
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Notes Full text available in Russian Journal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 704 Serial 560
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Author Krever V.
Title Ecosystems of the High Mountains Species of Special Interest in Uzbekistan Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 55-59
Keywords Central Asia; mountain ecosystem; fauna; vertebrates; endangered species; threats; protected areas network; snow leopard.; 7470; Russian
Abstract It gives description complexes of mountain ecosystems fauna of Central Asia, endangered vertebrates, main threats to biodiversity and existing protected areas network. Among the rare animal species of the alpine and subalpine meadows first of all should be listed the West Tien Shan endemic, the Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbien); the markhor wild goat which still inhabits the Vakhsh range in Tadjikistan; the dhole (Cyon alpinus) which is practically extinct; the Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), and the snow leopard (Uncia uncia); among birds, the wlute-chested dove (Columba leuconota), sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus, snowcocks (Tetraogallus tibetanus, T.altaicus) and bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus).
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity Conservation in Central Asia. An Analysis of Biodiversity and Current Threats and Initial Investment Portfolio. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 725 Serial 596
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Author Kuznetsov B.A.
Title The mountainous province in Central Asia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1950 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti Issue Pages 141-144
Keywords Central Asia; landscapes; biodiversity; mountain zone; fauna; snow leopard.; 7510; Russian
Abstract The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Essay on geographical zoning in the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 729 Serial 600
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Author Kuznetzov B.A.
Title Materials on mammal fauna in Central Asia. Central Asian mountainous province Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1963 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 116-121
Keywords Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 7520; Russian
Abstract It provides a list of mammals of Central Asia (species and sub-species) indicating their main habitats, and undertakes an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia based on data collected by the world science community concerning distribution of various mammal species over the country. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schr. was indicated to inhabit the mountains of Central Asia.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology, biogeography, and taxonomy of mammals in the USSR. Proceeding of MOIP. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 730 Serial 604
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Author Laptev M.K.
Title The cats – Felidae Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1929 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue I. Issue Pages 55-60
Keywords Central Asia; Felidae; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution.; 7550; Russian
Abstract It describes identification features of the Felidae family species (ItŒ¤ŒlŒbus, A¤inŒn¢o, L¢no, Oigris, D…rdus, Uncia, r†m…†lurus, ¥…a…¤…l, ¥atolynx, Felis): colour, body size and skull length, length of limbs, presence or absence of ear-brushes, cheek-bones width, nasal bones, palatine bone, rapacious tooth, and acoustical capsules.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Central Asia mammals Guide (insectivorous, bats, predators, and ungulates). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 733 Serial 611
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Author Ammosov, B.
Title Central Asia mountains. Snow leopard or irbis Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1973 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 92-93
Keywords Central Asia; natural zones; snow leopard; distribution; habitats; number; trade.; 6010; Russian
Abstract All natural zones are represented in the mountains of Central Asia: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forests and shrubs, sub-alpine zones, alpine zones. Irbis (snow leopard) is a typical inhabitant of highlands. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia. Outside the country this species is met in the Himalayas, Tibet, mountains of Mongolia. It is rare everywhere. The annual world trade is less than 1,000 animals. Being a non-numerous species, it causes negligible damage to farming and hunting industry.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting industry of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 580 Serial 69
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Author Novikov G.A.
Title Sub-genus UNCIA Gray Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1956 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 274-277
Keywords Ussr; Central Asia; uncia; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; habitats; highly mountain; reproduction; Migration; use.; 7760; Russian
Abstract Identification features of the sub-genus Uncia (colour; length of body and tail; shoulder height, and skull measurements) are given. Distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, commercial value of snow leopard in the USSR is described.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Predatory mammals of the USSR fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 754 Serial 726
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Author Puzanov I.I.
Title Central Asia sub-area Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1938 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 240-244
Keywords Central Asia; fauna; snow leopard.; 8020; Russian
Abstract The author describes fauna of the Central Asia sub-area. Snow leopard is a typical inhabitant of the sub-area highlands.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoogeography. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 780 Serial 797
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Author Riddell, Mand L.G.
Title Snow Leopard Expedition Kazakhstan 2004 Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Kazakhstan; snow leopard; expedition; Central Asia; ecotourism; map; 5730
Abstract This Newcastle University Expedition reviewed the conflict between man and snow leopard in the region east of Tekeli in the Dzhungarian Alatau range, Kazakhstan. After the soviet state breakup in 1991 snow leopards in Kazakhstan and in the other Asian republics were subjected to high levels of persecution. There are thought to be between 180-200 snow leopards in Kazakhstan, of which 37-40 individuals inhabit the Dzhungarian Mountains. No work has been done previously to review the present snow leopard-human conflicts in this region, and this project looked to update previous reports from Central Asia about predominant conflicts in these regions. The expedition team worked with the Institute of Zoology in Kazakhstan and two of the six person team were Kazakh students. Methods comparable to those used in previous studies were used to map and rank the threats in the western area of the range, over an eight week period. The expedition team lived in the mountains for periods of two-three weeks, carrying all their food and equipment and using local vehicles, horses and trekking to move from pasture to pasture. Semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and prey counts were used to assess snow leopard-human conflicts including poaching of snow leopard, poaching of leopard wild prey, human disturbance and livestock overgrazing. The results from the report support much previous work from Kazakhstan and other areas in Central Asia, but serve as a useful update shedding light on an optimistic future for snow leopard conservation while highlighting what the expedition team perceives to be the major threats to snow leopards. The threats to snow leopards, in order of relevance from most to least, are loss of prey predominantly through hunting by local people (both legal and illegal), direct hunting of snowleopard for pelt/medicine, disturbance by herders on the pastures, snow leopard habitat fragmentation around the mountain bases, and least importantly overgrazing by domestic livestock. Retaliatory kills by herders are not a threat in the region and on livestock were killed by snow leopards. Levels of all hunting, legal and illegal, need to be reduced in the range until wildlife populations have recovered significantly from the mid-1990's over-hunting period. Levels of rural corruption among many stakeholders were high around the mountain region, and are thought to contribute negatively to wildlife conservation in the area. Ecotourism in the area, that incorporates local people around the mountain region, is proposed as a solution to offer local people's incentives to lower hunting levels. This report makes the following main recommendations:

ÿStrengthening law enforcement capacity

ÿIncreasing the number of ecological rangers

ÿIncreasing incentives of ecological rangers to prevent poaching

ÿEquipping the ecological rangers more sufficiently

ÿMore effective communication between ranger and National Park administrative regions

ÿThe involvement of all stakeholders in wildlife conservation including military officials and local herders

ÿWhistle blower policies to prevent illegal trade in all animals in the region

ÿMore geographic consistency between present and proposed protected areas in the region

 Accurate snow leopard monitoring to build on valuable information previously collected in Kazakhstan

 Provision of local incentives (ecotourism and community based hunting reserves) to reduce local hunting and local unemployment around the mountains

 Increased interest and technical assistance in Kazakhstan from conservation International Non-Governmental Organizations

 More government fund for the Institute of Zoology

 Stronger cross border (Kazakhstan-China) legislation implementation Further research could involve establishing an annual, standardized, snow leopard

survey in the range, or could compare these findings of threats to snow leopards to other regions in Kazakhstan (eg. The Altai) or Central Asia.

This report has been replicated for all the expedition sponsors, put on the internet, and

distributed among contacts in the snow leopard conservation community.

The expedition team also spent some time exploring and photographing some of the remoter valleys around the study pastures, and made a short video of the teams exploits. Links were made between KIMEP University in Almaty, and Newcastle University, registered a research centre with the Royal Geographical Society, and lectured about the Dzhungarian range and snow leopard conservation at; the Royal Geographical Society, Newcastle University, Royal Zoological Society for Scotland(Edinburgh Zoo), and Wilderness Lecturers (Bristol).
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 283 Serial 816
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Author Syroyechkovskiy E.E.
Title Kazakhstan and Central Asia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1975 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 223-231
Keywords Central Asia; Kazakhstan; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 8370; Russian
Abstract Common features, origin, and landscape and zonal peculiarities of fauna in Kazakhstan and Central Asia are described. This region is part of the Mediterranean and Central Asia sub-zone of Golarctic, while north-eastern part of Kazakhstan is incorporated in the Round-boreal sub-zone. The main features of nature (sharply continental climate, vast valleys and well-marked zoning combined with a sophisticated system of vertical mountain zoning) stipulate the abundance and diversity of fauna. There are over 100 fish species, some 100 reptile and amphibian species, about 500 bird and 160 mammal species here. Snow leopard can be found in Kazakhstan's part of the Altai, in the Tien Shan and Pamir mountains.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 815 Serial 954
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Author Vashetko E.V.
Title Snow Leopard bibliography in Central Asia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2004 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 358-383
Keywords Central Asia; bibliography; snow leopard.; 8470; Russian
Abstract Reference List of the Snow Leopard investigation included publications on the studying various questions of ecology and conservation of the Snow Leopard in Central Asia (355) for the period with 1851 for 2004. The most important work on this species in the region, as well as results of the analysis of timing of publications was described.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status and perspectives of the protected area network in Central Asia. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 824 Serial 982
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Author Waits, L.P.; Buckley-Beason, V.A.; Johnson, W.E.; Onorato, D.; McCarthy, T.
Title A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia)  Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication Molecular Ecology Notes Abbreviated Journal
Volume 7 Issue Pages 311-314
Keywords identification; leopard; leopards; microsatellites,noninvasive genetic sampling,Panthera uncia,snow leopard; panthera; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; endangered; carnivores; carnivore; mountain; region; central; Central Asia; asia; methods; conservation; management; Molecular; individual identification; Hair; domestic; cat; felis; captive; number; probability; using; wild
Abstract Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty-eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 x10-11) and siblings (7.5x10-5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 865 Serial 1001
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Author Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y.
Title Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume 23 Issue Pages 471-473
Keywords study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley
Abstract Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides.
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Notes Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 871 Serial 1036
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Author Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B.O.P.
Title Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1971 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals. Issue Pages 234-235
Keywords Central Asia; snow leopard; distribution; preys; behavior; practical value.; 8670; Russian
Abstract Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and fauna of Central Asia. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 844 Serial 1069
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Author Kolosov A.M.
Title Central Asia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1975 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 93-104
Keywords Central Asia; mountain system; species composition; distribution; number; habitats; rare species; endemics; game species; mammals; snow leopard.; 7190; Russian
Abstract It describes a mammal species composition in the mountain ecosystems of Central Asia Kopetdag, Hissaro-Alai and Pamir, Tien Shan, and Tarbagatai ridge. Data on distribution and population number is presented.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection and enrichment of the USSR fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 697 Serial 546
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Author Kogan M.I.
Title The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1931 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 47, 51-52,55-57, 59, 61-62.
Keywords Central Asia; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 7160; Russian
Abstract It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Soviet Asia as a fur-trade region. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 694 Serial 540
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Author Hussain, S.
Title The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmers Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume 37 Issue Pages 26-33
Keywords Central Karakorum,farmer-wildlife conflict; livestock predation,snow leopard,Uncia uncia,; Western Himalayas.
Abstract Between 1998 and 2001 I carried out surveys in four areas in the Baltistan district of the Northern Areas of Pakistan to estimate the population of the snow leopard and to examine the threats to its future conservation. I estimate that a total of 36-50 snow leopards are present in the areas surveyed. Based on the availability of suitable snow leopard habitat and of its prey species, I estimate that 90-120 snow leopards are potentially present in Baltistan and 300-420 throughout its range within Pakistan's borders. Although this estimate is higher than extrapolations based on earlier surveys, the long-term future of the snow leopard is under threat. This is mainly due to retaliatory killings by farmers, and poaching for pelts and other body parts. Species-focused conservation policies, particularly those targeting ungulates for the promotion of trophy hunting, may constitute an additional threat to snow leopard conservation in the region. However, all forms of threats to the snow leopard in Baltistan appear to emanate from the relatively poor economic conditions of the local people.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 898 Serial 401
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Author Henschel, P.; Ray, J.
Title Leopards in African Rainforests: Survey and Monitoring Techniques Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 2003 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords forest leopards; african rainforests; survey; monitoring techniques; lope reserve; gabon; central africa; congo; zaire; field testing; populations; wild meat; relative abundance; density; live-trapping; presence and absense surveys; ad-hoc survey; bushmeat; systematic survey; monitoring; individual identification; tracks; Discriminant Function Analysis; genotyping; scat; Hair; Dna; remote photography; camera trapping; capture rates; Trailmaster; Camtrakker; bait; duikers; pigs; elephant; bongo; okapi; human hunters; 5300
Abstract Monitoring Techniques Forest leopards have never been systematically surveyed in African forests, in spite of their potentially vital ecological role as the sole large mammalian predators in these systems. Because leopards are rarely seen in this habitat, and are difficult to survey using the most common techniques for assessing relative abundances of forest mammals, baseline knowledge of leopard ecology and responses to human disturbance in African forests remain largely unknown. This technical handbook sums up the experience gained during a two-year study of leopards by Philipp Henschel in the Lop‚ Reserve in Gabon, Central Africa, in 2001/2002, supplemented by additional experience from carnivore studies conducted by Justina Ray in southwestern Central African Republic and eastern Congo (Zaire) . The main focus of this effort has been to develop a protocol that can be used by fieldworkers across west and central Africa to estimate leopard densities in various forest types. In developing this manual, Henschel tested several indirect methods to assess leopard numbers in both logged and unlogged forests, with the main effort devoted to testing remote photography survey methods developed for tigers by Karanth (e.g., Karanth 1995, Karanth & Nichols 1998; 2000; 2002), and modifying them for the specific conditions characterizing African forest environments. This handbook summarizes the results of the field testing, and provides recommendations for techniques to assess leopard presence/absence, relative abundance, and densities in African forest sites. We briefly review the suitability of various methods for different study objectives and go into particular detail on remote photography survey methodology, adapting previously developed methods and sampling considerations specifically to the African forest environment. Finally, we briefly discuss how camera trapping may be used as a tool to survey other forest mammals. Developing a survey protocol for African leopards is a necessary first step towards a regional assessment and priority setting exercise targeted at forest leopards, similar to those carried out on large carnivores in Asian and South American forests.
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor Wildlife Conservation Society
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Notes Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 515 Serial 382
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Author Gvozdetskiy N.A.
Title Altitudal landscape zones Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1970 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 142-151
Keywords Central Asia; geobotany; zoogeography; mountain zones; Animals; snow leopard.; 6840; Russian
Abstract It provides geobotanic and zoogeographic description of vertical landscape zoning. Particularly, in alpine meadows and meadow steppes and partially zone of mountain plateau (“syrt”) of highland, the common species are argali (Ovis ammon poloi), ibex (Capra sibirica sakeen), snow leopard (Felis uncia), Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos leuconyx), and red pica; very numerous are marmots and vole (Microtus gregalis). The bird fauna includes Himalayan snow-cock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Alpine chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus), chough (P. pyrrhocorax), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), rosefinch species. There are many waterfowl birds on the lakes. There are many Central Asian, particularly Tibetan species among the animals inhabiting highlands of the Tien Shan.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Physical geography of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 662 Serial 364
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Author Berg L.S.
Title Fauna Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1938 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 161-164
Keywords Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard.; 6270; Russian
Abstract It provides description of fauna of the Central Asia mountains. Ibex (Capra sibirica) was noticed to keep to the alpine and sub-alpine zone and never descends bellow 2,500 m. Hunting for ibex and wild sheep, snow leopard (Leopardus uncia) keeps at the same elevation.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 605 Serial 133
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Author Bobrinskiy N.A.
Title The mountains of Central Asia Type (down) Miscellaneous
Year 1951 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 382
Keywords Central Asia; zoogeography; mountain fauna; snow leopard.; 6320; Russian
Abstract Given is a general characteristic of fauna complexes in the mountains of Central Asia (Jungar Ala-Tau, Tien Shan, Hissar Alai, Kopet-Dag), peculiarities of animal distribution in association with folded mountain relief, vertical zoning, anthropogenic influence and importance of mountain fauna for human beings. It provides a description of main animal groups and is an effort of zoning fauna of the mountains of Central Asia.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geography of animals (a course of zoogeography). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 610 Serial 179
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