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Jackson, R., Wangchuk, R., & Hillard, D. (2002). Grassroots Measures to Protect the Endangered Snow Leopard from Herder Retribution: Lessons Learned from Predator-Proofing Corrals in Ladahh.. Islt: Islt.
Abstract: Livestock depredation is an increasingly contentious issue across the range of the
endangered snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Depredation is most severe in or near protected areas
offering core habitat for this cat. “Surplus killing,” in which as many as 100 sheep and goats have
been killed in a single night, inevitably results in attempts at retaliatory killing of predators by
herders suffering significant loss. Ironically, such predation by snow leopard, wolf, or lynx can be
avoided by adequately predator-proofing nighttime enclosures. Predation on the open range is far
more difficult to address, but may be reduced to acceptable levels through improved day-time
guarding of livestock, educating herders on the importance of protecting the predator's natural prey
base, and by providing economic incentives to help offset unavoidable loss.
This paper describes community-based initiatives being undertaken in India's Hemis National Park
aimed at predator-proofing livestock corrals and encouraging local herders to become more effective
stewards of the snow leopard, its prey and habitat. A highly participatory, 4-step process known as
Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action (APPA) provides the primary mechanism for
assisting communities to develop Action Plans to reduce livestock depredation losses, increase
household incomes, and strengthen environmental stewardship. Herders are informed about the
Snow Leopard Stewardship program and conditions for a successful outcome. The team, comprised
of local people, NGO staff, facilitators and government officials, first identifies the root causes for
depredation (Discovery). Under the next phase, Dreaming, participants envision how their village
might appear if depredation losses were reduced to acceptable levels, household incomes increased,
and snow leopards fully protected. This provides a good basis upon which to collaboratively devise
actions for addressing the community's concerns (Design). Delivery involves implementing actions
under the overall Action Plan, as well as specific measures that can be acted upon immediately. The
community is encouraged to use simple but realistic indicators for monitoring the project's
effectiveness.
In Lessons Learned to Date, we highlight the importance of providing meaningful community
involvement from inception through project implementation and monitoring. The use of _APPA
_greatly increases ownership, communal empowerment and self-reliance, and local people's
willingness to protect wildlife. The Snow Leopard Conservancy believes that the most effective
conservation actions will be contingent upon (1) establishing direct linkages with biodiversity
protection; (2) ensuring reciprocal co-financing and commensurate responsibility from the
community; (3) encouraging full participation from all stakeholders irrespective of their gender, age
or economic status; and (4) ensuring regular monitoring and evaluation under an agreed-to Action
Plan that sets forth the responsibilities, contributions and obligations of each partner.
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Bartlett, L. (1997). Good News for the Bad and the Ugly at CITES Conference.
Abstract: And prices can be high. CITES lists the following record payments (in US dollars): Falcon, 200,000; snow leopard skins, 60,000; musk grain, 50,000 per kilogramme; South American parrot, 40,000; Peruvian butterfly, 3,000; orchid, 2,000. Apparently rare creatures are worth the earth, to some people.
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Omar, K. (1986). Gift of snow leopard cub concern conservationists. Unknown.
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Zheengaziev A. (2002). Geographical locaton, wild life and relief of Sary-Chelek state biosphere nature reserve and Besh-Aral state nature reserve.
Abstract: The territorial description, floristic and faunistic characteristics of Sary-Chelek and Besh-Aral reserves and relief are given. There were registered about 40 species of mammals and 160 species of the birds in Sary-Chelek reserve. Ibex, roe deer, argali, wild boar, brown bear, snow leopard, lynx, porcupine, badger, marmot, hare etc. live here; muskrat, wood marten and American mink are acclimatized. Menzbier's marmot, fox, badger, wolf, brown bear, snow leopard, wild ibex and roe deer inhabited in Besh Aral reserve.
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Koshkarev E.P. (1990). Geographic prerequisites for snow leopard conservation in the USSR.
Abstract: Three key areas of the snow leopard habitat in the USSR are geographically segregated: Central Asia (Pamir, Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alai), East Kazakhstan (Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur), and South Siberia (Altai, the Sayans), which are separated from one another. The fate of snow leopard in East Kazakhstan and South Siberia causes the most anxiety.
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Kolosov A.M. (1979). Genus Snow leopards Uncia.
Abstract: It provides description of appearance, distribution, behavioral patterns, and use of snow leopard in the USSR. The predator inhabits the mountains of Central Asia, east of the Amudarya river, along the ridges of Djungar Ala-Tau and Tarbagatai, South Altai, West and East Sayans. Its main food is ungulates, though it also preys on snow-cocks, marmots, small birds, and rodents. Sometimes attacks sheep. It has no enemy other than wolf; its diseases are not studied. Snow leopard is not dangerous for man. The fur-skin is used for making rugs and fur. Less than 1,000 animals are hunted globally. Before 1960, in the USSR less than 120 skins were annually purchased. Its total population is several thousand animals.
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Sludsky A.A. (1982). Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 (Vol. Vol. III, Part 2.).
Abstract: Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.
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Geptner V.G. (1972). Genus snow leopard or irbis (Vol. Vol. 2, Part 2.).
Abstract: It describes genus and species features of snow leopard such as appearance, skull, sizes, phylogenetic links, distribution, geographic variability, biology including number, habitat, refuges, activity in daylight and night, behavioral patterns, reproduction, enemies and rivals, and practical use of the species.
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Bannikov A.G. (1971). Genus Panthera.
Abstract: It gives the description of genus Panthera: lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar and snow leopard. The mountains of Central Asia and South Siberia limit the habitat of snow leopard in the USSR. This species is also distributed in the Himalayas, Tibet, and mountains of Mongolia. In summer, it lives at 3,660 3,970 m above sea level, while in winter, following the ungulates; snow leopard descends to 1,800 m. In the Himalayas, it ascends up to 5,500 m above sea level in summer. In Djungar and Talas Ala-Tau, snow leopard keeps at 600 1,200 m. It takes refuge in caves and cracks of rocks. Snow leopard is mostly active in twilights and night, rarer in daylight, and preys on ungulates, hares, marmots, and others. The coupling period is winter or early spring. A gestation is about 90 days. It has 3 5 cubs in a litter.
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Aristov A.A. (2001). Genus Irbises Uncia Gray, 1854. Irbis or snow leopard Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1775).
Abstract: An identification table for genus and species of mammals of Russia and adjacent areas is given. The taxonomy, morphology, distribution and life history of carnivores are described. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia, geographical variability, distribution, biology and value are described in detail.
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