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Bykova E.A. (2004). Method of questionnaire design used for the collecting of primary data on threatened species with the example of snow leopard.
Abstract: Method of questionnaire design is used for long time successfully in the various fields of zoological research. This method is most significant for the collecting of data on threatened species. It can be applied together with standard inquest and survey methods without taking remarkable financial and temporal expenses. Such data can be assigned as the base for further planning of scientific investigations of the threatened species. In the result of survey, there were gathered 96 records of Snow Leopard and its tracks of the vital functions on Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkestan and Hissar ridges. Majority of records was made on Hissar ridge either on the area of Hissar reserve, either outside of protected area. There was collected data on distribution of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan, on its territorial and food behavior, cases and causes of poaching. As a conclusion, it seems to be rational to use the method of questionnaire design among rangers of protected areas and local inhabitants for the collecting of primary information on threatened animal species. It would be optimal to gather such data every 3-4 years that would allow receiving the fresh comparable year-by-year information. Interpretation of questionnaire data should be made with certain prudence, taking into account subjectivity of collected information. Therefore during gathering of questionnaire data it is desirable personal attendance of researcher for more accurate definition of answers on the presented questions.
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Atzeni, L., Cushman, S. A., Bai, D., Wang, J., Chen, P., Shi,
K., Riordan, P. (2020). Meta-replication, sampling bias, and multi-scale model selection:
A case study on snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in western China. Ecology and Evolution, , 1–27.
Abstract: Replicated multiple scale species distribution models (SDMs)
have become increasingly important to identify the correct variables
determining species distribution and their influences on ecological
responses. This study explores multi-scale habitat relationships of the
snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in two study areas on the Qinghai–Tibetan
Plateau of western China. Our primary objectives were to evaluate the
degree to which snow leopard habitat relationships, expressed by
predictors, scales of response, and magnitude of effects, were
consistent across study areas or locally landcape-specific. We coupled
univariate scale optimization and the maximum entropy algorithm to
produce multivariate SDMs, inferring the relative suitability for the
species by ensembling top performing models. We optimized the SDMs based
on average omission rate across the top models and ensembles’ overlap
with a simulated reference model. Comparison of SDMs in the two study
areas highlighted landscape-specific responses to limiting factors.
These were dependent on the effects of the hydrological network,
anthropogenic features, topographic complexity, and the heterogeneity of
the landcover patch mosaic. Overall, even accounting for specific local
differences, we found general landscape attributes associated with snow
leopard ecological requirements, consisting of a positive association
with uplands and ridges, aggregated low-contrast landscapes, and large
extents of grassy and herbaceous vegetation. As a means to evaluate the
performance of two bias correction methods, we explored their effects on
three datasets showing a range of bias intensities. The performance of
corrections depends on the bias intensity; however, density kernels
offered a reliable correction strategy under all circumstances. This
study reveals the multi-scale response of snow leopards to environmental
attributes and confirms the role of meta-replicated study designs for
the identification of spatially varying limiting factors. Furthermore,
this study makes important contributions to the ongoing discussion about
the best approaches for sampling bias correction.
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Esipov A.V. (1985). Measure for snow leopard protection in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: In Uzbekistan, snow leopard (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776) is met in the mountain ridges of Tien Shan (Karjantau, Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, and possibly Kurama ridges) and Alay (Turkistan, Zaravshan, Gissar, and Baisuntau ridges). There are about 50 snow leopards there. They are observed to decrease in number for the reasons as follows: extensive use of alpine pastures, tourist activity and poaching. Irbis is under protection in the Chatkal, Zaamin, and Gissar nature reserves and Zaamin people's park. An additional measure to be taken to protect this species is to expand the area of the Chatkal nature reserve, to better fight against poaching activity and advocate snow leopard protection in mass media.
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Kuznetzov B.A. (1963). Materials on mammal fauna in Central Asia. Central Asian mountainous province.
Abstract: It provides a list of mammals of Central Asia (species and sub-species) indicating their main habitats, and undertakes an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia based on data collected by the world science community concerning distribution of various mammal species over the country. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schr. was indicated to inhabit the mountains of Central Asia.
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Allayarov A.M. (1963). Materials on geographical distribution of wild cats in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It describes the distribution and habitats of eight Felidae species in Uzbekistan, such as snow leopard, leopard, lynx, caracal, chaus, manul, sand cat, and steppe cat.
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Vashetko E.V. (1994). Materials for studying fauna of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting Hissar Nature Reserve.
Abstract: A vertebrate fauna inventory in the Hissar nature reserve showed that various natural zones here are certainly inhabited by 45 species: amphibians one species; reptiles 12; mammals 32. Reptiles such as Alai snake-eyed skink and Central Asian viper and mammal species such as wolf, fox, brown bear, weasel, grey hamster can be found in all natural zones here up to 4,000 m above sea level. Snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, and long-tailed marmot can be found in the juniperous forests and higher elevations.
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Ming, M., Munkhtsog, B., Xu, F., Turghan, M., Yin, S. -jing, & Wei, S. - D. (2005). Markings as Indicator of Snow Leopard in Field Survey, in Xinjiang.
Abstract: The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) was a very rare species in China. The survey on the markings of Snow Leopard in Ahay and Tianshan Mountains is the major activity of the Project of Snow Leopard in Xinjiang, supported by International Snow Leopard Trust(ISLT)and Xinjiang Conservation Fund(XCF). During the field work from Sep to Nov 2004 the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group(XSLG) set 67 transects of a total length of 47 776 m with mean transect length is 7 1 3 m at 9 locations.Total of 1 l 8 markings of Snow Leopards were found in 27 transects the mean density is 247km. The markings of Snow Leopard included the pug marks or footprints, scrapes, feces, bloodstain, scent spray, urine, hair or fur, claw rake, remains of prey corpse, sleep site, roar and others. From the quantity and locations of marks the XSLG got the information on habitat selection distribution region and relative abundance of the Snow Leopard in the study areas. The survey also provided knowledge on distribution and abundance of major prey potential conservation problems and human attitudes to Snow Leopards by taking 200 questionnaires in the study areas.
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Tokmergenov T. (2002). Mammals of Sary Chelek nature reserve.
Abstract: There are more than 40 species of mammals in Sary Chelek nature reserve, Kyrgyzstan. Brief characteristics of these species and their distribution. Also current status of important species, tendencies in number dynamic are presented. Snow leopard inhabited in alpine zone of Muz-Tor, Kara Toko, Kulatai, Alatai mountains. Total number is 2-3 individuals according data of 1997-2000.
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Yanushevich A.I. (1972). Mammals of Kyrgyzstan.
Abstract: A description of snow leopard, its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, number, behavior, food, reproduction, parasites, infections, and practical importance is given. In Kyrgyzstan, irbis was found in the Chatkal, Kyrgyz, Talas ridges, and Terskei Alatoo. An official annual snow leopard hunting rate ranged from 10 (1955) to 54 skins (in 1936) in 1930-s through 1950-s. 17 snow leopards were caught for the purpose of zoo-export only in 1965-1966. Its skin has no special value and is used by local people for decoration of dwellings and making collars.
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Pavlinov I.Ya. (1995). Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book.
Abstract: This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950.
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