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	Author	Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association
	Title	Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2010	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology
	Abstract	In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism, zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that administrative units have been increased and territories of administrative units have been diminished. There have been four provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert. Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum, Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression. Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December 16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of 1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 % of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting. Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15 USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't consider it had been right since it was natural event. However population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards correctly with low costs.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1100			Serial	705
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	Author	Hunter, D.
	Title	Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Cat News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue		Pages	15-16
	Keywords	asia; Mongolia; panthera uncia; endangered; threatened species; mammals; study methods; techniques; telemetry; snow leopard project; distribution; Gobi Desert; threatened; species; snow; leopard; snow-leopard; project; study; methods; panthera; uncia; browse; 630
	Abstract	A snow leopard project is underway to study snow leopards in Mongolia. The project, called the Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project, involves the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Mongolian Association for the Conservation of Nature and Environment, the National Geographic Society, the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and the Environment, the U.S. National Biological Service, and the International Snow Leopard Trust. The objective of the study is to survey the distribution and status of Mongolia's snow leopards, including those living in the Gobi Desert. klf.
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	Notes	AUTHOR ADDRESS: Natl. Biol. Surv., MESC, 4512 McMurray Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80525-3400, NOTES: reprinted from: Snow Line (Intl. Snow Leopard Trust) Vol. XIV, 1996. Document Type: English Call Number: WR97-008333			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 310			Serial	392
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	Author	Vashetko E.V.
	Title	On the fauna of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting Hissar Nature Reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1996	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue 1.	Issue		Pages	35-43
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; fauna; vertebrates; amphibians; reptiles; mammals; lizards; snakes; insectivores; bats; carnivores; ungulates; rodents; lagomorphs; species composition; biodiversity assessment; snow leopard.; 8460; Russian
	Abstract	The data on the species composition, numbers and distribution of the terrestrial vertebrates over territory Hissar nature reserve are discussed. About 60 species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals have been recorded in the reserve as a result of our own researches and the analyses of communication. There were recorded 5-7 individuals of snow leopard in Kyzylsu site of nature reserve and 15 individuals in Miraki site of nature reserve in 1979-1981.
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian.Journal Title: Proceeding of Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 823			Serial	981
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	Author	Barpiev I.M.
	Title	Peculiarities of biodiversity in the Besh-Aral nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	25-26
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; Besh Aral nature reserve; Animals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 6170; Russian
	Abstract	224 animal species, including two relict and 20 endemic, are registered in the Besh Aral nature reserve (Kyrgyzstan). This nature reserve is inhabited by rare and endangered animal and bird species (e.g. Menzbier's marmot, snow leopard, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, saker falcon, bearded vulture, golden eagle, Himalayan griffon, and others) included in the Red Data Books of Kyrgyzstan, former USSR, and Led List of IUCN.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 595			Serial	120
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	Author	Knight, D.
	Title	Pipeline could ruin Siberian Plateau			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	4
	Keywords	Russia; siberia; pipeline; environmentalists; endangered-species; browse; endangered; species; 1000
	Abstract	A proposed natural gas pipeline and accompanying road from southern Siberia to China would destroy the ecology of a plateau that is internationally recognized for its abundance of rare and endangered species, warn environmentalists meeting here this week. Known as the Ukok Plateau, this area near the intersection of Mongolia, China, Russia and Kazakhstan provides a critical habitat for one of the least studied predators in the world, the snow leopard, and many other endangered species including the argali mountain sheep, the black stork and the steppe eagle.
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	Notes	Journal Title: Inter Press Service			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 397			Serial	538
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	Author	Jiang, Z.; Diqiang; Wang, Z.
	Title	Population declines of Przewalski's gazelle around Qinghai Lake, China			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	2	Pages	129-135
	Keywords	China; conservation; gazelle; Procapra przewalski; threatened species; 5160
	Abstract	Przewalski's gazelle Procapra przewalskii is endemic to China and is classified as Critically Endangered by IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Historically, the species occurred in parts of the provinces of Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Qinghai but now appears to be restricted to three populations around Qinghai Lake. These three populations-Bird Island, Hudong-Ketu and Yuanzhe-have all declined since 1988. The populations have been monitored since 1994 and the smallest, on Bird Island, appears to be on the brink of extinction, with only seven individuals being recorded in 1998. In the same year, the Hudong- Ketu population comprised 56 individuals (29.4 per cent males, 50 per cent females and 21 per cent juveniles) and the Yuanzhe population 51 individuals (29.4 per cent males, 43.1 per cent females and 27.5 per cent juveniles). The causes of the declines vary for each population but include loss of habitat as a result of desertification, poaching and, possibly, wolf predation. Human activity and high juvenile mortality are major threats to the continued survival of the gazelle. Conservation measures proposed are: (i) the establishment of a special reserve for Przewalski's gazelle; (ii) a study of the wolf-gazelle relationship and control of the number of wolves if necessary; (iii) a search for remnant populations of Przewalski's gazelle in other regions in their historical range and the identification of suitable sites for translocation and establishment of new populations.
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	Notes	Full text available at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 501			Serial	492
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	Author	Voronov A.G.
	Title	Predatory mammals			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	233-235
	Keywords	predators; mountains; endangered species; Red Data bok; snow leopard.; 8540; Russian
	Abstract	Predatory mammal in mountains are submitted by widely widespread species, such, as wolves, to a lynx and bears, and characteristic species for the high mountains, well adapted to mountain conditions and not going down below Alpine zone (a snow leopard, or irbis, occupying mountains of the Central Asia, etc.).
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biogeography of the world.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 831			Serial	994
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	Author	Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y.
	Title	Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2006	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue		Pages	471-473
	Keywords	study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley
	Abstract	Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides.
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	Notes	Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 871			Serial	1036
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	Preservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	100-107
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; gene pool; rare species; mammals; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard; rodents; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes.; 7360; Russian
	Abstract	The rare species are protected in six nature reserves in Kazakhstan, including 9 mammals, 29 birds, and one reptile species. More than 20 rare and endangered species inhabiting Kazakhstan cannot be met within the nature reserves. The point is to establish a network of state nature reserves, particularly in steppe and desert area of the country.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The nature conservation in Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 714			Serial	581
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	Author	Shrestha, B.
	Title	*Prey Abundance and Prey Selection by Snow Leopard (uncia uncia) in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal*			Type	Report
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-35
	Keywords	project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; abundance; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Sagarmatha; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; resource; predators; predator; ecological; impact; region; community; structure; number; research; population; status; density; densities; wild; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; tahr; musk; musk-deer; deer; game; birds; diet; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; awareness; co-existence; ungulates; ungulate; Human; using; areas; area; monitoring; transect; Hair; identification; scat; attack; patterns; sighting; 1760; populations; birth; Male; Female; young; domestic; domestic livestock; 120; scats; yak; Dog; pika; wildlife; Seasons; winter; horse; study; cover; land; predation; Pressure; development; strategy; threatened; threatened species; threatened-species; conflicts; conflict; people; control; husbandry; compensation; reintroduction; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; free ranging
	Abstract	Predators have significant ecological impacts on the region's prey-predator dynamic and community structure through their numbers and prey selection. During April-December 2007, I conducted a research in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) to: i) explore population status and density of wild prey species; Himalayan tahr, musk deer and game birds, ii) investigate diet of the snow leopard and to estimate prey selection by snow leopard, iii) identify the pattern of livestock depredation by snow leopard, its mitigation, and raise awareness through outreach program, and identify the challenge and opportunities on conservation snow leopard and its co-existence with wild ungulates and the human using the areas of the SNP. Methodology of my research included vantage points and regular monitoring from trails for Himalayan tahr, fixed line transect with belt drive method for musk deer and game birds, and microscopic hair identification in snow leopard's scat to investigate diet of snow leopard and to estimate prey selection. Based on available evidence and witness accounts of snow leopard attack on livestock, the patterns of livestock depredation were assessed. I obtained 201 sighting of Himalayan tahr (1760 individuals) and estimated 293 populations in post-parturient period (April-June), 394 in birth period (July -October) and 195 November- December) in rutting period. In average, ratio of male to females was ranged from 0.34 to 0.79 and ratio of kid to female was 0.21-0.35, and yearling to kid was 0.21- 0.47. The encounter rate for musk deer was 1.06 and density was 17.28/km2. For Himalayan monal, the encounter rate was 2.14 and density was 35.66/km2. I obtained 12 sighting of snow cock comprising 69 individual in Gokyo. The ratio of male to female was 1.18 and young to female was 2.18. Twelve species (8 species of wild and 4 species of domestic livestock) were identified in the 120 snow leopard scats examined. In average, snow leopard predated most frequently on Himalayan tahr and it was detected in 26.5% relative frequency of occurrence while occurred in 36.66% of all scats, then it was followed by musk deer (19.87%), yak (12.65%), cow (12.04%), dog (10.24%), unidentified mammal (3.61%), woolly hare (3.01%), rat sp. (2.4%), unidentified bird sp. (1.8%), pika (1.2%), and shrew (0.6%) (Table 5.8 ). Wild species were present in 58.99% of scats whereas domestic livestock with dog were present in 40.95% of scats. Snow leopard predated most frequently on wildlife species in three seasons; spring (61.62%), autumn (61.11%) and winter (65.51%), and most frequently on domestic species including dog in summer season (54.54%). In term of relative biomass consumed, in average, Himalayan tahr was the most important prey species contributed 26.27% of the biomass consumed. This was followed by yak (22.13%), cow (21.06%), musk deer (11.32%), horse (10.53%), wooly hare (1.09%), rat (0.29%), pika (0.14%) and shrew (0.07%). In average, domestic livestock including dog were contributed more biomass in the diet of snow leopard comprising 60.8% of the biomass consumed whilst the wild life species comprising 39.19%. The annual prey consumption by a snow leopard (based on 2 kg/day) was estimated to be three Himalayan tahr, seven musk deer, five wooly hare, four rat sp., two pika, one shrew and four livestock. In the present study, the highest frequency of attack was found during April to June and lowest to July to November. The day of rainy and cloudy was the more vulnerable to livestock depredation. Snow leopard attacks occurred were the highest at near escape cover such as shrub land and cliff. Both predation pressure on tahr and that on livestock suggest that the development of effective conservation strategies for two threatened species (predator and prey) depends on resolving conflicts between people and predators. Recently, direct control of free – ranging livestock, good husbandry and compensation to shepherds may reduce snow leopard – human conflict. In long term solution, the reintroduction of blue sheep at the higher altitudes could also “buffer” predation on livestock.
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	Notes	Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Forum of Natural Resource Managers, Nepal.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1076			Serial	887
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	Author	Lyngdoh, S.,Shrotriya, S.,Goyal, S. P.,Clements, H.,Hayward, M. W.,Habib, B.
	Title	Prey Preferences of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia): Regional Diet Specificity Holds Global Significance for Conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Plos One	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	1-11
	Keywords	snow leopard, prey species, prey consumption
	Abstract	The endangered snow leopard is a large felid that is distributed over 1.83 million km2 globally. Throughout its range it relies on a limited number of prey species in some of the most inhospitable landscapes on the planet where high rates of human persecution exist for both predator and prey. We reviewed 14 published and 11 unpublished studies pertaining to snow leopard diet throughout its range. We calculated prey consumption in terms of frequency of occurrence and biomass consumed based on 1696 analysed scats from throughout the snow leopard’s range. Prey biomass consumed was calculated based on the Ackerman’s linear correction factor. We identified four distinct physiographic and snow leopard prey type zones, using cluster analysis that had unique prey assemblages and had key prey characteristics which supported snow leopard occurrence there. Levin’s index showed the snow leopard had a specialized dietary niche breadth. The main prey of the snow leopard were Siberian ibex (Capra sibrica), blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), argali (Ovis ammon) and marmots (Marmota spp). The significantly preferred prey species of snow leopard weighed 5565 kg, while the preferred prey weight range of snow leopard was 36–76 kg with a significant preference for Siberian ibex and blue sheep. Our meta-analysis identified critical dietary resources for snow leopards throughout their distribution and illustrates the importance of understanding regional variation in species ecology; particularly prey species that have global implications for conservation.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1406
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	Author	Green, M.J.B.
	Title	Protected areas and snow leopards: their distribution and status			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Tiger Paper	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	14	Issue	4	Pages	1-10
	Keywords	Central Asia; conserve; conserving; distribution; endangered species; network; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; protected; protected-area; protected areas; snow leopard; status; protected area; protected-areas; areas; area; snow; snow leopards; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; International; symposium; India
	Abstract	Considerable efforts have been devoted to conserving the snow leopard Panthera uncia in recent years, but progress has inevitably been slow due to the difficulties of studying a sparsely distributed, secretive and endangered species in often isolated mountainous terrain. Although knowledge about the species overall distribution in the highlands of Central Asia still remains fragmenatry, it is important to briefly examine all the available information in order to review measures taken to date to conserve the species through the protected areas network. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution and status of protected areas inhabited or visited by snow leopard in relation to the species' distribution and highlight deficiences in the present network.
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	Notes	Presented at 5th International Snow Leopard Symposium held in Srinagar, India, from 13-15 October 1986. Also published in conference proceedings.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 965			Serial	347
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	Author	Ochilov A.M.
	Title	Protected areas of Kashkadarya province			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	164-166
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; mammals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7780; Russian
	Abstract	The 30 mammals, 180 birds, 9 reptiles and 1 fish are presented in Hissar nature reserve, Uzbekistan. Snow leopard, Turkestan lynx, brown bear, otter, golden eagle and Himalayan griffon included in IUCN Red data Book. Number of ibex was declined.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geographical problems of protected areas development.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 756			Serial	735
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	Author	Ismagilov M.I.
	Title	Protection of rare mammals in Kazakhstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	230-232
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; nature reserves; mammals; rare species; ungulates; carnivores; rodents; insectivores; bats; snow leopard.; 6990; Russian
	Abstract	The following rare mammals can be found in nature reserves of Kazakhstan: argali, goitered gazelle, kulan, snow leopard, stone marten, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, Menzbier's marmot, and porcupine. The rest of rare mammal species (three insectivorous species, seven rodent, eight predator, and two ungulate species) are outside of protected areas and require special protection measures.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Population variability of species, and mammal gene bank conservation problems.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 677			Serial	424
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	Author	Dementiev G.P.
	Title	Quadrupeds inhabitants of the mountains			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1967	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	110-116
	Keywords	asia; mountain fauna; endemics; species range; rodents; ungulates; carnivores; marmots; pikas; voles; ibex; mountain sheep; snow leopard.; 6480; Russian
	Abstract	All species inhabiting the highlands of Asia are normally referred to as herbivorous or predators. A majority of alpine land species (rodents and ungulates) feeds upon leaves, stalks, and roots of plants. Among widely distributed highland species the most interesting are marmots, red pica, grey vole, argali, and ibex. Argali and ibex are preyed on by snow leopards. There are reasons to believe that these mountain animal species are more ancient than their cognates in a plain. All the way from Central Asia to Europe, species belonging to the eastern and western fauna complexes are observed to interpenetrate.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In severe cold and heat. (Animal and landscape).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 626			Serial	235
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	Author	Abdunazarov B.B.
	Title	Rare and endangered animal species in the Kashkadaraya region			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Kashkadarya region; rare species; mammals; birds; reptiles; fishes; snow leopard.; 5760; Russian
	Abstract	41 percent of all vertebrate species listed in the Red Book of the Uzbek SSR (18 mammal species, 29 bird, 6 reptile, and 8 fish species) inhabit the Kashkadarya region. The mammals are Tien Shan brown bear, Central Asian otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, and goitered gazelle. Nesting bird fauna includes the following species: black stork, Turkistan white stork, short toed eagle, booted eagle, golden eagle, bearded vulture, black vulture, griffon vulture, saker falcon, houbara bustard, and eagle owl. Migrating and wintering bird species are dalmatian pelican, rose pelican, mute swan, osprey, tawny eagle, imperial eagle, pin-tailed sandgrouse; and possibly Bonnli's eagle and Barbary falcon that have not been seen here since 1950-s. Rare reptiles are represented by two species: desert monitor and Central Asian cobra.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Behavioral ecology (Animals and soil ecology).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 556			Serial	23
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	Author	Berezovikov N.N.
	Title	Rare and endangered birds and animals of South Altai			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	27-30
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; South Altai; endangered species; snow leopard; poaching.; 6240; Russian
	Abstract	This article describes distribution of snow leopard (Uncia uncia), argali (Ovis ammon), dhole (Cyon alpinus), and manul (Felis manul) in South Altai. Nine encounters with snow leopard and its traces were registered in 1966 1980, including two facts of catching and one of shooting the animal.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and its conservation problems.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 602			Serial	131
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	Author	Batyrov B.Kh.
	Title	Rare and endangered mammals in southern Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3-4
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; paleozoology; rare species; snow leopard; extinct species.; 6200; Russian
	Abstract	As a result of paleontologic and ecologic research on the south of Uzbekistan 35 rare and endangered mammal species were detected: rare species: bear, steppe polecat, otter, chaus, lynx, manul, sand cat, leopard, snow leopard, Bukhara deer, Goitered gazelle, ibex, markhor, Asian argali, and others; extinct species: dhole, striped hyena, cave hyena, tiger, elephant, horse, kulan, Pleistocene donkey, rhinoceros, Knobloch's camel, roe deer, moral, argali, aurochs, and bison.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammal species of the USSR and their protection.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 598			Serial	124
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	Author	Zakirov A.
	Title	Rare and endangered predatory species in Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	47-48
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; carnivores; endangered species; snow leopard.; 8690; Russian
	Abstract	There are 20 predatory mammal species in Uzbekistan. Tien Shan brown bear, marbled polecat, lynx, and snow leopard are very rare species, while honey badger, manul and leopard are close to dying-away.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology of mountain mammals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 846			Serial	1071
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	Author	Strautman Ye.I.Bekenov A.
	Title	Rare and endangered vertebrate animas of Kazakhstan, and their protection			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1978	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	33-34
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data book; conservation measures; extinction risk; endangered species; snow leopard; protected areas.; 8330; Russian
	Abstract	In Kazakhstan, there are 158 mammal species, 485 bird species, 52 reptile and 12 amphibian species, and about 150 fish species, of which 31 mammal species, 43 bird species, eight reptile, one amphibian and four fish species need protection. Snow leopard is referred to endangered species. Six nature reserves and 43 preserves have been established to protect rare and endangered animal and plant species in Kazakhstan.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection of flora and fauna in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 811			Serial	940
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	Author
	Title	Rare Animals and their Protection in the USSR			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1978	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	4-4
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; categories of threat; rare species; snow leopard; distribution; threats.; 8030; Russian
	Abstract	It described categories of threat (Category A and Category B). Snow leopard was assessed under Category A the species whose numbers and habitats have sharply diminished and are continuing to diminish as a consequence of direct persecution, destruction of their habitat or other causes. The snow leopard (Pardus uncia) inhabits the mountains of the Tien Shan range, Tarbagatai, Saur, Altai and the Sayans. Exploitation of mountain areas and depletion of stocks of wild ungulates (Siberian mountain goats and wild sheep) have led to a sharp reduction in the number of snow leopards. It is estimated that today only about one thousand leopards are left, and they have accordingly been placed under complete protection. Hunting and selective shooting are everywhere prohibited. Catching leopards is regulated by the articles of the international convention restricting trade in rare species of plants and animals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Uzbekistan's Reservations and Natural Monuments. XIV General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 781			Serial	14
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	Author	Plyaskin V.E.
	Title	Rare Felidae species in the Chatkal valley of the West Tien Shan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	41-42
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; Besh-Aral nature reserve; Cats; snow leopard; Lynx; manul; species range; diet; decline; illegal hunting.; 7910; Russian
	Abstract	In 1981, rare Felidae species such as snow leopard, Turkistan lynx, and manul (one encounter recorded) were found in the Besh-Aral nature reserve (the Chatkal valley). Illegal hunting and high concentration of people in some places is emphasized to impact the animal populations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection and reproduction of fauna.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 769			Serial	775
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	Author	Kashkarov D.Yu.
	Title	Rare finds of fauna in the West Tien Shan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	106-107
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal ridge; Chirchik river upper; rare species; new records; snow leopard.; 7110; Russia
	Abstract	Collected are additional data on encounters with six rare animal species that have been never seen before in the West Tien Shan. These are free-toiled bat, Etruscan shrew, snow leopard, little forktail, urban swallow, Central Asia tortoise, and Kyrgyz racerunner.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of Western Tien Shan: conservation and sustainable use.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 689			Serial	522
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	Author	Vereschagin N.K., S.T.B.
	Title	Rare mammals in the USSR: protection challenges			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1976	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3-9
	Keywords	Ussr; mammals; game species; non-game species; rare species; vanishing species; IUCN Red Data Book; snow leopard.; 8480; Russian
	Abstract	A group of rare and endangered species was segregated within the game and non-game mammals of the USSR. Some species in the group were formerly referred to game species. But due to over-hunting and the absence of measures aimed at their reproduction the population dropped sharply. Mammal fauna of the USSR includes more than 80 species that require special protection. The Red list of IUCN includes, among the others, white bear, Transcaucasian sub-species of brown bear, Amur and Turan tigers, snow leopard, Caucasian and Amur leopards, caracal, cheetah, Tien-Shan and Ussuri sub-species of dhole, Atlantic walrus, island seal, kulan, Bukhara red deer, New Land reindeer, goitered gazelle, Menzbier's marmot.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammals of USSR fauna.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 825			Serial	985
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	Author	Aripjanov M.P.
	Title	Rare mammals of South-West Tien Shan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	80-81
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; South-West Tien-Shan; rare species; snow leopard; population; species number; poaching; human activity.; 6040; Russian
	Abstract	Rare mammal species such as free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot (endemic to the Western Tien Shan), Tien-Shan brown bear, Central Asian otter, Turkestan lynx, snow leopard, and wild sheep inhabit the South-West Tien-Shan (Uzbekistan). Brief data on animal encounters and main threats are given.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Environmental problems of wildlife protection.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 583			Serial	96
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