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Dexel, B. (2003). The illegal trade in snow leopards – a global perspective (Vol. 8).
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Hol, E. H., Marden, T. B., & Roelke, M. E. (1994). The importance of ecotoxicological research in management of the snow leopard: lessons learned from the Florida panther. In J.L.Fox and D.Jizeng (Ed.), (pp. 113–125). Usa: Islt.
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Zhiryakov V.A. (1979). The influence of large predators on wild mammal populations in the Almaty nature reserve.
Abstract: There are following large predators in the Almaty nature reserve: wolf (5-6), snow leopard (single occasions), Turkistan lynx (single occasions), and Tien Shan brown bear (15-20). The share of wild mammals (roe-deer, ibex, wild boar, argali, gazelle, moral, and badger) being eaten by predators is 18.2 percent, about 60 percent of the entire prey falling to the share of wolf.
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Vyrypaev V.A. (1974). The influence of sarcoptosis on the population of Capra sibirica Pall. in Western Tien Shan (Vol. Vol. II.).
Abstract: Given is data concerning disease (sarcoptosis) of Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica) in Western Tien Shan. The carriers of the disease are adult males of Capra sibirica during distant migrations that as a rule take place in anticipation of snowy winters or owing to human influence. Ibexes are not merely infected with sarcoptosis but perish enmasse from the disease. In the first year the disease strikes down, in the main, migrants – adult males. Predators including snow leopard kill the weakened animals. During the recent five years the density of Carpa sibirica at the Chatkal Mountain-Forest Reservation dropped 2.3-fold as a result of sarcoptosis and owing to the migrations caused by the reduction of the population. Is recommended: 1. Stringent veterinary control at places of possible contacts between infected domestic animals and healthy wild ungulates. 2. Using modern technology migration routes of ungulates should be studied for elaborating effective measures of quarantine.
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Zhiryakov V.A. (1989). The influence of the predators on population trend of the ungulates in the Almaty nature reserve.
Abstract: The data on predators and ungulates population dynamics in Almaty Nature reserve (Kazakhstan) in 1983-1987s are given. The number of snow leopard is stable (3-5 individuals), the density is 0.06 indi/1000 ha. An insignificant increase of Siberian ibex' number (660 to 700) with density of 36 indi/1000 ha is recorded.
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Afanasiev Y.G. (1988). The Karatau nature reserve.
Abstract: The Karatau ridge is an extreme north-west spur of the Tien Shan mountain system. Flora of Karatau is represented by no less than 1,500 higher vessel plant species. Karatau and the adjacent areas host 16 reptile species, 114 bird and 42 mammal species. Snow leopard disappeared from fauna of Karatau in 20th century. In 1940-s, the animal species was met at the highest point of the ridge in the Manjilki area, particularly in tract Kor-Djailau. Now there are no snow leopards in the area under study a fact evidenced by local hunters and shepherds.
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Kogan M.I. (1931). The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR.
Abstract: It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely.
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Nikolaevskiy A.G. (1985). The Kyrgyz state nature park “Ala-Archa”. People's park of the Uzbek SSR.
Abstract: It provides general information about the Kyrgyz state nature park ®Ala-Archa", its physico-geographical features, relief, landscape zoning, and description of flora and fauna. Snow leopard, Tien-Shan brown bear, ibex (more than 300 animals), porcupine, stone marten, ermine, and marmot, etc. are mentioned as the most interesting animals.
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Chumakova A.V. (1980). The Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves.
Abstract: A description of the Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, vegetation, altitude zones, and fauna. In the Kyzylsu nature reserve there are 28 mammal species; in Miraki 23, and in Mirkakol 39. Snow leopard can be found in all the three nature reserves.
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Bowling, B. (2004). The Legal Status of Snow Leopards in Afghanistan. United Nations Environment Programme.
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Turnbull-Kemp, P. (1967). The Leopard. (pp. 68–69).
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Habibi, K. (1977). The Mammals of Afghanistan: Their Distribution and Status.
Abstract: Notes personal sighting and several reports of other recent sightings of snow leopard in Afganastan. Some comments on its distribution in the country
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Berezovikov N.N. (1990). The Markakol nature reserve.
Abstract: It provides general information about the Markakol nature reserve (Kazakhstan), physico-geographical characteristic, and description of flora and fauna. Snow leopards were noticed to enter the nature reserve from time to time, which seems to be very small for the predator to inhabit it permanently.
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Marwell Zoological Society. (1978). The Marwell Zoological Society.
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Kuznetsov B.A. (1950). The mountainous province in Central Asia (Vol. Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti).
Abstract: The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
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Bobrinskiy N.A. (1951). The mountains of Central Asia.
Abstract: Given is a general characteristic of fauna complexes in the mountains of Central Asia (Jungar Ala-Tau, Tien Shan, Hissar Alai, Kopet-Dag), peculiarities of animal distribution in association with folded mountain relief, vertical zoning, anthropogenic influence and importance of mountain fauna for human beings. It provides a description of main animal groups and is an effort of zoning fauna of the mountains of Central Asia.
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Sharma, K. (2008). The mysterious irbis. Sanctuary Asia, 28(6), 52–57.
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Johnson, D. (1994). The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation goes international. Endangered Species Update, A, 11(10), A10.
Abstract: Abstract: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) which is a conservation organization created in 1984 aims to conserve the species on an international context before they are endangered which will enable a more effective conservation procedure. The NFWF has addressed the causes of endangered species in India and South Asia such as the tiger, Indian wolf and the snow leopard and has supported the conservation efforts of the Siberian tiger. It has cooperated with multi-national organizations to evaluate the best strategy that could be adopted to prevent a future extinction of several species and has supported CITES programs
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Esipov V.M. (1978). The nature reserve in the spurs of Tien Shan (Vol. Vol.8.).
Abstract: The Chatkal state mountain forest nature reserve is located in western spurs of the Chatkal ridge. The permanent inhabitants of the nature reserve are ibex, wild boar, roe-deer, bear, badger, porcupine, stone marten, fox, ermine, Menzbier's marmot, and relict suslik (gopher), and bird species such as gray partridge, snow-cock, black vulture, griffon vulture, etc. Under special protection are rare animal and bird species such as snow leopard, Menzbier's marmot, bearded vulture, golden eagle, etc.
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Subbotin, A. E., & Istomov, S. V. (2009). The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge. Doklady Biologicl Sciences, 425, 183–186.
Abstract: The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by
quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area
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Golub O.N. (1981). The Ramit nature reserve and its problems.
Abstract: The following Red Data Book species inhabit the Ramit nature reserve: snow leopard, bear, lynx, otter, Bukhara deer, etc. Its population is indicated to be closely related to number of ibex (150 animals). The latter is subject to heavy anthropogenic pressure when migrating outside the nature reserve in winter.
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Mitropolskiy O.V. (1979). The Red Book of the USSR (Rare and endangered bird and animal species in Uzbekistan).
Abstract: Snow leopard is distributed in the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Fergana, Alai, Turkistan, and Hissar ridges. Though there is no precise data concerning number of snow leopard in Uzbekistan it is estimated to range from 15-20 to 50 animals.
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Sultanov G.S. (1984). The Red Book of Uzbekistan and animal protection issues.
Abstract: Due to development of new lands and increased anthropogenic pressure animals are displaced from their habitats. Intense poaching caused dying away a number of animals such as Turan tiger, moral, and kulan in Uzbekistan at the end of 19th beginning of 20th century. The endangered species are marchor, cheetah, lynx, snow leopard, caracal, and cobra. Species put on the verge of a total extermination are included in the national Red Data Book (22 mammal species, 31 bird species, five reptile and five fish species). The introduction of some species such as raccoon, European fallow deer, nylghau, and chinchilla was unsuccessful.
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Prokopov K.P. (2003). The Red Data Book of vertebrate animals in eastern Kazakhstan.
Abstract: After the inventory of all rare and endangered species the categories of threat in the Red Data Book of eastern Kazakhstan has changed for most of the species: 24 species were referred to category 1 (endangered species) (in Kazakhstan's Red Data Book 14 species); 26 (14) species to category 2 (decreasing species); 11 (24) to category 3 (rare); and 1 (3) to category 5 (rehabilitated). There are three nature reserves in the region: Markakol, West Alatai, and Alakol to protect wild vertebrate animals.
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Mishra, C., Allen, P., McCarthy, T., Madhusudan, M. D., Agvaantserengiin, B., & Prins H. (2003). The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard (Vol. 17).
Abstract: Pastoralists and their livestock share much of the habitat of the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) across south and central Asia. The levels of livestock predation by the snow leopard and other carnivores are high, and retaliatory killing by the herders is a direct threat to carnivore populations. Depletion of wild prey by poaching and competition from livestock also poses an indirect threat to the region's carnivores. Conservationists working in these underdeveloped areas that face serious economic damage from livestock losses have turned to incentive programs to motivate local communities to protect carnivores. We describe a pilot incentive program in India that aims to offset losses due to livestock predation and to enhance wild prey density by creating livestock-free areas on common land. We also describe how income generation from handicrafts in Mongolia is helping curtail poaching and retaliatory killing of snow leopards. However, initiatives to offset the costs of living with carnivores and to make conservation beneficial to affected people have thus far been small, isolated, and heavily subsidized. Making these initiatives more comprehensive, expanding their coverage, and internalizing their costs are future challenged for the conservation of large carnivores such as the snow leopard.
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