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Li, J., Lu, Z. |
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Title  |
Snow Leopard poaching and trade in China 2000- 2013 |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
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Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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176 |
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207-211 |
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Bone Pelt, Panthera uncial, Retaliatory killing, Sanjiangyuan |
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The snow leopard is a flagship species of the alpine ecosystem in the Central Asia, with China comprising
nearly 60% of the habitat and population. It was listed as endangered by IUCN and included in Appendix I
of CITES in the 1970s. Poaching for its fur and bones is a significant and increasing threat to snow leopards
globally. However, little detailed information is available on snow leopard poaching in China. Here,
we collected all reported cases of snow leopard poaching and trade in China 2000–2013. We found that
snow leopard parts were mainly traded in the major cities within their range provinces, but also began to
emerge in a few coastal cities after 2010. Household interviews in the Sanjiangyuan Region in Qinghai
Province showed that in this sub region alone, 11 snow leopards were killed annually, accounting for
about 1.2% of the estimated snow leopard population there.
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1412 |
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Wegge, P., Shrestha, R., Flagstad, O. |
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Title |
Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Wildlife Biology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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18 |
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10.2981/11-049 |
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131-141 |
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Keywords |
bharal, blue sheep, diet, genetic sampling, naur, Panthera uncia, predation, Pseudois nayaur, scat analysis, snow leopard, wildlife conflict |
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The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia.
Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we
obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA
analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42%livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/
naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that
there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one
livestock individual and two bharal permonth. Predation loss of livestock estimated fromprey remains in scats was 3.9%,
which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area
and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to
harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this
species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against
the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented
throughout the species’ range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are
encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard’s access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the
natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if
implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and
predator. |
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1386 |
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Author |
Ghoshal, A. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Ecology and Conservation Issues in India |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
Publication |
Resonance |
Abbreviated Journal |
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677-690 |
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Snow leopard, an elusive mammal species of the cat family,
is the top-predator of the Central and South Asian, highaltitude
ecosystem. Snow leopards occur at low densities across
the Central Asian mountains and the Indian Himalayan region.
Owing to their secretive nature and inaccessible habitat,
little is known about its ecology and distribution. Due to
its endangered status and high aesthetic value, the snow leopard
is considered as an �umbrella species� for wildlife conservation
in the Indian Himalayas. This article summarizes the
current knowledge on snow leopard ecology and conservation
issues in the Indian context. |
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1461 |
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Author |
Maheshwari, A., Sharma, D. |
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Title |
Snow leopard conservation in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh |
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Report |
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2010 |
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1-70 |
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Himalayan, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, WWF-India, survey, India |
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The Greater and Trans Himalayan regions of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh have great potential in terms of wildlife (flora and fauna). This survey was the first ever survey for the snow leopard in Uttarakhand and some of the areas of Himachal Pradesh till date. It confirms the presence of snow leopard in Uttarakhand on the basis of indirect evidence. We could not find any evidence of snow leopard from surveyed areas in Himachal Pradesh – but it certainly does not mean that there are no snow leopards in the surveyed areas.
Areas above 3000m elevation were selected for this survey in 10 protected areas of both the states. Status and distribution of snow leopard was assessed through indirect evidence (n=13) found between 3190 and 4115m. On average, one indirect evidence of snow leopard was found for every 39km walked. About 39% of the evidence was found on the hill-slope followed by valley floor (30%), cliff (15%) and 8% from both stream bed and scree slope. Preferred mean slope was 28° (maximum 60°). Snow leopard-human conflicts were assessed through questionnaire surveys from Govind Pashu Vihar, Askot Wild Life Sanctuary and Dung (Munsiari) areas. They revealed that livestock depredation is the only component of conflict and contributed to 36% of the total diet (mule, goat and sheep) of snow leopard. Blue sheep and rodents together comprised 36.4% of the total diet. |
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WWF-India, New Dehli |
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January 2010. Species Conservation Programme. |
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SLN @ rana @ |
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1094 |
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Paltsyn, M., Spitsyn, S.V., Kuksin, A. N., Istomov, S.V. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard Conservation in Russia |
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Report |
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2012 |
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101 |
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This publication reviews potential actions for the long-term conservation of
snow leopards and their habitat in Russia in conditions of anthropogenic influence
and climate change in high elevation ecosystems. This edition is the result
of many years of research conducted in the framework of WWF’s “Ensuring the
long term protection of biodiversity in the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion” (1998-2011)
and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) financed by the Global
Environment Facility “Conservation of Biodiversity in the Russian portion Altai-
Sayan Ecoregion” (2005-2010).
The publication contains materials needed to prepare a Russian Snow Leopard
Conservation Strategy and was prepared for use by the Russian Ministry
of Natural Resources to develop comprehensive priority conservation measures
to protect this species. In addition, this publication is intended for protected
area specialists and staff at federal and regional government agencies
responsible for the conservation and monitoring of species listed in the
Russian Federation Red Book.
Reviewer: B. Munkhtsog, Candidate in Biological Sciences, staff scientist at
the Institute for Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and president of the
Mongolian Snow Leopard Center.
Translation to English: J. Castner. |
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1384 |
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Chetri, M., Odden, M., Wegge, P. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard and Himalayan Wolf: Food Habits and Prey Selection in the Central Himalayas, Nepal |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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Plos |
Abbreviated Journal |
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12(2) |
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2-16 |
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Top carnivores play an important role in maintaining energy flow and functioning of the ecosystem,
and a clear understanding of their diets and foraging strategies is essential for
developing effective conservation strategies. In this paper, we compared diets and prey
selection of snow leopards and wolves based on analyses of genotyped scats (snow leopards
n = 182, wolves n = 57), collected within 26 sampling grid cells (5×5 km) that were distributed
across a vast landscape of ca 5000 km2 in the Central Himalayas, Nepal. Within the
grid cells, we sampled prey abundances using the double observer method. We found that
interspecific differences in diet composition and prey selection reflected their respective
habitat preferences, i.e. snow leopards significantly preferred cliff-dwelling wild ungulates
(mainly bharal, 57% of identified material in scat samples), whereas wolves preferred typically
plain-dwellers (Tibetan gazelle, kiang and argali, 31%). Livestock was consumed less
frequently than their proportional availability by both predators (snow leopard = 27%; wolf =
24%), but significant avoidance was only detected among snow leopards. Among livestock
species, snow leopards significantly preferred horses and goats, avoided yaks, and used
sheep as available. We identified factors influencing diet composition using Generalized Linear
Mixed Models. Wolves showed seasonal differences in the occurrence of small mammals/
birds, probably due to the winter hibernation of an important prey, marmots. For snow
leopard, occurrence of both wild ungulates and livestock in scats depended on sex and latitude.
Wild ungulates occurrence increased while livestock decreased from south to north,
probably due to a latitudinal gradient in prey availability. Livestock occurred more frequently
in scats from male snow leopards (males: 47%, females: 21%), and wild ungulates more frequently
in scats from females (males: 48%, females: 70%). The sexual difference agrees
with previous telemetry studies on snow leopards and other large carnivores, and may
reflect a high-risk high-gain strategy among males. |
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1450 |
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Chalise, M.K. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Prey Species and Outreach in Langtang National, Park, Nepal |
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2011 |
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Our Nature |
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9 |
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138-145 |
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Snow leopard, Langtang, prey species, threats, outreach. |
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Presence of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Langtang National Park was obscure till 2003. It was confirmed by a
research team trained for the wildlife biology in the field. Along with the study of ecology and behavior of snow leopard sufficient effort were made to generate data on pre species. The study also dealt with threat perceived for the leopard survival while basic unit of conservation- local outreach programs were also initiated. |
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1388 |
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Author |
Khatoon, R. |
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Title |
Snow leopard (uncia uncia) diet selection in the Chitral area |
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2010 |
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1-90 |
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The present study will also show the dependence of snow leopard on wild prey versus domestic livestock as a food. This study will also help to estimate the highest livestock loss tends to occur in the areas due to which human and snow leopard conflict arises. As food selection varies according to the environment and availability of prey species therefore a diet study in local context would help to improve understanding of feeding ecology, and also provide scientific basis for effective conservation measures.
The objectives of the present study are
To determine the food preference of snow leopard in wild
To determine seasonal variation in selection of food by snow leopard. |
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Master's thesis |
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Pakistan |
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M.Phil thesis, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS) – Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi |
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1329 |
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Maheshwari, A., Sharma, D., Sathyakumar, S. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard (Panthera Uncia) surveys in the Western Himalayas, India |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
Publication |
Journal of Ecology and Natural Environmnet |
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5 |
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10 |
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303-309 |
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Keywords |
Conflict, Himalayas, livestock depredation, prey, snow leopard, habitat, Uttarakhand. |
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We conducted surveys above 3000 m elevation in eight protected areas of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. These surveys provide new information on snow leopard in Uttarakhand on the basis of indirect evidence such as pugmark and scat. Snow leopard evidence (n = 13) were found between 3190 and 4115 m elevation. On an average, scats (n = 09) of snow leopard were found for every 56 km walked and pugmarks (n = 04) for every 126 km walked. Altogether, about 39% of the evidence were found on the hill-slope followed by valley floor (30%), cliff (15%) and 8% from both stream bed and scree slope. Genetic analysis of the scats identified three different individuals by using snow leopard specific primers. Snow leopard-human conflicts were assessed through questionnaire based interviews of shepherds from Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve areas of Uttarakhand. Surveys revealed that livestock depredation (mule, goat and sheep) is the only cause of snow leopard-human conflicts and contributed 36% of the diet of snow leopard. Blue sheep and rodents together comprised 36.4% of the total diet. We found that 68.1% of the surveyed area was used for pastoral activities in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh and 12.3% area was under tourism, defence and developmental activities. |
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1401 |
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Jegal, A.; Kashkarov, E.; Matyushkin E.N. |
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Title |
Simple method to distinguish tracks of snow leopard and lynx |
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2010 |
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tracks; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Lynx; gobi; Altai; mountain; range; mountains; region; distribution; Case; local; hunters; hunter; Animals; Animal |
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In the Mongolian and Gobi Altai mountain ranges and also in some other mountains in this region, the
distribution of the snow leopard and Eurasian lynx overlaps. In some cases, local hunters cannot
distinguish the tracks of both these animals. Therefore we outline a simple method to distinguish tracks of
the snow leopard and lynx. |
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Two English translations of article are provided. |
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491 |
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