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Author Soderlund, V. url 
  Title (up) Chromosome studies in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia): preliminary report Type Book Chapter
  Year 1980 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2 Issue Pages 168-182  
  Keywords Chromosome; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow leopard  
  Abstract  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 983 Serial 905  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Salvatori, M., Tenan, S., Oberosler, V., Augugliaro, C., Christe, P., Groff, C., Krofel, M., Zimmermann, F., Rovero, F. pdf 
  Title (up) Co-occurrence of snow leopard, wolf and Siberian ibex under livestock encroachment into protected areas across the Mongolian Altai Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Biological Conservatio Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 261 Issue 109294 Pages 1-14  
  Keywords Camera-trapping, Panthera uncia, Canis lupus, Capra sibirica, Occupancy, Human-wildlife conflicts, Activity pattern  
  Abstract In countries such as Mongolia, where globalization of the cashmere market has spurred herders to massively increase their livestock numbers, an important conservation concern is the effect of livestock encroachment on wildlife. This is especially important inside protected areas (PAs), which often represent the last refugia for threatened large mammals. We used camera-traps to sample four areas with different protection status across the Mongolian Altai Mountains, and targeted a predator-prey system composed of livestock, one large herbivore, the Siberian ibex, and two large carnivores, the snow leopard and the wolf. To determine the effect of livestock on habitat use by the wild species and their spatio-temporal co-occurrence we applied an occupancy framework explicitly developed for modelling interacting species. We recorded a widespread presence of domestic animals in the PAs, and observed avoidance of sites used by livestock by snow leopard and ibex, while wolves tended to co-occur with it. Snow leopard and ibex showed clear mutual co-occurrence, indicating a tight predator-prey relationship. Results provide evidence that, at the scale of sites sampled primarily to maximise snow leopard detections, grazing livestock interferes with wild species by inducing avoidance in snow leopards, and attraction in wolves. We suggest that (1) PAs management should enforce real grazing limitations on the ground, especially in the core areas of the parks; (2) new policies incorporating wildlife conservation into government subsidies to pastoralists should be envisaged, to prevent increasing displacement of snow leopards and ibex; (3) as wolves co- occurred with livestock, with the potential for human-wildlife conflicts, we encourage the use of a set of prevention techniques to mitigate livestock depredation.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1659  
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Author Lovari, S., Minder, I., Ferretti, F., Mucci, N., Randi, E., Pellizzi, B. url 
  Title (up) Common and snow leopards share prey, but not habitats: competition avoidance by large predators Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 291 Issue Pages 127-135  
  Keywords coexistence; resource partitioning; food habits; Panthera uncia; Panthera pardus.  
  Abstract Resource exploitation and behavioural interference underlie competition among

carnivores. Competition is reduced by specializing on different prey and/or spatiotemporal

separation, usually leading to different food habits. We predicted that

two closely related species of large cats, the endangered snow leopard and the

near-threatened common leopard, living in sympatry, would coexist through

habitat separation and exploitation of different prey species. In central Himalaya,

we assessed (2006–2010) habitat and diet overlap between these carnivores. The

snow leopard used grassland and shrubland, whereas the common leopard

selected forest. Contrary to our prediction, snow leopard and common leopard

preyed upon similar wild (Himalayan tahr, musk deer) and domestic species (Bos

spp., dogs). Dietary overlap between snow leopard and common leopard was 69%

(yearly), 76% (colder months) and 60% (warmer months). Thus, habitat separation

should be the result of other factors, most likely avoidance of interspecific

aggression. Habitat separation may not always lead to the use of different prey.

Avoidance of interspecific aggression, rather than exploitation of different

resources, could allow the coexistence of potentially competing large predators.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1402  
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Author Singh, S. K., De, R., Sharma, R., Maheshwari, A., Joshi, B. D., Sharma, D., Sathyakumar, S., Habib, B., Goyal, S. P. pdf 
  Title (up) Conservation importance of the strategic, centrally located snow leopard population in the western Himalayas, India: a genetic perspective Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Mammalian Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 13  
  Keywords Panthera uncia, Western Himalayas, Microsatellite, Genetic diversity, Functional connectivity  
  Abstract The snow leopard population in Union Territory of Ladakh (UTL), India is at the centre of five out of eight mountain ranges within the species' habitat in the high-mountain Asia. Its strategic location is of immense conservation significance to maintain genetic connectivity and metapopulation dynamics of snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Therefore, we provide the first estimates of the snow leopard's individual-based spatial genetic characteristics from UTL. Multi-locus genotyping (n = 14 loci) of individuals (n = 19) revealed moderate genetic diversity in the population (mean number of alleles = 5.86 ± 0.55, observed heterozygosity = 0.48 ± 0.05, expected heterozygosity = 0.65 ± 0.03, allelic richness = 2.65 ± 0.15). We did not observe any evidence of population structuring (using STRUCTURE and Factorial Correspondence Analysis) or isolation by distance. However, the clustering approach based on genetic distance (Nei's standard distance and Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards distance) and subsequent discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed three sub-clusters of related individuals within the study population without any spatial correlates. We observed 1.2% first-order relatives, suggesting sufficient dispersal and panmixia in the UTL population. We observed high fixation index (FIS = 0.26 ± 0.05; 0.17 ± 0.03 upon removing loci with null alleles) and presence of individuals from genetically divergent populations in UTL. Hence, the high positive FIS value could be attributed to both Wahlund effect and inbreeding. Prioritization and effective conservation planning of the UTL population as a source would benefit the global snow leopard population by (i) maintaining connectivity between the Himalayas and the central Asian mountain ranges, and (ii) providing refuge during future climate change-related range contraction.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1694  
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Author Karnaukhov, A. S., Malykh, S. V., Korablev, M. P., Kalashnikova, Y. M., Poyarkov, A. D., Rozhnov, V. V. url 
  Title (up) Current Status of the Eastern Sayan Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Grouping and Its Nutritive Base Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Biology Bulletin Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 45 Issue 9 Pages 1106-1115  
  Keywords Panthera uncia, Bol� shoi Sayan, Munku-Sardyk, Tunkinskie Gol� tsy, distribution area, molecular genetic analysis, modeling of potential habitats  
  Abstract A field survey of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitats was carried out in the southeastern part of

the Eastern Sayan Mountains (Okinskii and Tunkinskii districts of the Republic of Buryatia and the Kaa-

Khemskii district of Tuva Republic). Seven or eight adult snow leopards were observed as constant inhabitants

of the Tunkinskie Gol'tsy, Munku-Sardyk, and Bol'shoi Sayan mountain ridges. The presence of eight

snow leopards was confirmed using DNA-based analyses of scats collected in 2014 – 2016. The main prey species

of the snow leopard in Eastern Sayan is the Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), but its abundance has steadily

decreased over the past 20 years. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the wild boar (Sus scrofa), which were

some of the most numerous ungulates in the survey area, are replacing the Siberian ibex in the snow leopard's

diet. In addition, the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) is also of importance to the snow leopard's diet.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1482  
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Author Li, J., Weckworth, B. V., McCarthy, T. M., Liang, X., Liu, Y., Xing, R., Li, D., Zhang, Y., Xue, Y., Jackson, R., Xiao, L., Cheng, C., Li, S., Xu, F., Ma, M., Yang, X., Diao, K., Gao, Y., Song, D., Nowell, K., He, B., Li, Y., McCarthy, K., Paltsyn, M. Y., Sharma, K., Mishra, C., Schaller, G. B., Lu, Z., Beissinger, S. R. url 
  Title (up) Defining priorities for global snow leopard conservation landscapes Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 241 Issue 108387 Pages 1-10  
  Keywords Panthera uncia, Conservation prioritization, Landscape Conservation Unit, Connectivity, Linkage  
  Abstract The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an apex predator on the Tibetan Plateau and in the surrounding mountain ranges. It is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN's Red List. The large home range and low population densities of this species mandate range-wide conservation prioritization. Two efforts for range-wide snow leopard conservation planning have been conducted based on expert opinion, but both were constrained by limited knowledge and the difficulty of evaluating complex processes, such as connectivity across large landscapes. Here, we compile > 6000 snow leopard occurrence records from across its range and corresponding environmental covariates to build a model of global snow leopard habitat suitability. Using spatial prioritization tools, we identi!ed seven large continuous habitat patches as global snow leopard Landscape Conservation Units (LCUs). Each LCU faces differing threat levels from poaching, anthropogenic development, and climate change. We identi!ed ten po- tential inter-LCU linkages, and centrality analysis indicated that Tianshan-Pamir-Hindu Kush-Karakorum, Altai, and the linkage between them play a critical role in maintaining the global snow leopard habitat connectivity.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1490  
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Author Rana, B.S. url 
  Title (up) Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 94 Issue 3 Pages 553  
  Keywords behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610  
  Abstract The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 326 Serial 804  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Jack, R. url 
  Title (up) DNA Testing and GPS positioning of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) genetic material in the Khunjerab National Park Northern Areas, Pakistan Type Report
  Year 2008 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-15  
  Keywords project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; Dna; Gps; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Khunjerab; Khunjerab-National-Park; national; national park; National-park; park; areas; area; Pakistan; protection; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; local; local people; people; information; number; range; Animals; Animal; study; distribution; management; professional; techniques; capture; use; field; country; China; border; work; art; Gis; Forest; manage; Wwf; maps; map; location; training; research; mountain  
  Abstract The protection of Snow Leopards in the remote and economically disadvantaged Northern Areas of Pakistan needs local people equipped with the skills to gather and present information on the number and range of individual animals in their area. It is important for the success of a conservation campaign that the people living in the area are engaged in the conservation process. Snow Leopards are elusive and range through inhospitable terrain so direct study is difficult. Consequently the major goals for this project were twofold, to gather information on snow leopard distribution in this area and to train local university students and conservation management professionals in the techniques used for locating snow leopards without the need to capture or even see the animals. This project pioneered the use of DNA testing of field samples collected in Pakistan to determine the distribution of snow leopards and to attempt to identify individuals. These were collected in and around that country's most northerly national park, the Kunjurab National Park, which sits on the Pakistan China border. Though the Northern Areas is not a well developed part of Pakistan, it does possess a number of institutions that can work together to strengthen snow leopard conservation. The first of these is a newly established University with students ready to be trained in the skills needed. Secondly WWF-Pakistan has an office in the main town and a state of the art GIS laboratory in Lahore and already works closely with the Forest Department who manage the national park. All three institutions worked together in this project with WWF providing GIS expertise, the FD rangers, and the university students carrying out the laboratory work. In addition in the course of the project the University of the Punjab in Lahore also joined the effort, providing laboratory facilities for the students. As a result of this project maps have been produced showing the location of snow leopards in

two areas. Preliminary DNA evidence indicates that there is more than one animal in this

relatively small area, but the greatest achievement of this project is the training and

experience gained by the local students. For one student this has been life changing. Due to

the opportunities provided by this study the student, Nelofar gained significant scientific

training and as a consequence she is now working as a lecturer and research officer for the

Center for Integrated Mountain Research, New Campus University of the Punjab, Lahore

Pakistan
 
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  Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1067 Serial 427  
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Author Sharma, R. K., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Mishra, C. url 
  Title (up) Does livestock benefit or harm snow leopards? Type Journal Article
  Year 201 Publication Biological Conservatio Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 190 Pages 8-13  
  Keywords Panthera uncia, Trans-Himalaya, Pastoralism, Large carnivores, Livestock grazing, Co-existence  
  Abstract Large carnivores commonly prey on livestock when their ranges overlap. Pastoralism is the dominant land use type across the distributional range of the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia. Snow leop- ards are often killed in retaliation against livestock depredation. Whether livestock, by forming an alter- native prey, could potentially benefit snow leopards, or, whether livestock use of an area is detrimental to snow leopards is poorly understood. We examined snow leopard habitat use in a multiple use landscape that was comprised of sites varying in livestock abundance, wild prey abundance and human population size. We photographically sampled ten sites (average size 70 sq. km) using ten camera traps in each site, deployed for a period of 60 days. Snow leopard habitat use was computed as a Relative Use Index based on the total independent photographic captures and the number of snow leopard individuals captured at each site. We quantified livestock abundance, wild prey abundance, human population size and terrain ruggedness in each of the sites. Key variables influencing snow leopard habitat use were identified using Information Theory based model selection approach. Snow leopard habitat use was best explained by wild prey density, and showed a positive linear relationship with the abundance of wild ungulates. We found a hump-shaped relationship between snow leopard habitat use and livestock stocking density, with an initial increase in habitat use followed by a decline beyond a threshold of livestock density. Our results suggest that in the absence of direct persecution of snow leopards, livestock grazing and snow leopard habitat use are potentially compatible up to a certain threshold of livestock density, beyond which habitat use declines, presumably due to depressed wild ungulate abundance and associated anthropogenic disturbance.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1426  
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Author Allen, M. L., Rovero, F., Oberosler, V., Augugliaro, C., Krofel, M. pdf 
  Title (up) Effects of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) on olfactory communication of Pallas’s cats (Otocolobus manul) in the Altai Mountains, Mongolia Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-9  
  Keywords behaviour, camera trap, Mongolia, Otocolobus manul, Panthera uncia, scent marking.  
  Abstract Olfactory communication is important for many solitary carnivores to delineate territories and communicate with potential mates and competitors. Pallas’s cats (Otocolobus manul) are small felids with little published research on their ecology and behaviour, including if they avoid or change behaviours due to dominant carnivores. We studied their olfactory communication and visitation at scent-marking sites using camera traps in two study areas in Mongolia. We documented four types of olfactory communication behaviours, and olfaction (sniffing) was the most frequent. Pallas’s cats used olfactory communication most frequently at sites that were not visited by snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and when they used communal scent-marking sites, they were more likely to use olfactory communication when a longer time had elapsed since the last visit by a snow leopard. This suggests that Pallas’s cats may reduce advertising their presence in response to occurrence of snow leopards, possibly to limit predation risk.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1721  
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