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Taryannikov V.I. (1986). Distribution, biology, and current population status of rare predatory mammals in the Western Hissar.
Abstract: Described are distribution, biotopical distribution, food, and some biological features of Uncia uncia, Felis lynx, Lutra lutra. New finds of Lutra lutra were observed at the Kashkadarya river. All the species' populations were counted and the reasons for their decrease given. In the author's opinion, number of snow leopard is decreasing as number of Siberian ibex is decreasing too and snow leopard is being poached for. There are 10-12 snow leopards on the slopes of the Hissar ridge.
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Taryannikov, V. I. (1986). Distribution, biology and current state of the number of the rare predatory mammals in W. Gissar. The Ecology, Protection, and Acclimatization of Vertebrates in Uzbekistan. Tashkent.
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Xinchun, M. (1994). Distribution in the wild and the captive raising of snow leopards in Xinjiang, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 157–162). Usa: Islt.
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Blomqvist, L. (1980). Distribution and Status of the Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia). Tiger Paper, Vii(4), 115–120.
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Blomqvist, L. (1978). Distribution and status of the snow leopard. In L. Blomqvist (Ed.), International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards (pp. 6–21). Helsinki: Helsinki Zoo, Finland.
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Zong-Yi, W., & Sung, W. (1986). Distribution and recent status of the Felidae in China. In D.S.Miller, &.D.D.Everett (Eds.), (pp. 201–209).
Abstract: Thirteen of the 37 existing species of the family Felidae have been recorded in China. These species are widely distributed throughout the country and inhabit a variety of life zones. Over the past several decades, the populations of most species of cats in China have declined due to overharvest and habitat destruction. China has a Protected Wildlife Species List which was initiated in 1962. Some cat species in China are now endangered or may already be extinct while other species or subspecies are threatened. The authors use limited data on the distribution of cats in China to summarize the staus of each species and the problems facing each. Recomendations for new measures to protect cats in China are made.
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Esipov A.V. (2002). Distribution and Numbers of the Siberian Ibex in the Hissar Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It describes distribution and number of ibex in four parts of the Hissar nature reserve in Uzbekistan. The total number of ibex is estimated to be 1,500 animals. The natural enemies of ibex are snow leopard, wolf, and lynx. Data about ibex's food, seasonal migrations, and threats are given. Decreasing forage reserve and poaching are considered as the most serious threats. A buffer zone is suggested to be established in the areas adjacent to Tajikistan and the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan.
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Grachev, U. A., & Fedosenko, A. K. (1991). Distribution and Numbers of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan (Vol. ix). Seattle: Islt.
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Medvedev D.G. (2003). Distribution and migration of the snow leopard in Baikal region.
Abstract: It provided description of snow leopard distribution in Eastern Sayan, South Transbaikalia and mountains of Baikal lake as well as its migratory ways within the region.
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Karnaukhov, A. S., Malykh, S. V., Korablev, M. P., Kalashnikova, Y. M., Poyarkov, A. D., Rozhnov, V. V. (2018). Current Status of the Eastern Sayan Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Grouping and Its Nutritive Base. Biology Bulletin, 45(9), 1106–1115.
Abstract: A field survey of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitats was carried out in the southeastern part of
the Eastern Sayan Mountains (Okinskii and Tunkinskii districts of the Republic of Buryatia and the Kaa-
Khemskii district of Tuva Republic). Seven or eight adult snow leopards were observed as constant inhabitants
of the Tunkinskie Gol'tsy, Munku-Sardyk, and Bol'shoi Sayan mountain ridges. The presence of eight
snow leopards was confirmed using DNA-based analyses of scats collected in 2014 – 2016. The main prey species
of the snow leopard in Eastern Sayan is the Siberian ibex (Capra sibirica), but its abundance has steadily
decreased over the past 20 years. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the wild boar (Sus scrofa), which were
some of the most numerous ungulates in the survey area, are replacing the Siberian ibex in the snow leopard's
diet. In addition, the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) is also of importance to the snow leopard's diet.
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Esipov A.V. (2000). Current state of snow leopard and its main preys in Hissar nature reserve.
Abstract: An expert evaluation of the numbers of snow leopard and its preys, Siberian ibex and long-tailed marmot, was made on the basis of surveys conducted in Hissar nature reserve in 1999. The total number of the snow leopard is estimated at 12-16 individuals, whereas that of the Siberian ibex at 1000 individuals. An average density of the population of the long tailed marmot ranges at 4,8 individuals per ha. The ratio of the numbers between the snow leopard, Siberian ibex and long tailed marmot is 1:68:450. The major threats for the snow leopard are poaching on the borders of the nature reserve, a decrease in of preys, shrinking of the range in areas adjoining the nature reserve as a result of intensification of industrial activities and disturbing factors. For the Siberian ibex and long tailed marmot the major limiting factors are the shrinking of the areas and deterioration of the forage value of the high-mountain pastures, as well as the direct competition for forage with domestic animals at the sites adjoining the territory of the nature, as well as disturbing factors.
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Hussain, I. (1999). Conserving Biodiversity through Institutional Diversity: Concept Paper.
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Dhungel, S. (1994). Conservation of the Snow Leopard in Nepal. In J. L. Fox, & D. Jezing (Eds.), (pp. 47–50). Usa: Islt.
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Ammosov, B. (1973). Central Asia mountains. Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: All natural zones are represented in the mountains of Central Asia: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forests and shrubs, sub-alpine zones, alpine zones. Irbis (snow leopard) is a typical inhabitant of highlands. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia. Outside the country this species is met in the Himalayas, Tibet, mountains of Mongolia. It is rare everywhere. The annual world trade is less than 1,000 animals. Being a non-numerous species, it causes negligible damage to farming and hunting industry.
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Kolosov A.M. (1975). Central Asia.
Abstract: It describes a mammal species composition in the mountain ecosystems of Central Asia Kopetdag, Hissaro-Alai and Pamir, Tien Shan, and Tarbagatai ridge. Data on distribution and population number is presented.
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Ishunin G.I. (1964). Cats.
Abstract: It provides information about the cat family species in Uzbekistan (steppe cat Felis libyca, reed cat Felis chaus, Turkistan lynx Felis lynx isabellina, manul Felis manul, sand cat Felis margarita, Turan tiger Felis tigris virgata, Middle Asia leopard Felis pardus tullianus, and snow leopard Felis uncia. Snow leopard is distributed over the Hissar ridge, and the mountains of Kuydytavak, Khoddjachilimakhram, Zardalyupaz, Khodjapiriyah and Belata. Trade significance of snow leopard is negligent. In the Sary-Asia district one skin was traded in 1934 and 1935, three in 1936, four in 1937, one in 1946, and two in 1947.
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Zakirov A. (1974). Cats.
Abstract: It describes a fauna complex of the Fergana valley in Uzbekistan. Three cat family species are found there (wild cat, Turkistan lynx and snow leopard). Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) inhabits eastern part of the Chatkal ridge in the mountains of Akchala. Known are cases of snow leopard's preying on sheep in summer but such cases are extremely rare and the harm is negligent. This is a highly endangered species and therefore full prohibition of shooting the animals is required.
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Novikov, G. A. (1962). Carnivorous mammals of the fauna of the USSR. Ussr: Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci.
Abstract: Brief review of physical characteristics, (skull illustration) ecology and distribution
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Blomqvist, L. (1989). Captive Snow Leopard Report for 1989. International Zoo News, 265, 5–14.
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Lilin, Z. (1994). Captive rearing of a wild snow leopard cub in the Xining Zoo, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 177–182). Usa: Islt.
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Wharton, D., & Mainka, S. A. (1994). Captive Management of the Snow Leopard. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 135–148). Usa: Islt.
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Flerov K.K. (1935). Capra sibirica, Uncia uncia uncia Erxleben.
Abstract: It describes identification signs of ibex and snow leopard; provides data concerning taxonomy, distribution and behavioral patterns of the both species. Snow leopard inhibits the mountains of Central Asia, Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans and southward to the Humalayas. In Tajikistan snow leopard is distributed in Pamir, and probably, along alpine strip of the ridges in northern Tajikistan. The sub-species status is not defined. It is known that the same type inhabits the area from the Sayans to Himalayas. Only in Tibet and highlands of Sychuan and Gansu lives a well-marked sub-species Uncia uncia uncioides Hodgson.
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Zimina R.P. (1964). Biology and biotopical distribution of mammals. Predators. Distribution of mammals by vertical zones.
Abstract: Fauna of the Issyk-Kul depression and the surrounding ridges consists of heterogeneous elements different in their ecologic features and origin. In highlands, more common are species of Central Asia's origin (gray marmot, snow leopard, dhole, ibex, argali, etc.). Snow leopard is met in Terskey-Alatau. Each year hunters catch/shoot one to three snow leopards in the Chon-Kizilsu river basin. In the Djeti-Oguz district, up to five eight snow leopards are caught each winter. Snow leopard is also caught/shot in the river basins Chon-Kizilsu, Karabatkak, Ortok, Archtor, Tekeletor, and Shatly.
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(1998). Biological diversity conservation. National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Abstract: The National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan was signed on April 1, 1998. Snow leopard was included in the list of rare and endangered animal species and referred to category 2 a rare, not endangered species. It is distributed in highlands of the West Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alay. Its population is 30-50 animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Gissar nature reserve, and Ugam-Chatkal national park.
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Kyes, R., & Chalise, M. K. (2005). Assessing the Status of the Snow Leopard Population in Langtang National Park, Nepal.
Abstract: This project is part of an ongoing snow leopard study established in 2003 with support from the ISLT. The study involves a multifaceted approach designed to provide important baseline data on the status of the snow leopard population in Langtang National Park (LNP), Nepal and to generate long-term support and commitment to the conservation of snow leopards in the park. The specific aims include: 1) conducting a population survey of the snow leopards in LNP, focusing on distribution and abundance; 2) assessing the status of prey species populations in the park; and 3) providing educational outreach programs on snow leopard conservation for local school children (K-8) living in the park. During the 2004 study period, snow leopard signs were observed (including pugmarks and scats) although somewhat fewer than in 2003. Similarly, the average herd size of the snow leopards' primary prey species in LNP (the Himalayan thar) was a bit lower than in 2003. There is speculation that the thar populations and the snow leopards may be moving to more remotes areas of the park perhaps in response to increasing pressure from domestic livestock grazing. This possibility is being addressed during the 2005 study period.
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