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| Author | Mallon, D. | ||||
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Trophy Hunting of Cites-Listed Species in Central Asia | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | Executive Summary: The report is part of a project aiming to strengthen capacities to implement CITES, especially in Central Asia and to satisfy the CITES‐related requirements of trading partners, to prevent overexploitation and to ensure legal international trade in wild fauna and flora does not exceed sustainable levels. The objective is to enhance the policies and regulations concerning trophy hunting in selected range States of the Argali Ovis ammon: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and to provide a framework for the establishment of sustainable hunting programmes that support conservation. This report is focused on the relevance of trophy hunting for conservation and associated local livelihoods. Sustainable use of biological diversity is an integral part of the Convention on Biodiversity (1992) and is seen as a valuable tool in conserving biological diversity. The Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines (AAPG) set out the basis for sustainable use of natural resources. The IUCN SSC1 Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Creating Conservation Incentives, and the European Charter on Hunting and Biodiversity provide further guidance on the sustainability of trophy hunting, including on highly threatened species. The International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has also developed Best Practice Guidelines for trophy hunting. All five project countries are Parties to CITES, except Tajikistan, which has begun the accession process. Argali are the focus of the trophy hunting in the region and they represent the most expensive trophy in the five project countries. Other CITES‐listed hunting species are Brown Bear Ursus arctos, Wolf Canis lupus, Musk Deer Moschus moschiferus, Eurasian Lynx Lynx lynx (all mainly in Russia) and Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata. Markhor Capra falconeri and Urial Ovis orientalis have also been hunted at times but are not the object of regular trophy hunting programmes at present. Other widely hunted species are not listed in the CITES Appendices. A recent analysis by TRAFFIC of the CITES trade database showed that 10 245 hunting trophy items from species listed in the CITES Appendices were exported from the project countries between 2000 and 2010. Almost all trophy items consisted of Argali, Brown Bear and Wolf. Most were exported from Russia (9473 trophies), with smaller numbers from Tajikistan (705), Kyrgyzstan (668), and Kazakhstan (126), and 13 from Uzbekistan. In the region, wildlife is generally the property of the State, which awards rights to use it to individuals or other entities. National legislation covering hunting and wildlife protection may refer to sustainable use but this is undefined. The legal rights of local communities are also not generally specified. FAO and CIC produced a review of national legislation that set out in detail the basic principles of sustainable wildlife management laws (2008). One of the main findings was that legislative frameworks in the region frequently consisted of different legal instruments that were not always harmonized and sometimes overlapped. In some cases, there was also a lack of institutional clarity, with overlapping jurisdictions among different agencies. Poaching for meat and trophies or commercial products is a significant factor across the whole region, negatively affecting all the main hunting species, as well as protected species. Wild populations have been reduced, sometimes drastically so. Poaching of Argali and other mountain ungulates may be carried out by military or border personnel and is not restricted to areas outside formal nature reserves: indeed, law enforcement and protected area staff are sometimes complicit in illegal hunting, driven in part by the very low salaries. There are numerous recent examples of poaching and illegal trade in trophies of CITES‐listed species. The actual level of illegal off‐take is unknown. Known cases may represent a very small fraction of the real total. The wildlife conservation sector is under‐resourced across the region with a lack of funding, trained personnel, transport and other equipment severely limiting the effectiveness of anti‐poaching efforts. Memoranda of Understanding under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS MoUs) and their associated action plans for Saiga Saiga tatarica and Bukhara Deer Cervus elaphus bactrianus have proven to be effective instruments in facilitating species recovery. A CMS Single Species Action Plan for Argali is in preparation (Roettger & Singh, in prep) and will provide a framework for conservation. Trophy hunting in the region is predominantly organized on a commercial basis. Community‐based hunting initiatives in the region are in their infancy and face some legal and institutional obstacles. There are however promising developments: for example, five community‐based NGOs in Tajikistan are managing wildlife in legally assigned areas and three of them have hosted hunting clients (on non‐CITES species). Well‐developed community‐based trophy hunting programmes operate in Pakistan, targeted at Markhor Capra falconeri which is listed in CITES Appendix I, and in Namibia, which is widely seen as a leader in such programmes, and while the specific conditions and sociopolitical background of both differ in several ways from those in the region, they nonetheless provide instructive guidance on the principles of successful community conservancy organization. There is an extensive literature on trophy hunting, its potential to contribute to conservation of biodiversity and local livelihoods, and the potential negative effects of selective harvesting on species. The consensus view seems to be that selective harvest of trophy‐age males does not impact negatively in the short term, if only a low proportion of the available trophy‐age individuals are harvested, but uncontrolled harvest can lead to a decline in horn size and thus trophy quality, as well as have negative demographic effects. Trophy hunting programmes raise substantial revenues in some African countries, and in the best cases significant sums are received at community or conservancy level. However, this is not universally the case and inequitable benefit sharing remains a major challenge to be overcome. Good governance is an essential requirement when developing hunting and other forms of community based management initiative. A possible decline in size of Argali trophies in Kyrgyzstan has been reported and determining whether this is actually the case, and the causes, is a priority. Standardized monitoring, involvement of independent experts, transparency in quota setting and allocation of licences are all seen as prerequisites of well‐managed and sustainable hunting operations. Allocation of long‐term leases for concessions is needed to motivate managers to invest in anti‐poaching and other conservation measures and remove the temptation for short‐term profit that threatens the sustainability of the resource. Developing all forms of Community‐based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) – trophy hunting and tourism – is also recommended. As the concept is still new to many parts of the region, and the legal‐political background is not always sympathetic, building on examples of existing community conservancies (in Tajikistan) or where there is an administrative basis for local management of resources (Kyrgyzstan), is likely to be effective. Ensuring that communities and conservancies are legally empowered to manage and utilise wildlife and to receive revenues for such use is a basic requirement. Recommendations on good practice are set out in several publications and salient points relevant to the region are highlighted. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1415 | ||
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| Author | Bischof, R.,Hameed, S.,Ali, H.,Kabir, M.,Younas, M.,Shah, K. A.,Din, J. U.,Nawaz, M. A. | ||||
| Title |
Using time-to-event analysis to complement hierarchical methods when assessing determinants of photographic detectability during camera trapping | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Methods in Ecology and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Cox proportional hazards model, cumulative incidence, Martes foina, Panthera Uncia, survival anaalysis, Vulpes Vulpes, weighted observations | ||||
| Abstract | 1. Camera trapping, paired with analytical methods for estimating occupancy, abundance and other ecological parameters, can yield information with direct consequences for wildlife management and conservation. Although ecological information is the primary target of most camera trap studies, detectability influences every aspect from design to interpretation. 2. Concepts and methods of time-toevent analysis are directly applicable to camera trapping, yet this statistical field has thus far been ignored as a way to analyze photographic capture data. to illustrate the use to time-to-event statistics and to better understand how photographic evidence accumulates, we explored patterns in tow related measure of detectability: Detection probability and time to detection. We analyzed camera trap data for three sympatric carnivores ( snow Leopard, red fox and stone marten) in the mountains of northern Pakistan and tested predictions about patterns in detectability across species, sites and time. 3. We found species-specific differences in the magnitude of detectability and the factors influencing it, reinforcing the need to consider determinants of detectability in study design and to account for them during analysis. Photographic detectability of snow leopard was noticeably lower than that of red fox, but comparable to detectability of stone marten. Site-specific attributes such as the presence of carnivore sign ( snow Leopard), terrain ( snow leopard and red fox) and application for lures ( red fox) influenced detectability. For the most part, detection probability was constant over time. 4. Species- specific differences in factors determining detectability make camera trap studies targeting multiple species particularly vulnerable to misinterpretation if the hierarchical origin of the data is ignored. Investigators should consider not only the magnitude of detectability, but also the shape of the curve describing the cumulative process of photographic detection, as this has consequences for both determining survey effort and the election of analytical models. Weighted time-to -event analysis can complement occupancy analysis and other hierarchal methods by providing additional tools for exploring camera trap data and testing hypotheses regarding the temporal aspect of photographic evidence accumulation. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1405 | ||
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| Author | Murali, R., Lkhagvajav, P., Saeed, U., Kizi, V. A., Nawaz, M. A., Bhatnagar, Y. V., Sharma, K., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title |
VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN SNOW LEOPARD LANDSCAPES OF ASIA | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-46 | ||
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| Abstract | Snow leopards occur in Asia�s high mountain ranges of the Himalayas, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, Tien Shan, Kunlun, Altai and Sayan. In all the 12 countries where they occur, snow leopards face intensifying threats to their survival, including habitat fragmentation and degradation due to increasing human populations, mining and developmental projects, poaching and illegal wildlife trade, weak law enforcement, inadequate involvement of local people in conservation efforts, and depletion of natural prey populations due to hunting by people and overgrazing by livestock. To address the urgent needs of conservation of the snow leopard and the sustainable development of mountain peoples, the Governments of snow leopard range countries came together and agreed to invest efforts to conserve snow leopards in 23 large landscapes across its range under the Global Snow Leopard Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP). These landscapes where the snow leopards occur are inhabited by agro-pastoral and pastoral peoples who depend on well functioning ecosystems for ecosystem services, i.e., the benefits that humans derive from nature. Many threats that impact snow leopards also impact the well-being of people living in these landscapes. However, till date, there have been no studies that have attempted to quantify peoples� dependence on ecosystem services in snow leopard landscapes, or understand the impacts that alternate land-use decisions such as mining or infrastructure can have on the ecosystem services and on the local people who are dependent on them. In this report, we provide the first assessment of the economic value of provisioning ecosystem services � the material goods from ecosystems � used by local people in five study sites from four GSLEP landscapes: Spiti Valley and Changtang region of Ladakh in India�s Hemis-Spiti Landscape, Gurez Valley in the Himalayan Landscape of Pakistan, Tost Nature Reserve in the South Gobi Landscape of Mongolia, and the Sarychat region in the Central Tien Shan Landscape of Kyrgyzstan. In study sites that had both pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, we estimated ecosystem services separately for the two production systems.The average value (± SE) of ecosystem services per household amongst the agro-pastoral communities of Gurez Valley (4125 ± 190 USD/HH/yr) was 2.5 times the average local household income. In the agro-pastoral communities of Spiti Valley (3964 ± 334.8 USD/HH/yr) it was 3.6 times the average local household income, while it was 3.7 times amongst the agro-pastoral communities of Changtang (15083 ± 1656 USD/HH/yr). Amongst the pastoral communities, the value of ecosystem services used by households was several times higher than the average household income: it was 26.1 times amongst the pastoral communities of Changtang (79303 ± 9204 USD HH/yr), 38.7 times among communities in Tost Nature Reserve (150100 ± 13290 USD/HH/yr), and 7.4 times among the pastoral communities of Sarychat (25473 ± 5236 USD/HH/yr). It was lower, although still substantial at 0.6 times, for the downstream agro-pastoral communities living outside the landscape boundary in Sarychat (2094 ± 189 USD/HH/yr). Our work reveals substantially high levels of dependence of local communities on ecosystem services provided by snow leopard landscapes of Asia. The estimated economic value of provisioning ecosystem services used by human households in these landscapes ranged from 0.6 to up to 40 times the local annual household incomes. This economic support that nature provides people is critical for humanity but remains hidden and unaccounted for. Land use change decisions, especially those that are damaging for nature and biodiversity, must start accounting for the value of ecosystem services in their cost-benefit analyses. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1458 | ||
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| Author | Sharma, K., Bayrakcismith, R., Tumursukh, L., Johansson, O., Sevger, P., McCarthy, T., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title |
Vigorous Dynamics Underlie a Stable Population of the Endangered Snow Leopard Panthera uncia in Tost Mountains, South Gobi, Mongolia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Plos One | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 7 | Pages | |
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| Abstract | Population monitoring programmes and estimation of vital rates are key to understanding the mechanisms of population growth, decline or stability, and are important for effective conservation action. We report, for the first time, the population trends and vital rates of the endangered snow leopard based on camera trapping over four years in the Tost Mountains, South Gobi, Mongolia. We used robust design multi-season mark-recapture analysis to estimate the trends in abundance, sex ratio, survival probability and the probability of temporary emigration and immigration for adult and young snow leopards. The snow leopard population remained constant over most of the study period, with no apparent growth (l = 1.08+20.25). Comparison of model results with the ‘‘known population’’ of radio-collared snow leopards suggested high accuracy in our estimates. Although seemingly stable, vigorous underlying dynamics were evident in this population, with the adult sex ratio shifting from being male-biased to female-biased (1.67 to 0.38 males per female) during the study. Adult survival probability was 0.82 (SE+20.08) and that of young was 0.83 (SE+20.15) and 0.77 (SE +20.2) respectively, before and after the age of 2 years. Young snow leopards showed a high probability of temporary emigration and immigration (0.6, SE +20.19 and 0.68, SE +20.32 before and after the age of 2 years) though not the adults (0.02 SE+20.07). While the current female-bias in the population and the number of cubs born each year seemingly render the study population safe, the vigorous dynamics suggests that the situation can change quickly. The reduction in the proportion of male snow leopards may be indicative of continuing anthropogenic pressures. Our work reiterates the importance of monitoring both the abundance and population dynamics of species for effective conservation. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1416 | ||
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| Author | Schutgens, M. G., Hanson, J. H., Baral, N., Ale, S. B. | ||||
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Visitors’ willingness to pay for snow leopard Panthera uncia conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1 - 10 | ||
| Keywords | Carnivore conservation, contingent valuation, economic valuation, existence value, Panthera uncia, snow leopard, threatened species, wildlife policy | ||||
| Abstract | The Vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia experiences persecution across its habitat in Central Asia, particularly from herders because of livestock losses. Given the popularity of snow leopards worldwide, transferring some of the value attributed by the international community to these predators may secure funds and support for their conservation. We administered contingent valuation surveys to  international visitors to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, between May and June , to determine their willingness to pay a fee to support the implementation of a Snow Leopard Conservation Action Plan. Of the %of visitors who stated they would pay a snow leopard conservation fee in addition to the existing entry fee, the mean amount that they were willing to pay was USD  per trip. The logit regression model showed that the bid amount, the level of support for implementing the Action Plan, and the number of days spent in the Conservation Area were significant predictors of visitors’ willingness to pay. The main reasons stated by visitors for their willingness to pay were a desire to protect the environment and an affordable fee. A major reason for visitors’ unwillingness to pay was that the proposed conservation fee was too expensive for them. This study represents the first application of economic valuation to snow leopards, and is relevant to the conservation of threatened species in the Annapurna Conservation Area and elsewhere. |
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| Address | http://snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Schutgensetal_2018.pdf | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1467 | ||
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| Author | Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P. | ||||
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What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Wildlife Society Bulletin | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-8 | ||
| Keywords | diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of | ||||
| Abstract | Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements. Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to 64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1445 | ||
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| Author | Hanson, J. H., Schutgens, M., Leader-Williams, N. | ||||
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What factors best explain attitudes to snow leopards in the Nepal Himalayas? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | PLoS ONE | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-19 | ||
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| Abstract | The snow leopard Panthera uncia is a vulnerable wild felid native to mountainous regions of 12 Asian countries. It faces numerous overlapping threats, including killings by herders retaliating against livestock losses, the illegal wildlife trade, loss of prey and habitat, infra- structure, energy and mining developments, and climate change. The species ranges over large territories that often lie outside of protected areas (PA), so coexistence with human populations across its range is key to its persistence. Human attitudes to snow leopards may be an important factor to consider in reducing overlapping threats to this species. How- ever, this nexus has not been widely studied to date. Attitudes to snow leopard conserva- tion, including actors and interventions, may also be a significant aspect of coexistence. These have also received limited empirical attention. This study therefore explored human attitudes to snow leopards and to snow leopard conservation, the motivations for these atti- tudes and the individual factors that best explained them. Using systematic sampling, a quantitative questionnaire was administered to 705 households at two sites in the Nepal Himalayas: Sagarmatha National Park, with a less decentralised governance model, and Annapurna Conservation Area, with a more decentralised model. Linear regression models were the main form of analysis. Based on these, attitudes to snow leopard conservation emerged as the strongest influence on local attitudes to snow leopards, and vice versa. This was true in both PAs, despite their differing management regimes. Other important explana- tory factors included numbers of livestock owned, years of education, household livelihoods and age. Furthermore, a positive intrinsic motivation was the most common reason given by respondents to explain their attitudes to both snow leopards and snow leopard conservation. These findings demonstrate that, in addition to the usual suite of factors that influence atti- tudes to a species, the way in which its conservation is pursued and perceived also needs consideration. How the snow leopard is conserved may strongly influence its coexistence with local communities. | ||||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1489 | ||
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| Author | Janecka, J. E., Alves, P., Karmacharya, D., Samsel, N., Cheng, E., Tallmom, D., Schwartz, M. | ||||
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Wildlife Genetics in Mountainous Rugged Asian Landscapes: Methods, Applications and Examples | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Wildlife Research Techniques in rugged Mountainous Asian Landscapes | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 44-91 | ||
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| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1429 | ||
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| Author | Wildlife Times | ||||
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Wildlife Times | Type | Magazine Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | November | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Snow Leopard Count – A census of Snow Leopard has started in Mustang District, Nepal | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1373 | ||
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| Author | WWF Russia & Mongolia | ||||
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WWF Altai-Sayan Newsletter | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | 12 | Pages | 6 | |
| Keywords | WWF Russia, WWF Mongolia, argali, snow leopard | ||||
| Abstract | WWF Russia and WWF Mongolia share the main achievements of both offices in Altai – Sayan Ecoregion regarding species conservation, protected areas, ecotourism, public awareness, education, eco clubs, fresh water. Several articles reference snow leopards: WWF Mongolia Argali population observation in transboundary area WWF Russia Ecotourism camps in the habitats of a snow leopard and argali WWF and UNDP WWF Russia WWF assessed the level of conflict between herders and a snow leopard in Republic of Tyva WWF Russia The first ecological festival in the history of Mountain Altai for snow leopard conservation! |
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| Address | Email: tivanitskaya@wwf.ru | ||||
| Corporate Author | Communication Staff of Altai - Sayan Programme in Russia and Mongolia | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | WWF | Place of Publication | Russia | Editor | |
| Language | English | Summary Language | English | Original Title | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1110 | ||
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