Bannikov A.G. (1973). Snow leopard (irbis). Felis uncia.
Abstract: Irbis is distributed in highlands of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Altai. It preys mainly on wild sheep and ibex, marmots, pica, snow-cock, rarer other ungulates, rodents and birds. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. At the beginning of spring this species is on heat, gestation period being 90 100 days. Female bears two three (to five) cubs. The litter splits in one year. The animal sheds hair twice a year. It has a low population and therefore hunting for snow leopard is prohibited.
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Devyatkin G.V. (1999). Snow leopard (Uncia uncia Schr.) in the Altai-Sayans ecologic region.
Abstract: Though snow leopard is widely distributed in the Altai-Sayans ecologic region (the Krasnoyarsk region, Khakasia, Tuva, the Altai), it is still a rare and understudied species. Its total population in Khakasia is 10-12 animals, in the Altai 60-70 animals.
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Koshkarev, E. (1998). Snow leopard along the border of Russia and Mongolia. Cat News, 28, 12–14.
Abstract: The author discusses the distribution of snow leopards along the border of Russia and Mongolia. The range extension of the leopard indicates their ability to cross desert areas that separate mountain habitats.habitat; range extension; scat analysis; techniques; tracks/tracking | snow leopard
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Fox, J. L. (1994). Snow leopard conservation in the wild – a comprehensive perspective on a low density and highly fragmented population. In J.Fox, & J.Du (Eds.), (pp. 3–15). Usa: Islt.
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McCarthy, T. (1999). Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia.
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McCarthy, T. (1999). Snow leopard conservation project, Mongolia: WWF Project Summary of Field Work.
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Buzurukov, A., & Muratov, R. (1994). Snow Leopard Conservation Tajikistan. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 29–32). Usa: Inst.
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Yanfa, L. (1994). Snow leopard distribution, purchase locations and conservation in Qinghai Province, China. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 65–72). Usa: Islt.
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Aizim B.M., S. E. D. (1969). Snow leopard Felis uncia Schreb.
Abstract: It says about snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan, its distribution, number, food, reproduction, and hunting behavioral patterns, and encounters with human beings. The only enemy of snow leopard is man. From economic point of view snow leopard is of interest only in terms of catching the animals for zoo-export. The skin of snow leopard in commercial trade is of negligent importance. Local population uses the skins for decorating walls, tailoring man's fur coats and sometimes as floor carpets.
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Mallon, D. (1993). Snow Leopard in Kanji Wildlife Reserve, Ladakh (Vol. xi). Seattle: Islt.
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Koshkarev E.P. (1989). Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection.
Abstract: Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed.
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Anonymous. (2001). Snow leopard in Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Abstract: This documents contains a review of the snow leopard's distribution, status and habitat in Mongolia, describes threats and conservation needs of the species, and outlines presently implemented actions. Five major threats are identified: 1) Poaching 2) loss of prey 3) degradation, fragmentation and loss of habitat 4) conflict with herders 5) lack of public awareness. Actions to mitigate the five major threats are recommended and future conservation priorities are set.
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Scheber. (1975). Snow Leopard in the south part of Gobi-Altai mountain range.
Abstract: Accorfing to the information from Gurvan its rumored that the snow leopards grow in number and many times they attacked the livestock entering into the domestic area causing damage, we investigated theGurvan Tes sumon of Umnogobi aimag and also Noyon sumon todisplay the reserve review and spreading area of snow leopard from 22 of December of 1975 to 10th of January of 1976.
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International Snow Leopard Trust. (1999). Snow Leopard News Summer/ Fall 1999. Seattle, WA: Islt.
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Allabergenov E. (1986). Snow leopard or ilvirs (Vol. 1 122 (6. 013)). 1986.
Abstract: In Uzbekistan, snow leopard can be found in the Turkistan and Gissar ridges, in the mountains of Zaami, and in the Kurama, Chatkal and Ugam ridges. Here it keeps at up to 3,000 4,000 m above sea level. Snow leopard feeds upon wild ungulates ibex and sheep, and sometimes attacks livestock but never man. A brief information concerning peculiarities of snow leopard biology and behavioral patterns is provided.
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Akimushkin I. (1971). Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: The biology of snow leopard is described in a popular form. Information of distribution, behavior and reproductive biology, etc. is given.
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Tsherbina E.I. (1970). Snow leopard or irbis.
Abstract: In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and South Siberia. A considerable number of snow leopards are met in the mountains of Tajikistan, Pamir, Tien Shan, Altai, and Tuva ASSR. Snow leopard is extremely rare in Turkmenistan. It is occasionally caught/shot in Kopet-Dag.
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Sludskiy A.A. (1973). Snow leopard or irbis Pantera (Uncia) uncia Schreber (1776) (Vol. Vol. 34. Hunting mammals of Kazakhstan).
Abstract: A detailed description of the snow leopard habitat in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Pakistan, and India is given. Provided are data concerning its distribution and population size in the USSR, Kazakhstan and other neighbour countries, as well as its habitat, catching, and fur trade. Reduction of the snow leopard catching volumes for zoological trade to 10 or less animals is recommended to preserve the species; establish two new highland nature reserves; improve the management of snow leopard raising in captivity.
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Jackson, R. (2002). Snow Leopard Status, Distribution, and Protected Areas Coverage.. Islt: Islt.
Abstract: This document reports on the status, distribution and protected areas coverage for snow leopard across its range in Central Asia. It is intended to aid in updating the existing knowledge base of snow leopard status and distribution during the Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) Workshop organized by the International Snow Leopard Trust (ISLT), and to be held in Seattle on May 21-25, 2002. The SLSS workshop provides an unique opportunity to solicit feedback from scientists,
conservation organizations, government agencies and knowledgeable experts in order to:
(1) Verify the accuracy of information presented in this document (much of which was published 5-10 years ago) and to identify data gaps, especially with respect to population size and protectedareas coverage for this species;
(2) Aid organizations in developing tightly targeting conservation actions by identifying critical snow leopard areas, parks and reserves, and by implication, the intervening linking corridors linking key protected areas;
(3) Serve as a catalyst for encouraging range-countries to conduct field surveys into snow leopard status and distribution, especially in those areas deemed the most important to the maintenance of a viable metapopulation across the 12 countries in which the species' occurs.
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Xu, F., Ming, M., Yin, S. -jing, & Mardan. (2005). Snow Leopard Survey in Tumor Nature Reserve, Xingjiang (Vol. 24).
Abstract: Snow leopard survey was conducted in Oct-Nov 2004 at Tumor National Natural Reserve, Xinjiang, China. Because of its special living style, the snow leopard is difficult to observe by sight. Signs left by snow leopard become a good index to prove the existance of the big cat. There are mainly five kinds of signs, footprints, fectes, claw rakes and urine spray. From them we can know the distribution, probably population and habitat selection of snow leopard. This time in Tumor we investigated 5 difference places: Pochenzi in Mozat River area, Boxidun in Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyer in Tomur River area, Kurgan and Taglak in Quiong Tailan River area. 42 transects were run in this trip and a total of 57 signs found. Among them, footprints amounted to 71.9%, scrapes 21.1%, and feces 7.0%. The results showed that the big cat existed in Yinyer, Kurgan and Taglak areas and liked to select their habitat in the valley and didn't like to live in barren areas.
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Grachev Yu.A. (1991). Snow leopard Uncia uncia Sch. 1775 (Vol. Vol. 1. Animals.).
Abstract: Snow leopard is a rare species with shrinking habitat and decreasing population (category III). It is distributed in Tien Shan (the ridges of Karjantau, Ugam, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Kunghey, Terskey, Ketmen), Djungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, and South Altai. This species has disappeared in the Syrdarya Karatau and the mountains of North Tien Shan. Its total number in Kazakhstan is estimated to be 180-200 animals. The threats are reduction of mountain ungulates and poaching. Snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly, Alma-Ata, and Markakol nature reserves and the Alma-Ata, Lepsin, and Tokhta sanctuaries. The Djungar nature reserve needs to be established.
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Zakhidov T.Z.Meklenburtsev R.N., B. O. P. (1971). Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreb. Distribution of fauna elements over Central Asia (Vol. Vol. 2. Vertebrate animals.).
Abstract: Snow leopard inhabits the mountainous ecosystems from Tarbagatai to Hissar and Pamir. It feeds upon large animals such as ibex, argali, roe deer, and sometimes domestic sheep, rodents, and birds (most frequently snow cock). The skin of this animal is not of significant value and is rarely an item of trade. In many countries, zoos will readily buy snow leopards. There is no danger for a man to catch snow leopard since even being wounded during a hunt, the animal would never attack the man. An encounter with snow leopard in the mountains will always end safely for human being, as it is always first to spot a man and go away unnoticed.
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Lavrov N.P. (1985). Snow leopard, or irbis.
Abstract: Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals.
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Pokrovskiy V.S. (1976). Snow leopard, or irbis.
Abstract: It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given.
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Grachev Yu.A. (1978). Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia (Vol. Part 1. Vertebrate animals.).
Abstract: Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves.
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