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Author | Oli, M.K. | ||||
Title | Winter home range of snow leopards in Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Mammalia | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 61 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 355-360 |
Keywords | homerange; winter; Nepal; Uncia uncia; densities; distribution; habitat; browse; uncia; home-range; home; range; 600 | ||||
Abstract | Because of their low densities, sparse distribution, elusive behavior, and the precipitous habitat they occupy, snow leopards (Uncia uncia) have been the subject of limited study. This study contributes to that limited database with an investigation of the winter home range of 3 radio-collared snow leopards (2 females and 1 male) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Winter home ranges varied from 13.9-22.3 km2 (x = 19.1). Home ranges overlapped extensively within and between sexes, and an area of 8.1 km2 in the core study site was shared by all three leopards. | ||||
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Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 323 | Serial | 752 | ||
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Author | Oli, M. | ||||
Title | Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: Prey ratio | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Journal of Mammalogy | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 75 | Issue | Pages | 998-1004 | |
Keywords | snow leopard,Panthera uncia,blue sheep,Pseudois nayaur,density,predator:prey ratio,harvest rate,livestock predation,Nepal | ||||
Abstract | I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predatorprey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 105-km2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6-10.2 sheep/km2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diet of snow leopards. Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard :blue sheep ratio was 1 :1 14-1 :159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 894 | Serial | 741 | ||
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Author | Oli, M.K. | ||||
Title | Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: Densities and predator: prey ratio | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Journal of Mammalogy | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 75 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 998-1004 |
Keywords | Nepal; blue-sheep; prey; livestock; predation; blue; sheep; browse; 740; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; blue sheep; densities; density; predator | ||||
Abstract | I studied snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, to estimate numbers and analyze predator-prey interactions. Five to seven adult leopards used the 10-5-km-2 study area, a density of 4.8 to 6.7 leopards/100 km-2. Density of blue sheep was 6.6 10.2 sheep/km-2, and biomass density was 304 kg/km-2. Estimated relative biomass consumed by snow leopards suggested that blue sheep were the most important prey; marmots (Marmota himalayana) also contributed significantly to the diel of snow leopards Snow leopards in Manang were estimated to harvest 9-20% of total biomass and 11-24% of total number of blue sheep annually. Snow leopard: blue sheep ratio was 1:114-1:159 on a weight basis, which was considered sustainable given the importance of small mammals in the leopard's diet and the absence of other competing predators. | ||||
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Notes | Document Type: English Call Number: 599.05 JO | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 236 | Serial | 746 | ||
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Author | Chetri, M, Odden, M., Sharma, K., Flagstad, O., Wegge, P | ||||
Title | Estimating snow leopard density using fecal DNA in a large landscape in north-central Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2019 | Publication | Global Ecology and Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | 17 | Pages | 1-8 | |
Keywords | Panthera uncia, Density, Annapurna-Manaslu landscape, Noninvasive, Spatial scale | ||||
Abstract | Although abundance estimates have a strong bearing on the conservation status of a species, less than 2% of the global snow leopard distribution range has been sampled systematically, mostly in small survey areas. In order to estimate snow leopard density across a large landscape, we collected 347 putative snow leopard scats from 246 transects (490 km) in twenty-six 5 5km sized sampling grid cells within 4393 km2 in Annapurna- Manaslu, Nepal. From 182 confirmed snow leopard scats, 81 were identified as belonging to 34 individuals; the remaining were discarded for their low (<0.625) quality index. Using maximum likelihood based spatial capture recapture analysis, we developed candidate model sets to test effects of various covariates on density and detection of scats on transects. The best models described the variation in density as a quadratic function of elevation and detection as a linear function of topography. The average density estimate of snow leopards for the area of interest within Nepal was 0.95 (SE 0.19) animals per 100 km2 (0.66e1.41 95% CL) with predicted densities varying between 0.1 and 1.9 in different parts, thus highlighting the heterogeneity in densities as a function of habitat types. Our density estimate was low compared to previous estimates from smaller study areas. Probably, estimates from some of these areas were inflated due to locally high abundances in overlap zones (hotspots) of neighboring individuals, whose territories probably range far beyond study area borders. Our results highlight the need for a large-scale approach in snow leopard monitoring, and we recommend that methodological problems related to spatial scale are taken into account in future snow leopard research. |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1478 | ||
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Author | Ulmer, F.A. | ||||
Title | Voices of the Felidae | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1966 | Publication | Stock | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 259-262 | ||
Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Philadelphia Zoological Gardens | ||||
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Notes | Curator of Mammals, Philadelphia Zoological Gardens | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1255 | ||
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Author | Alexander, J. S., Gopalswamy, A. M., Shi, K., Riordan, P. | ||||
Title | Face Value: Towards Robust Estimates of Snow Leopard Densities | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Plos One | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | Densities, Snow Leopard, Camera traps, Spatial Capture Recapture models | ||||
Abstract | When densities of large carnivores fall below certain thresholds, dramatic ecological effects can follow, leading to oversimplified ecosystems. Understanding the population status of such species remains a major challenge as they occur in low densities and their ranges are wide. This paper describes the use of non-invasive data collection techniques combined with recent spatial capture-recapture methods to estimate the density of snow leopards Panthera uncia. It also investigates the influence of environmental and human activity indicators on their spatial distribution. A total of 60 camera traps were systematically set up during a three-month period over a 480 km2 study area in Qilianshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China. We recorded 76 separate snow leopard captures over 2,906 trapdays, representing an average capture success of 2.62 captures/100 trap-days. We identified a total number of 20 unique individuals from photographs and estimated snow leopard density at 3.31 (SE = 1.01) individuals per 100 km2. Results of our simulation exercise indicate that our estimates from the Spatial Capture Recapture models were not optimal to respect to bias and precision (RMSEs for density parameters less or equal to 0.87). Our results underline the critical challenge in achieving sufficient sample sizes of snow leopard captures and recaptures. Possible performance improvements are discussed, principally by optimising effective camera capture and photographic data quality. |
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1431 | ||
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Author | Alexander, S., A., Zhang, C., Shi, K., Riordan, P. | ||||
Title | A granular view of a snow leopard population using camera traps in Central China | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Biological Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | 197 | Pages | 27-31 | |
Keywords | Snow leopard Camera trap China Density Monitoring | ||||
Abstract | Successful conservation of the endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia) relies on the effectiveness of monitoring programmes. We present the results of a 19-month camera trap survey effort, conducted as part of a longterm study of the snow leopard population in Qilianshan National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province, China. Weassessed the minimumnumber of individual snowleopards and population density across different sampling periods using spatial capture–recapture methods. Between 2013–2014, we deployed 34 camera traps across an area of 375 km2, investing a total of 7133 trap-days effort. Weidentified a total number of 17–19 unique individuals from photographs (10–12 adults, five sub-adults and two cubs). The total number of individuals identified and estimated density varied across sampling periods, between 10–15 individuals and 1.46–3.29 snow leopards per 100 km2 respectively. We demonstrate that snow leopard surveys of limited scale and conducted over short sampling periods only present partial views of a dynamic and transient system.We also underline the challenges in achieving a sufficient sample size of captures and recaptures to assess trends in snow leopard population size and/or density for policy and conservation decision-making |
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1436 | ||
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Author | Sharma, M., Khanyari, M., Khara, A., Bijoor, A., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. R. | ||||
Title | Can livestock grazing dampen density-dependent fluctuations in wild herbivore populations? | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2024 | Publication | Journal of Applied Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-12 | ||
Keywords | competition, Gompertz state-space model, Himalaya, livestock, long-term study, negative density dependence, recruitment | ||||
Abstract | 1. Conservation policy for the high mountains of Asia increasingly recognises the need to encompass large multi-use landscapes beyond the protected area network. Due to limited long-term research in this region, our understanding of even fundamental processes, such as factors regulating large mammal populations is poor. 2. Understanding the factors that regulate animal populations, especially those generating cyclicity, is a long-standing problem in ecology. Long-term research across multiple taxa (mainly from Europe and North America) has focussed on the relative roles of food and predation in generating cyclicity in population dynamics. It remains unclear how trophic interactions that are influenced by anthropogenic stressors can affect population dynamics in human-modified landscapes. 3. We present a 10-year study to compare the effects of livestock grazing on density-dependent dynamics in two populations of bharal, Pseudois nayaur, in the Himalayas. We combine this with a mechanistic understanding of whether density dependence in these two sites acts predominantly by affecting adult survival or recruitment. We compared and quantified density dependence in the bharal population by fitting Bayesian Gompertz state-space models. 4. We found evidence for negative density dependence which indicates possible cyclic dynamics in the bharal population of the site (Tabo) with low livestock density. The population dynamics of this site were driven by recruited offspring—with a 2-year density-dependent lag effect—rather than adult survival. In the site with high livestock density (Kibber), this density dependence was not detected. We postulate the potential role of excessive grazing by livestock in affecting offspring recruitment, thereby affecting the bharal population in Kibber. 5. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that conservation action to facilitate wild herbivore population recovery, such as the development of protected areas and village reserves, needs to account for density-dependent regulation. Sites with trophy hunting require continuous monitoring to understand the effects of density dependence so that appropriate hunting quotas can be formulated. |
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1747 | ||
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Author | Thapa, K., Jackson, R., Gurung, L, Acharya, H. B., Gurung, R. K., | ||||
Title | Applying the double observer methodology for assessing blue sheep population size in Nar Phu valley, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2021 | Publication | Wildlife Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
Keywords | blue sheep, density estimation, double observer counts, Nepal, Panthera uncia, prey abundance, Pseudois nayaur, snow leopard, viewshed mapping | ||||
Abstract | This study was undertaken in spring, 2019 to assess the applicability of the double-observer survey method for estimating blue sheep Pseudois nayaur abundance in Nar-Phu valley of Manang District located in Annapurna Conservation Area of northern Nepal. Since counting large mammals in rugged mountain habitat poses a special challenge, we tested the efficacy of the double observer method for generating robust population estimates for this important protected area. The overall detection probability for observers (O1 and O2) was 0.94 and 0.91 for a total of 106 groups comprised of 2059 individual blue sheep. We estimated the area’s blue sheep population at 2070 (SE ± 168.77; 95% CI 2059–2405) for the 246.2 km2 of sampled habitat. We determined blue sheep to be widely distributed within the study area with a mean density of 8.4 individuals per km2 based on a total study area of 246.2 km2. We discuss demographic population structure and identify limitations when applying the double observer approach, along with recommending viewshed mapping for ensuring more robust density estimates of mountain-dwelling ungulates like blue sheep or ibex that inhabit extremely heterogeneous terrain which strongly influences sighting distances and overall animal detection rates. | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1666 | ||
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Author | Moheb, Z., Rajabi, A. M., Jahed, N., Ostrowski, S., Zahler, P. I., Fuller, T. K. | ||||
Title | Using double-observer surveys to monitor urial and ibex populations in the Hindu Kush of Wakhan National Park, Afghanistan | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2022 | Publication | Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
Keywords | Capra sibirica, density, double-observer survey, herd composition, herd size, Ovis vignei, ungulates, viewshed | ||||
Abstract | We surveyed the urial Ovis vignei and Siberian ibex Capra sibirica in the Hindu Kush mountain range of Wakhan National Park in north-eastern Afghanistan to determine their population status and identify potential drivers of population change. We conducted two double- observer ground surveys, in April–May 2015 and 2018, in 10 areas (total = 288 km2). Urial herds were mostly com- posed of both sexes (78% of observed herds), the mean adult sex ratio (females:males) was 100:70, and the mean female:juvenile ratio was 100:53. In 2018 we calculated a urial density of 35/100 km2, compared to 72/100 km2 in 2015. Ibex herds were mostly (79%) composed of both sexes, the mean adult sex ratio (females:males) was 100:103, and the mean female:juvenile ratio was 100:58. Ibex density estimates were similar in 2015 and 2018 (c. 250/100 km2). We discuss the usefulness of the double-observer methods for ungulate surveys, highlight the value of viewshed calculations and discuss the possible causes of urial population decline. To ensure the conservation of these ungulate populations, we recommend continued regular monitoring, measures to address poaching and research to clarify the taxonomical status of urials in Wakhan. | ||||
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Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1707 | ||
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