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Author |
Krasilnikov N. |
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Title |
The spotty guest |
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Miscellaneous |
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1983 |
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174-175 |
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snow leopard; attack; caw.; 7440; Russian |
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A story of encounter with a snow leopard that got into a cowshed was described in a popular form. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: To friends-naturalists. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 722 |
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589 |
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Author |
Pavlinov I.Ya. |
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Title |
Mammals of Eurasia. II. Non-Rodentia: Taxonomic and geographic reference book |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1995 |
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167-168 |
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Ussr; taxonomy; synonyms; distribution; snow leopard.; 7840; Russian |
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This reference book provides a detailed epi-species classification of terrain mammal orders other than rodents. Identification keys for taxons, information about geographical distribution, synonyms, and comments on taxonomy are given. Genus Uncia Gray, 1854 includes one species Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1776), distributed in highlands of Central Asia (Tibet, Pamir, Tien-Shan, Altai). Synonyms: irbis Ehrenberg, 1830; uncioides Horsfield, 1855; schneideri Zukovsky, 1950. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 762 |
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761 |
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Author |
Naumov S.P. |
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Title |
The cats – Felidae. Mountain regions of USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1948 |
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59-61 |
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Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7740 |
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Description of Felidae family species (Tigris tigris, Leopardus (Pardus) pardus and Unci uncia) is given. In USSR snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Middle Asia and Altai. |
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1950Journal Title: Biology of game animals and birds of USSR. |
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SLN @ rana @ 752 |
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719 |
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Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association |
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Title |
Mongolian Biosphere & Ecology Association Report March 2010 |
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Manuscript |
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2010 |
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nature; tourism; surveys; survey; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; attack; domestic; Animals; Animal; illegal; illegal hunting; hunting; territory; province; 2010; hunt; 1990; movements; movement; pasture; desert; number; species; birds; river; mountain; hunters; hunter; recent; government; structure; management; national; central; people; Report; gobi; Gobi Desert; reproduction; Adult; meat; food; ibex; wild; wild sheep; sheep; marmot; nutrition; schools; population; use; local; big; big game; big-game; game; 310; mountains; wolves; wolf; Seasons; times; zones; global; Mongolia; 40; history; ecology |
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In accordance with order of the Ministry of Nature and Tourism,
zoologists of our association have made surveys in three ways such as
reasons why snow leopards attack domestic animals, “Snow leopard” trial
operation to count them and illegal hunting in territories of Khovd,
Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Uvurkhangai and Umnugobi provinces from
September 2009 to January 2010. As result of these surveys it has made
the following conclusions in the followings: Reason to hunt them illegally: the principal reason is that
administrative units have been increased and territories of
administrative units have been diminished. There have been four
provinces in 1924 to 1926, 18 since 1965, 21 since 1990. Such situation
limits movements of herdsmen completely and pastures digressed much than
ever before. As result of such situation, 70% of pastures become desert.
Such digression caused not only heads of animals and also number of
species. Guarantee is that birds such as owls, cuckoo, willow grouse in
banks of Uyert river, Burkhanbuudai mountain, located in Biger soum,
Gobi-Altai province, which are not hunted by hunters, are disappearing
in the recent two decades. For that reason we consider it is urgently
necessary for the government to convert administrative unit structures
into four provinces. This would influence herdsmen moving across
hundreds km and pastures could depart from digression.
Second reason: cooperative movement won. The issues related to management and strengthening of national
cooperatives, considered by Central Committee of Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party in the meeting in March 1953 was the start of
cooperatives' movement. Consideration by Yu. Tsedenbal, chairman of
Ministers Council, chairman of the MPRP, on report “Result of to unify
popular units and some important issues to maintain entity management of
agricultural cooperatives” in the fourth meeting by the Central
Committee of Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party /MPRP/ on December
16-17, 1959, proclaimed complete victory of cooperative. At the end of
1959, it could unify 767 small cooperative into 389 ones, unify 99.3 %
of herdsmen and socialize 73.3 % of animals. The remaining of animals
amount 6 million 163 thousands animals, and equals to 26.7% of total
animals. This concerned number of animals related to the article
mentioned that every family should have not more that 50 animals in
Khangai zone and not more 75 animals in Gobi desert. It shows that such
number could not satisfy needs of family if such number is divided into
five main animals in separating with reproduction animals and adult
animals. So herdsmen started hunt hoofed animals secretly and illegally
in order to satisfy their meat needs. Those animals included main food
of snow leopard such as ibex, wild sheep, and marmot. Third reason is that the state used to hunt ibex, which are main
nutrition of snow leopards, every year. The administrative unit of the
soum pursued policy to hunt ibex in order to provide meat needs of
secondary schools and hospitals. That's why this affected decrease of
ibex population. Preciously from 1986 to 1990 the permissions to hunt
one thousands of wild sheep and two thousands of ibexes were hunt for
domestic alimentary use every year. Not less than 10 local hunters of every soum used to take part in big
game of ibexes. Also they hunted many ibexes, chose 3-10 best ibexes and
hid them in the mountains for their consummation during hunting.
Fourth reason: hunting of wolves. Until 1990 the state used to give
prizes to hunter, who killed a wolf in any seasons of the year. Firstly
it offered a sheep for the wolf hunter and later it gave 25 tugrugs /15
USD/. Every year, wolf hunting was organized several times especially
picking wolf-cubs influenced spread and population of wolves. So snow
leopard came to the places where wolves survived before and attack
domestic animals. Such situation continued until 1990. Now population of
ibexes has decreased than before 1990 since the state stopped hunting
wolves, population of wolves increased in mountainous zones. We didn't
consider it had been right since it was natural event. However
population of ibexes decreased. Fifth reason: Global warming. In recent five years it has had a drought
and natural disaster from excessive snow in the places where it has
never had such natural disasters before. But Mongolia has 40 million
heads of domestic animals it has never increased like such quantity in
its history before. We consider it is not incorrect that decrease of
domestic animals could give opportunities to raise population of wild
animals. Our next survey is to make attempt to fix heads of snow leopards
correctly with low costs. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1100 |
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705 |
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Author |
Meklenburtsev R.N. |
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Title |
About ecology of ibex in Pamir |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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1949 |
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Vol. 28, edition 5. |
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482-483 |
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Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian |
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Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 742 |
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674 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Ecology and Conservation of Snow Leopards, Gobi Brown Bears, and Wild Bactrian Camels in Mongolia |
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Book Whole |
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2000 |
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snow leopard; Uncia uncia; Mongolia; radio-collar; habitat use; movements; ecology; wild camel; brown bear; 5340 |
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Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61 – 142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes > 20o, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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University of Massachusetts, Amherst |
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SLN @ rana @ 519 |
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663 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T. |
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Title |
Snow Leopards in Mongolia |
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Miscellaneous |
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2000 |
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Mongolia; distribution; status; irbis; irbis-enterprises; herders; livestock; economy; conservation; gobi; habitat; Disease; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; hunting; poaching; skins; pelts; coats; furs; bones; trade; Macne; habitat-fragmentation; browse; enterprises; fragmentation; habitat fragmentation; 4090 |
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Full Text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 383 |
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662 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T.; Allen, P. |
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Title |
Knitting for snow leopards |
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1999 |
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Cat News |
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30 |
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24-25 |
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conservation-programs; endangered; threatened-species; human-dimensions; management; conservation; asia; Mongolia; herder; herding; herders; browse; threatened; species; programs; Human; dimensions.; 1040 |
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The authors describe an innovative conservation program for the endangered snow leopard. A program was established in which herding families in Mongolia knit scarves, gloves, and hats from camel, sheep, and cashmere wool for sale as eco-friendly products. The program increases family incomes, brings in revenue for conservation programs, and educates the herders on the leopards. klf. |
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Full Text at URL. Author Contact: 4649 Sunnyside Ave N. ,Suite 325, Seattle Wa 98103Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 368 |
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659 |
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Author |
Liao, Y.F. |
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Title |
The Geographical Distribution of Ounces in Qinghai Province |
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1985 |
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Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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5 |
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3 |
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183-188 |
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China; Qinghai; distribution; browse; 5470; ounce; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; province; 20; Qilian; number; 40; Male; Female; park; Adult; bharal; Pseudois; breeding; people; birth; young; Chinese |
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This paper deals with the geographical distribution of ounces (Panthera uncia) in Qinghai Province. Ounces are distributed in 20 counties- Guide, Huzhu, Menyuan, Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Golmud, Guinan, Xinghai, Zhidoi, Zadoi, Nangqen, Yushu, Chindu, Qumarleb, Madio, Maqen, Jigzhi, Baima, Darlag. Among them, there fore 4 counties- Qilian, Tianjun, Dulan, Zadoi, in which the number of ounces are bigger. The number of ounces are shown in table 2. There are altogether 73 ounces (40 male, 33 female) which is supported to every park of China for ornamental, they were captured by fellow-villagers, and 44 ounces (23 male, 21 female) of them are below 6 months old, 9 ounces (6 male, 3 female) of them are 1 year old, 2 ounces (male) are 2 years old, and 18 ounces (9 male, 9 female) are adults.
Ounces live at an altitude of 3000-4100 metres above the sea, and prefer to eat Bharal (Pseudois noyour). Its breeding period goes from April to June, the number of embryos being 2-3.
A female ounce was successfully reproduced for the first time at Xining People's Park of China, in Spetember, 1984, and she gave birth to 3 young ounces. |
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Document Type: Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 531 |
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617 |
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Author |
Kydyraliev A.K. |
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Title |
Some animal species' habitat alteration in the Central Tien Shan |
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1970 |
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Part 1. |
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46-48 |
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Kyrgyzstan; tien shan; human influence; water conservation activity; decline; range; number; birds; mammals; game species; moral; argali; snow leopard.; 7540; Russian |
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Irrigation and drainage activity in Tien Shan led some bird species to disappear. Number of species to build their nests in tree holes has dropped. Mongolian sandpiper and black-bellied sand grouse disappeared in the steppe areas. Great bustard, formerly nesting in this area, can now be rarely seen only in migration. The direct anthropogenic influence resulted in shrinkage of game animal and bird populations such as moral, goitered gazelle, argali, snow leopard, and stone marten. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Influence of anthropogenic factors on the formation of zoogeographic complexes. The fifth inter-school zoogeographic conference. |
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SLN @ rana @ 732 |
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605 |
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Kreuzberg, E.; Esipov, A.; Bykova, E.; Vashetko, E. |
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Title |
Number, Distribution and Status of Habitats for Snow Leopard in Gissar Nature Reserve and Neighboring Areas |
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Miscellaneous |
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2000 |
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xvi |
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4 |
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Uzbekistan; Gissar; habitat; distribution; status; field-study; research; surveys; poaching; hunting; grazing; livestock; browse; 4440 |
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Islt |
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Seattle, Wa |
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Full text at URLJournal Title: Snow Line |
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SLN @ rana @ 432 |
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595 |
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Author |
Pokrovskiy V.S. |
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Title |
Snow leopard, or irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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1976 |
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82-98 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian |
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It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 772 |
Serial |
780 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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Title |
Snow leopard. Uncia uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1985 |
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85-86 |
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Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; diet; wild ibex; argali; number; breeding; poaching; over livestock; nature reserves.; 7400; Russian |
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In the Soviet Union snow leopard inhabits highlands of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Sayans. In Kazakhstan, this species can be found in Jungara Alatau, Tien Shan, Tarbagatai, Saura, and Altai; formerly was seen at the Karatau ridge. It mostly preys on ibex and argali. The heat time is February April, cubs are born in May June. Its population has decrease because of the initiation of livestock grazing on mountain pastures, poaching, and wild ungulates population shrinkage. This species is protected in Aksu Jabagly and Almaty nature reserves. More nature reserves need to be established in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In the world of rare animals. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 718 |
Serial |
584 |
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Author |
Kovshar A.F. |
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Title |
Soils. Plants and animals. Vertical zones |
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Miscellaneous |
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1972 |
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21-41 |
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Kazakhstan; Aklu Jabagly nature reserve; establishment; soil; climate; physiographic factors; researching; plants; Animals; snow leopard.; 7340; Russian |
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A description of the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, flora and fauna. In the nature reserve there are 238 birds, 42 mammals, 9 reptiles and 2 fishes. Snow leopard inhabited in the nature reserve. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Aksu Jabagly nature reserve. Guidebook for nature reserve. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 712 |
Serial |
579 |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E.P. |
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Title |
An Unusual Hunt |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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5 |
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9-12 |
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Tien-Shan; tracking; feces; ibex; hunting; predator; prey; browse; behavior; 940 |
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Full text available at URLTien Shan High Mountain Physical Geography Staion, Kirghizian Academy of Sciences (Pokrovka) USSRDocument Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 402 |
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571 |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E. |
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Title |
What Has Happened to the Snow Leopard After the Break-Up of Soviet Union? |
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2000 |
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Snow Line |
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Xvi |
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Kyrgyzstan; Tadzhikistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; poaching; hunting; capturing; pelts; skins; coats; furs; trade; status; distribution; bones; medicine; conservation; kazakstan; Tajikistan; browse; soviet; union; 4050 |
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Full Text at URLEvgeniy Koshkarev, member of the Conservation Advisory Board of theInternational Snow Leopard TrustVitaly Vyrypaev, member of Asia-Irbis, International Research Group (this research was supported by Kathleen Braden, Valerie Trueblood, Bonnie and Dick Robbins (USA), Sacred Earth Network (USA), NABU (Germany). |
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SLN @ rana @ 380 |
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567 |
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Author |
Abdusalamov I.A. |
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Title |
Required protection measures for rare and endangered vertebrate species in Tajikistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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N 2 (143) |
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40-48 |
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Tajikistan; vertebrates; protected areas; endangered species; snow leopard.; 5840; Russian |
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The network of Tajikistan's protected areas (four nature reserves, 14 national and 18 regional sanctuaries, one national park) is described. The establishment of `Shakhristan state complex nature reserve' and `Sarykamish state complex reserve', and interstate nature complex park on northern slope of the Turkestan ridge is recommended to improve conservation practices for a number of endangered vertebrate animal species in Northern Tajikistan (such as brown bear, snow leopard, wild sheep, and others). |
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Russian |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: News of the Academy of Science of Tajikistan. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 563 |
Serial |
29 |
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Author |
Koshkarev E.P. |
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Title |
Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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100 p. |
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Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian |
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Abstract |
Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 702 |
Serial |
558 |
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Author |
Kataevsky V.N. |
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Title |
Specific of fauna of mammals in Besh Aral nature reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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2002 |
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139-142 |
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Kyrgyzstan; Besh Aral nature reserve; mammals; number; snow leopard; Lynx; ibex; wild boar.; 7140; Russian |
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Abstract |
Diversity of mammals in Besh Aral nature reserve, Kyrgyzstan is presented. Also analysis of the density of mammals in their habitats is given. Totally 31 mammals inhabited in nature reserve: 13 rodents, 11 carnivores, 3 ungulates, 2 hares, 1 insectivore and 1 bat. Number of snow leopard assessed as 8 individuals, Turkestan lynx 10, wild boar 100 and ibex 400 individuals. Snow leopard and Menzbier's marmot included in national Red data Book as well as in Global Red List. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of Western Tien Shan. Status and perspectives. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 692 |
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524 |
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Author |
Kaletskiy A.A. |
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Title |
May-“traven” |
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Miscellaneous |
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1974 |
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60-75 |
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Ussr; flora; fauna; snow leopard; use.; 7040; Russian |
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Diverse flora and fauna and seasonal phenomena in nature are stated in a popular form. Snow leopard is noticed to be a rare species, its population being significantly influenced by catching for zoos: over 400 snow leopards have been caught for this purpose over the last 35 years. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Kaleidoscope of naturalist. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 682 |
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511 |
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Author |
Jinguo, Z. |
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Title |
Case report on vesicular calculus of snow leopard |
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1994 |
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209-212 |
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veterinary; medicine; calculus; urinary-tract; treatment; browse; urinary tract; urinary; tract; 3840 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
Editor |
J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard TrustPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 235 |
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496 |
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Author |
Sultanov G.S. |
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Title |
Animals protection, reproduction and use |
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Miscellaneous |
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1974 |
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30-37 |
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Uzbekistan; fauna; extinct; close to extinct; rare species; snow leopard; conservation measures; territorial protection.; 8340; Russian |
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Caspian tiger, cheetah, moral have disappeared from the region's fauna. Species such as hyena, leopard, manul are endangered, honey badger and caracal available only on the south of Karakalpakstan, lynx, snow leopard and saiga are rare species. The implemented protection measures helped Iranian otter, Bukhara red deer, marchor, and Severtsev's sheep escape a total extermination. To preserve many valuable animals in Uzbekistan small investments in their habitats improvement are required. Nature reserves and preserves occupy a total area of more than 220,000 ha in the country. All rare species of Central Asia's fauna are under protection of the state. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and man. |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 812 |
Serial |
944 |
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Author |
Zhirnov L.V. |
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Title |
Rare and endangered species of the USSR |
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Miscellaneous |
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1978 |
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91-94 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; practical use.; 8740; Russian |
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A description of snow leopard number, distribution, reproductive biology, death reasons, and conservation measures in the USSR, where northern and north-western border of its habitat runs, is given. The population of snow leopard in the USSR is 500 1,000 animals. In the Inner Tien Shan, 400 snow leopards were caught 1936 through 1970. The maximum of 120 skins was purchased in Pamir in 1956 1958. Population of snow leopard directly correlates with population of ibex, a fact being verified by data collected on a long-term basis. Moreover, snow leopard was for a long time considered as a harmful animal, shooting of which was encouraged by premiums and resulted in reduction of snow leopard population. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals and birds. |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 851 |
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1080 |
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Author |
Zhirjakov, V.A. |
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Title |
On the ecology of the snow leopard in the Zailisky-Alatau (Northern Tien Shan) |
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1990 |
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Int Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
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6 |
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25-30 |
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Tien-Shan; ecology; China; browse; Kazakhstan; Russia; Soviet-Union; distribution; population; prey; behavior; food-habits; scat-analysis; 3240 |
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Full text available at URL |
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no |
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SLN @ rana @ 168 |
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1078 |
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Author |
Yongsheng, L. |
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Title |
International hunting and the involvement of local people in Dulan, Qinghai, China |
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1994 |
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305-314 |
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Qinghai; China; hunting; ungulates; blue-sheep; herders; herder; local; blue; sheep; browse; 3440 |
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Islt |
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Usa |
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J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 262 |
Serial |
1061 |
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