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Author | McCarthy, T.M.; Chapron, G. | ||||
Title | Snow Leopard Survival Strategy | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | snow leopard; survival; threats; conservation; action; research; 5350 | ||||
Abstract | I. SNOW LEOPARD: REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND STATUS This Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) was undertaken to provide comprehensive conservation and research guidelines to ensure a range-wide coordinated effort in the fi ght to save the endangered snow leopard and had the following specific goals: Assess and prioritize threats to snow leopard survival on a geographic basis. Defi ne and prioritize conservation, education, and policy measures appropriate to alleviate threats. Prioritize subjects for snow leopard research and identify viable or preferred research methods. Build a network of concerned scientists and conservationists to facilitate open dialogue and cross-border cooperation. Gain consensus on a fundamental Snow Leopard Survival Strategy document that will be made available to the range states to aid conservation planning at national and local levels. The highly participatory process started with a survey of specialists designed to gather information on perceived threats to snow leopards, appropriate actions to address threats, knowledge gaps, protected area status, policy and law issues, impediments to achieving conservation of snow leopards, and cultural relevance of snow leopards. Drafts of a Strategy were circulated and then the Snow Leopard Survival Summit was convened in Seattle, USA from 21-26 May 2002 and was attended by 58 of the specialists to debate issues and refi ne the Strategy. This SLSS document is the end product of that process. Background on the snow leopard The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a member of the Felidae subfamily Pantherinae and on the basis of morphology and behavior it is placed alone in a separate genus. They are found in 12 countries across Central Asia (China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia). China contains as much as 60% of the snow leopard's potential habitat. Inaccessible and difficult terrain, along with the secretive nature of this rare cat helps account for the fact that large parts of its range have yet to be surveyed. Between 4,500 and 7,350 snow leopards are thought to occur within a total potential habitat area of 1,835,000 km2. Snow leopards are generally solitary and mating usually occurs between late January and midMarch, and one to five cubs are born after a gestation period of 93 to 110 days, generally in June or July. Snow leopards are closely associated with the alpine and subalpine ecological zones, preferring broken, rocky terrain with vegetation that is dominated by shrubs or grasses. Home range size and shape is not well known. The home range size of five snow leopards in prime habitat in Nepal ranged from 12 to 39 km2, with substantial overlap between individuals and sexes. In Mongolia, where food resources may be scarcer, home ranges of both males and females exceeded 400 km2. Snow leopards are opportunistic predators capable of killing prey up to three times their own weight. They will also take small prey such as marmot or chukar partridge. In general, their most commonly taken prey consists of wild sheep and goats (including blue sheep, Asian ibex, markhor, and argali). Adult snow leopards kill a large prey animal every 10-15 days, and remained on the kill for an average of 3-4 days, and sometimes up to a week. Predation on livestock can be significant, which often results in retribution killing by herders. Snow Leopards are listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List in that they do not meet the standards of Critically Endangered but are projected to decline by 50% or more over next 3 generations due to potential levels of exploitation (trade in pelts/bones and conflict with livestock), and due to declining: 1) area of occupancy, 2) extent of occurrence, and 3) quality of habitat (prey depletion). They appear in Appendix I of both CITES and the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Snow Leopards are protected nationally over most of its range, with the probable exception of Afghanistan. However, in some countries the relevant legislation may not always be very effective, e.g. because penalties are too low to function as deterrent, or they contain some significant loopholes. II. THREATS AND CONSERVATION ACTIONS Regional Assessment This document attempts to list and discuss the threats, conservation actions and information needs pertinent to snow leopard survival. However, these vary substantially across the vast extent of snow leopard range, so no prescription will be universally applicable. We used a regional approach and for purposes of grouping areas where conditions may be similar, we looked at geography, political boundaries, cultural/religious influences, and rural livelihoods. Within that framework we defined four broad regions: Himalaya (HIMLY), Karakorum/Hindu Kush (KK/HK), Commonwealth of Independent States and W. China (CISWC), The Northern Range of Russia, Mongolia and N. China (NRANG) SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY Threats to Snow Leopard Survival A key component of the SLSS process was to identify threats to long-term snow leopard survival across their range. The following list is the result of extensive consultations with stakeholders in Asia and the expert group at the SLSS Summit. Threats are grouped into four broad categories 1) Habitat and Prey related, 2) Direct Killing of Snow Leopards, 3) Policy and Awareness, and 4) Other Issues. List of Threats Category 1: Habitat and Prey Related 1.1 Habitat Degradation and Fragmentation 1.2 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Illegal Hunting 1.3 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Legal Hunting 1.4 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Competition with Livestock 1.5 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Disease 1.6 Fencing that Disrupts Natural Migration Category 2: Direct Killing or Removal of Snow Leopards 2.1 Killing of Snow Leopards in Retribution for Livestock depredation 2.2 Poaching Snow Leopards for Trade in Hides or Bones 2.3 Museum Collection of Live Animals 2.4 Traditional Hunting of Snow Leopards 2.5 Secondary Poisoning and Trapping of Snow Leopards 2.6 Diseases of Snow Leopards Category 3: Policy and Awareness 3.1 Lack of Appropriate Policy 3.2 Lack of Effective Enforcement 3.3 Lack of Trans-boundary Cooperation 3.4 Lack of Institutional Capacity 3.5 Lack of Awareness among Local People 3.6 Lack of Awareness among Policy Makers Category 4: Other Issues 4.1 War and Related Military Activities 4.2 Climate Change 4.3 Human Population Growth and Poverty (indirect threat) Potential Actions to Address Threats Several methods are identified and elaborated in this document and they include: Grazing Management: Promote livestock grazing practices that reduce impacts on native wildlife, in particular snow leopard prey species. Wildlife-based Ecotourism: Establishing wildlife based tourism that provides jobs and financial benefits to local people will add economic value to wildlife and create incentives to protect the resource. Cottage Industry: Provide income generation opportunities for communities in snow leopard habitat through handicraft manufacture and marketing opportunities with direct and transparent linkages to wildlife conservation via contracts that provides positive incentives for compliance. Ungulate Trophy Hunting Programs: Establish or restructure trophy hunting programs that are sustainable, well monitored and provide return to local people as an incentive to protect ungulates. Community co-management of hunting program should be encouraged where ever appropriate. Reducing Poaching and Trade in Snow Leopard Parts: Determine location, nature and extent of snow leopard poaching for trade and bring pressure, both legal and educational, to limit same. Reducing Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards: Encourage livestock husbandry practices that reduce depredation by snow leopards and other predators. Animal Husbandry: Provide training in animal husbandry and veterinary care to improve monetary return at lower stock levels, limit exposure to predation, and reduce impacts on pasture and rangelands. Conservation Education and Awareness: Raise awareness of snow leopard conservation issues, concerns, need for action, legal matters, etc, through variety of media among different audiences. III. RESEARCH AND INFORMATION NEEDS During the process of listing the threats to snow leopards and the required conservation actions, a set of information needs was also identified. Hence, the list below encompasses the knowledge required to carry-out urgent conservation actions. Master List of Information Needs R.1 Snow leopard distribution and “hot spots” R.2 Snow leopard migration and dispersal routes R.3 Snow leopard population size R.4 Snow leopard population trends and factor responsible for changes R.5 Protected Area coverage extent and representation of habitats (gap analysis) R.6 Agents of habitat degradation and relative impacts R.7 Snow leopard prey relationships R.8 Prey species distribution and “hot spots” R.9 Prey population baseline and trends R.10 Dynamics of illegal ungulate hunting (sources, local need, uses, trade, etc.) R.11 Dynamics of legal ungulate harvest and baseline statistics (sex/age, effort, trophy size, etc.) R.12 Wild ungulate livestock interactions (competition) R.13 Ungulate disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment R.14 Snow leopard poaching levels R.15 Illegal trade in wildlife parts market demand, sources and routes, value, etc. R.16 Livestock depredation rates SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY | xi R.17 Livestock depredation causes R.18 Grazing pressure and range conditions R.19 Snow leopard disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment R.20 Snow leopard home-range size and habitat use R.21 Snow leopard social structure and behavior R.22 Snow leopard population genetics R.23 Snow leopard food habits R.24 Snow leopard relationship to other predators R.25 Economic valuation of snow leopards R.26 Snow leopard monitoring techniques development/improvement R.27 Socio-economic profiling of herder communities in snow leopard habitat R.28 Methods to alleviate impacts of war R.29 Livestock and human population status and trends R.30 Analysis of existing policies and laws R.31 Human attitudes to snow leopards IV. COUNTRY ACTION PLANNING The SLSS should be seen as a tool to aid in the development of country-specifi c Action Plans. In general Action Planning leaders should review the SLSS and then: Analyze the problems and choose the proper scale, Identify the key stakeholders and integrate them into the planning process at the beginning, (i.e. ensure a broadly participatory process), Choose a multi-level approach if the problems and stakeholders are particularly diverse, Seek to identify achievable and appropriate actions, Build monitoring of results into the Plan. The Action Planning process need not be done in a vacuum. The Snow Leopard Network (see below), can provide much needed assistance in terms of expertise and advice during the planning process. Collectively, the SLN membership has experience in nearly every area of snow leopard related conservation, research, education, and policy. They can be approached for assistance through the International Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside Ave. N., Suite 325, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA, on their website http://www.snowleopard.org/sln/ or via email at <info@snowleopard.org>. V. TAKING THE SLSS FORWARD A key outcome of the SLSS Workshop was the creation of the Snow Leopard Network (SLN). The SLN is a partnership of organizations and individuals from government and private sector who work together for the effective conservation of the snow leopard, its prey, and their natural habitat to the benefi t of people and biodiversity. The initial members of the SLN are the specialist who worked together on the SLSS. Carrying the SLSS forward was the impetus for developing the Network. |
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Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust and Snow Leopard Network | Place of Publication | Seattle, USA | Editor | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 520 | Serial | 668 | ||
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Author | McVittie, R. | ||||
Title | Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1978 | Publication | Applied-Animal-Ethology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 4 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 159-168 |
Keywords | suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580 | ||||
Abstract | Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) | ||||
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Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 37 | Serial | 669 | ||
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Author | Medvedev D.G. | ||||
Title | Distribution and migration of the snow leopard in Baikal region | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 218 | ||
Keywords | Russia; Baikal region; distribution; Migration; snow leopard.; 7630; Russian | ||||
Abstract | It provided description of snow leopard distribution in Eastern Sayan, South Transbaikalia and mountains of Baikal lake as well as its migratory ways within the region. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 741 | Serial | 670 | ||
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Author | Medvedev, D.G. | ||||
Title | The Snow Leopard in the Eastern Sayan Mountains | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1990 | Publication | International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 17-19 | |
Keywords | Sayan; siberia; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; status; distribution; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2870 | ||||
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Notes | Full text available at URL | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 164 | Serial | 671 | ||
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Author | Mehta, J.; Heinen, J.T. | ||||
Title | Does community-based conservation shape favorable attitudes among locals? An empirical study from Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Environmental Management | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 28 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 165-177 |
Keywords | community-based; conservation; attitudes; attitude; local; study; Nepal | ||||
Abstract | Like many developing countries, Nepal has adopted a community-based conservation (CBC) approach in recent years to manage its protected areas mainly in response to poor park-people relations. Among other things, under this approach the government has created new “people-oriented” conservation areas, formed and devolved legal authority to grassroots-level institutions to manage local resources, fostered infrastructure development, promoted tourism, and provided income-generating trainings to local people. Of interest to policy-makers and resource managers in Nepal and worldwide is whether this approach to conservation leads to improved attitudes on the part of local people. It is also important to know if personal costs and benefits associated with various intervention programs, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics influence these attitudes. We explore these questions by looking at the experiences in Annapurna and Makalu-Baran Conservation Areas, Nepal, which have largely adopted a CBC approach in policy formulation, planning, and management. The research was conducted during 1996 and 1997; the data collection methods included random household questionnaire surveys, informal interviews, and review of official records and published literature. The results indicated that the majority of local people held favorable attitudes toward these conservation areas. Logistic regression results revealed that participation in training, benefit from tourism, wildlife depredation issue, ethnicity, gender, and education level were the significant predictors of local attitudes in one of the other conservation area. We conclude that the CBC approach has potential to shape favorable local attitudes and that these attitudes will be mediated by some personal attributes. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 940 | Serial | 672 | ||
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Author | Meiers, S.T. | ||||
Title | Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois | Type | Book Whole | ||
Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-74 | ||
Keywords | habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief | ||||
Abstract | Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
Publisher | DePaul University | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1008 | Serial | 673 | ||
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Author | Meklenburtsev R.N. | ||||
Title | About ecology of ibex in Pamir | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 1949 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Vol. 28, edition 5. | Issue | Pages | 482-483 | |
Keywords | Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian | ||||
Abstract | Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species. | ||||
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Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal. | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 742 | Serial | 674 | ||
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Author | Meszaros, M. | ||||
Title | Einsam im Land des Dschingis Khan | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Universum | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 68-76 | ||
Keywords | german | ||||
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Notes | In German; color magazine; subtitle Naturwunder Schneeleopard | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 933 | Serial | 675 | ||
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Author | Miller, D.J.; Jackson, R. | ||||
Title | Livestock and Snow Leopards:making room for competing users on the Tibetian Plateau | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | 315-328 | ||
Keywords | livestock; Tibet; herder; herders; predator; prey; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Tibetian-Plateau; ungulates; wild-yak; blue-sheep; pika; marmots; gazelle; antelope; Qomolangma; Namcha-Barwa; Chang-Tang; habitat; grazing; wolves; pens; enclosures; bounties; bounty; pelts; skins; coats; furs; poisoning; medicine; bones; land-use; conservation; ecology; blue; sheep; browse; tibetian; plateau; wild; yak; namcha; barwa; change; tang; land use; land; 2800 | ||||
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Publisher | Islt | Place of Publication | Usa | Editor | J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng |
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Notes | Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 244 | Serial | 676 | ||
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Author | Ming, M.; XuFeng; Turghan, M.; Shoujin, Y. | ||||
Title | Report on Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) Surveys in Tomur, Xinjiang, China 2004 | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | snow leopard; Uncia uncia; survey; distribution; abundance; population size; Tomur; Xinjiang; P.R.China; 5710 | ||||
Abstract | The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) investigation in the Tomur area is the second step of the “Project of Snow Leopard Study in Xinjiang”. In this part of the project, we collected information on the distribution , abundance and population size of the snow leopard in this area. The investigation lasted for 3 weeks, between October 17 and November 7th, 2004. During the 22 days of field work, we surveyed 4 different places in Wensu County, Aksu District: e.g. Pochenzi and the Muzat River area, Bozdun and the Little Kuzbay River area, Yinyar and the Tomur River area, Taglak and the Qiong Tailan River area. The 4 main areas, along with a few other valleys, covered most of the Tomur National Conservation Zone. In total, we ran 42 transects. In 15 transects, we found signs left by snow leopards. We also collected 15 fecal samples for diet analysis. This time we interviewed nearly 90 local people from different nationalities: e.g. Han (Chinese), Uygur and Kyrgyz people, including herdsmen, geologists, mineworkers, drivers, veterinarians, businessmen, forest officials, soldiers and policemen. They provided us with an array of information on the historical and current distribution and abundance of the snow leopard in this area. | ||||
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Publisher | Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography; Chinese Academy of Science | Place of Publication | Xinjian, P.R. of China | Editor | |
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Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 52 | Serial | 677 | ||
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