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	Author	Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T.
	Title	Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Zoo Biology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	27	Issue		Pages	78-85
	Keywords	desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo
	Abstract	Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 905			Serial	196
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	Author	Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H.
	Title	Steroid Metabolism and the Effectiveness of Fecal Assays for Assessing Reproductive Status in Felids			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Biology of Reproduction	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	50	Issue	suppl 1	Pages	185
	Keywords	fecal-analysis; breeding; reproduction; medicine; medical; zoo; zoos; veterinary; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; fecal; analysis; 1420
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	Notes	Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, July 24-27, 1994 Call Number: QP251 .B56			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 203			Serial	197
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	Author	Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H.
	Title	Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Biol Reprod	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	51	Issue	4	Pages	776-786
	Keywords	Animal; Carbon; Radioisotopes; Carnivora; Cats; Chromatography; High; Pressure; Liquid; Comparative Study; Estradiol; metabolism; Estrone; feces; chemistry; Female; Ovary; physiology; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Pseudopregnancy; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; non; government; gov't; us; 170
	Abstract	Noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. Using the domestic cat (Felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14C]estradiol (E2) and [14C]progesterone (P4) were determined. Within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered E2 and P4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. E2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme- hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). P4 was excreted primarily as non-enzyme- hydrolyzable, conjugated metabolites (78%) and as unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. A simple method for extracting fecal steroid metabolites optimized extraction efficiencies of the E2 and P4 excretion products (90.1 +/- 0.8% and 87.2 +/- 1.4%, respectively). Analysis of HPLC fractions of extracted fecal samples from the radiolabel-injected domestic cats revealed that E2 immunoreactivity coincided primarily with the unconjugated metabolized [14C]E2 peak, whereas progestogen immunoreactivity coincided with a single conjugated epimer and multiple unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. After HPLC separation, similar immunoreactive E2 and P4 metabolite profiles were observed in the leopard cat (F. bengalensis), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that changes in fecal E2 and P4 metabolite concentrations reflected natural or artificially induced ovarian activity. For example, severalfold increases in E2 excretion were associated with overt estrus or exogenous gonadotropin treatment, and elevated fecal P4 metabolite concentrations occurred during pregnant and nonpregnant (pseudopregnant) luteal phases. Although overall concentrations were similar, the duration of elevated fecal P4 metabolites during pseudopregnancy was approximately half that observed during pregnancy. In summary, steroid metabolism mechanisms appear to be conserved among these physically diverse, taxonomically related species. Results indicate that this hormone-monitoring approach will be extremely useful for elucidating the hormonal regulatory mechanism associated with the reproductive cycle, pregnancy, and parturition of intractable and endangered felid species.
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	ISSN	0006-3363	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Document Type: eng			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 251			Serial	198
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	Author	Brown, M.
	Title	Community-Based Natural Resources Management in Snow Leopard Habitat			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	146-147
	Keywords	conservation; habitat; tourism; livestock; herders; herder; predator; prey; management; browse; 2940
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Lahore, Pakistan	Editor	R.Jackson; A.Ahmad
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 303			Serial	199
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	Author	Brunstein, L.
	Title	Handrearing Snow Leopards in the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	44-49
	Keywords	hand-rearing; hand; rearing; cubs; bottle; feeding; diet; browse; 3580
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 43			Serial	200
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	Author	Burgelo T.B.
	Title	Brief information of snow leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	54-55
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; snow leopard; records; analysis of food remains; captive breeding.; 6400; Russian
	Abstract	This article describes the encounters with snow leopard and their traces in various areas of Kazakhstan. In the Aksu Djabagly nature reserve, population of snow leopard does not exceed 10-12 animals. There were found remains of moral, argali, ibex, small birds, red-tailed marmot, hare (Lepus talai), mouse rodents and plants. One encounter with snow leopard is known to have occurred in the Greater Almaty Canyon in 1971-1981. There are no less than 25 snow leopards in the Jungar Ala-Tau. Snow leopard was found in the Aksu river valley, ridge Saur, and South Altai. The following number of snow leopards was kept in Kazakhstan's zoos, as of January 1, 1984: two males in Alma-Ata, one female in Chimkent. In 1976, one cub was born in the Alma-Ata zoo.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare animals of Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 618			Serial	201
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	Author	Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H.
	Title	Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	74-83
	Keywords	behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo
	Abstract	This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 915			Serial	202
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	Author	Burrard, G.
	Title	Big Game Hunting in the Himalayas and Tibet			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1925	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	hunting; big-game; Tibet; Himalayas; browse; big; game; 1860
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	Publisher	H. Jenkinns	Place of Publication	London	Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 11			Serial	203
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	Author	Buzurukov, A.; Muratov, R.
	Title	Snow Leopard Conservation Tajikistan			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	29-32
	Keywords	Tajikistan; livestock; herder; herders; predator; prey; ibex; hunting; poaching; Marco-Polo-sheep; Pamir; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; skin; pelt; coat; fur; Cites; protected; area; Ussr; Russia; Soviet-Union; Afghanistan; urial; markhor; status; distribution; habitat; Shugnan; Rushan; Tajik; protected-area; browse; marco polo sheep; marco polo; Marco-Polo; soviet; union; soviet union; protected area; protected areas; areas; 3020
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	Publisher	Inst	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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	Notes	full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 159			Serial	204
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	Author	Bykova E.A.
	Title	Method of questionnaire design used for the collecting of primary data on threatened species with the example of snow leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	208-214
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; questionnaire based method; distribution; number; food; behavior; poaching; snow leopard.; 6410; Russian
	Abstract	Method of questionnaire design is used for long time successfully in the various fields of zoological research. This method is most significant for the collecting of data on threatened species. It can be applied together with standard inquest and survey methods without taking remarkable financial and temporal expenses. Such data can be assigned as the base for further planning of scientific investigations of the threatened species. In the result of survey, there were gathered 96 records of Snow Leopard and its tracks of the vital functions on Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkestan and Hissar ridges. Majority of records was made on Hissar ridge either on the area of Hissar reserve, either outside of protected area. There was collected data on distribution of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan, on its territorial and food behavior, cases and causes of poaching. As a conclusion, it seems to be rational to use the method of questionnaire design among rangers of protected areas and local inhabitants for the collecting of primary information on threatened animal species. It would be optimal to gather such data every 3-4 years that would allow receiving the fresh comparable year-by-year information. Interpretation of questionnaire data should be made with certain prudence, taking into account subjectivity of collected information. Therefore during gathering of questionnaire data it is desirable personal attendance of researcher for more accurate definition of answers on the presented questions.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status and perspectives of the protected area network in Central Asia.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 619			Serial	205
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