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| Author |
Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. |
| Title |
Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Adv.Etho |
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| Volume |
33 |
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Pages |
43 |
| Keywords |
abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management |
| Abstract |
Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. |
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WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). |
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SLN @ rana @ 349 |
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897 |
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| Author |
Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A. |
| Title |
Management and husbandry of the snow leopard Uncia uncia |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
International Zoo Yearbook |
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| Volume |
35 |
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Pages |
139-147 |
| Keywords |
breeding; captive-management; diet; enclosures; housing; husbandry; nutrition; veterinary-care; zoo; browse; veterinary; care; captive; management; 1290 |
| Abstract |
The international studbook for the Snow leopard Uncia uncia was established in 1976. The species has been the focus of intensive captive management and as at 1 January 1992, 541 animals were maintained at 160 collections. This paper gives an overview of the diet, housing, breeding and captive management of the species with specific reference to animals maintained in North American collections. A summary of veterinary care reported in the Snow leopard captive-management survey is also given. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 331 |
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1018 |
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Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Smith, R.C.; Lewis, C.R. |
| Title |
Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone, and sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the leopard (Panthera pardus) |
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Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Journal of Reproductive Fertility |
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82 |
Issue |
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Pages |
43-49 |
| Keywords |
captive; Ovulation; Panthera pardus; Progesterone; Serum; sexual behaviour |
| Abstract |
Three mature nulliparous female leopards were studied for 5 years. During three separate 6-month periods serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals. Oestradiol was elevated over 21 pg/ml for 54 weeks during these 3 periods, and 36 oestradiol peaks (65\m=.\8\m=+-\6\m=.\3pg/ml (mean \m=+-\s.e.m.), range 21\p=n-\172pg/ml) were identified. Daily frequency of feline reproductive behaviours averaged over each week increased from 1\m=.\9\m=+-\0\m=.\2(n = 93) during weeks with low serum oestradiol concentrations (<21 pg/ml) to 5\m=.\3\m=+-\0\m=.\6(n = 54) during weeks when serum oestradiol concentrations (>21 pg/ml) were high. Increased serum progesterone concentrations (13\p=n-\98n/gml) were observed on 5 occasions in 2 leopards housed together. These presumptive luteal phases lasted from 1 to 5 weeks. Baseline progesterone values were 1\m=.\6\m=+-\0\m=.\4 ng/m(nl= 131). No progesterone increments were observed in isolated animals, and serum concentrations remained at baseline levels. These limited observations suggest that female leopards do not require intromission to induce ovulation and luteal function. The average interval between oestradiol peaks for cycles with no progesterone increment was 3\m=.\4weeks (range 1\p=n-\6weeks). The interval for the 3 complete cycles associated with elevated progesterone concentrations was 7\m=.\3weeks. Analysis of sexual behaviours over the 5-year study period revealed no evidence of seasonality in these
captive leopards. |
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SLN @ rana @ 923 |
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873 |
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| Author |
Ruedi, D.; Heldstab, A.; Wiesner, H.; Keller, P. |
| Title |
Liver cirrhosis in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia): Case histories of three animals and suggestion of some diagnostic possibilities |
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Book Chapter |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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| Volume |
1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
113-129 |
| Keywords |
captive; Cirrhosis; diagnostic; history; International; Liver; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1039 |
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835 |
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| Author |
Riordan, P. |
| Title |
Unsupervised recognition of individual tigers and snow leopards from their footprints |
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Miscellaneous |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Animal Conservation |
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1 |
Issue |
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Pages |
253-262 |
| Keywords |
captive; panthera tigris; panthera uncia; snow leopard; techniques; tiger |
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This study presents the testing of two unsupervised classification methods for their ability to accurately identify unknown individual tigers, Panthera tigris, and snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from their footprints. A neural-network based method, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), and a Bayesian method, AutoClass, were assessed using hind footprints taken from captive animals under standardized conditions. AutoClass successfully discriminated individuals of both species from their footprints. Classification accuracy was greatest for tigers, with more misclassification of individuals occurring for snow leopards. Examination of variable influence on class formations failed to identify consistently influential measurements for either species. The self-organizing map did not provide accurate classification of individuals for either species. Results were not substantially improved by altering map dimensions nor by using principal components derived from the original data. The interpretation of resulting classifications and the importance of using such techniques in the study of wild animal populations are discussed. The need for further testing in the field is highlighted. |
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SLN @ rana @ 896 |
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823 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Breeding ounces, Uncia uncia (Schreber, 1775) in zoological gardens |
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Book Chapter |
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1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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49-50 |
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breeding; captive; International; ounce; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; zoo; zoological; zoological-gardens; zoological gardens |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1038 |
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822 |
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| Author |
Rieger, I. |
| Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
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Book Chapter |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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1 |
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Pages |
78-103 |
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behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
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818 |
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| Author |
Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. |
| Title |
Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Anim.Keepers' Forum |
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25 |
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10 |
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386-391 |
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behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300 |
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The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 340 |
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814 |
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| Author |
Pokrovskiy V.S. |
| Title |
The role of zoos in conservation of rare predator mammal species |
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Miscellaneous |
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1979 |
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54-56 |
| Keywords |
snow leopard; captive breeding; Zoo.; 7950; Russian |
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Snow leopards are kept in 50 zoos worldwide, where some 70 animals were born. There are 26 snow leopards in 28 zoos of the USSR. The zoos of Chicago and Kaunas are specialized in breeding snow leopards. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 773 |
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781 |
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Phillips, L.; Simmons, L.; Newton Kelley, E. |
| Title |
Endodontics as a tool to compatibility in snow leopard pairings |
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Book Chapter |
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1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
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3 |
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127-128 |
| Keywords |
breeding; captive; International; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
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Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1036 |
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773 |
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