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Ryan, J. A., Roudebush, P., & Shores, J. (1990). Laryngeal obstruction associated with cuterebrosis in a snow leopard (Felis-uncia). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 21(3), 346–352.
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Lutz, H., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Fehr, D., Leutenegger, C., Hartmann, M., Ossent, P., et al. (1996). Liberation of the wilderness of wild felids bred under human custody: Danger of release of viral infections. Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde, 138(12), 579–585.
Abstract: There are several felidae amongst the numerous endangered species. Means of aiding survival are the reintroduction to the wild of animals bred under the auspices of man and their relocation from densely populated to thinly populated areas. It is unlikely that the dangers of such reintroduction or relocation projects have been examined sufficiently in respect to the risks of virus infections confronting individuals kept in zoos or similar situations. This report presents infections may be expected to occur when relo- three examples to illustrate that accidental virus cating and reintroducing wild cats. The first example is the reintroduction of captive snow leopards. Zoo bred snow leopards may be infected with FIV, a virus infection that is highly unlikely to occur in the original hirnalayan highlands of Tibet and China. A second example is of several cases of FIP that occured in European wild cats bred in groups in captivity. The third example mentioned is the relocation of hons from East Africa where all the commonly known feline viruses are wide-spread to the Etosha National Park. In the latter, virus infections such as FIV, FCV and FPV do not occur. The indiscriminate relocation and reintroduction of the wild cats mentioned here harbours a potential of undesirable consequences.
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Machado, C., Brown, P., & Turner, R. (1984). Dental crown restorations on a snow leopard. Journal Of Zoo Animal Medicine, 15(4), 146–150.
Abstract: In the spring of 1983 the San Francisco Zoo received a female snow leopard (Panthera uncia) as part of an exotic animal exchange program with the People's Republic of China. Upon examination, it was found that this nine-yea old, seventy-five pound, wild-trapped animal had sustained considerable dental injuries, including fractures of all maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. The purpose of this paper is to describe the dental procedures undertaken to restore the physiological function of all four canines.
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Mainka, S. A. (1986). Snow leopard surgery. Calgary Zoo Newsletter, , 10.
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Mainka, S. A. (1988). Revision of a Total Hip Replacement in a Snow Leopard. In H.Freeman (Ed.),. Usa: ISLT and Wildlife Institute of India.
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Maity, B., Chakraborty, G., & Pradhan, K. K. (1994). Toxocariasis in snow leopard (Panthera unica). Indian Veterinary Journal, 71(5), 499–501.
Abstract: Spontaneous occurrence of toxocariasis (Toxocaracati) in captive snow leopards with symptoms of diarrhoea, general malaise, letherapy, dehydration, partial or complete anorexia, vomiting with or without expulsion of the ascarid is reported. Response to anthelmintic drug pyrantal pamoate along with antibacterial drug sulphadimethyl pyrimidine and supportive therapy is recorded.
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Martin, C. L., Stiles, J., & Willis, M. (1997). Feline colobomatous syndrome. Veterinary-and-Comparative-Ophthalmology, 7(1), 39–43.
Abstract: A syndrome of multiple congenital ocular anomalies in a litter of domestic kittens is described which appears identical to the multiple colobomatous syndrome described in captive Snow Leopards. The lesions varied between kittens in the litter, but ranged from microphthalmos with blindness to mild alterations in the lateral lid margins that resulted in trichiasis. The syndrome of eyelid agenesis in the domestic cat may encompass a broad range of congenital ocular lesions and multiple siblings, but the cause and mechanism of lesion formation is unknown.
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McVittie, R. (1978). Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs. Applied-Animal-Ethology, 4(2), 159–168.
Abstract: Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned)
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Munson, L., & Worley, M. B. (1991). Veno-occlusive disease in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) from zoological parks. Vet Pathol, 28(1), 37–45.
Abstract: Livers from 54 snow leopards, 4 days to 23 years old, that had died in 23 US zoos, were evaluated histopathologically to determine if the hepatic fibrosis, which has been noted to be prevalent in this species, was due to chronic active hepatitis from hepadnaviral infection, Ito cell proliferation, or hemosiderosis. Forty-two of 54 snow leopards had subintimal vascular fibrosis with partial or total occlusion of central and sublobular veins (veno-occlusive disease) of unknown origin. All 21 leopards older than 5 years were affected. Four leopards had chronic active hepatitis, and 12 leopards had cholangiohepatitis; but these lesions were not connected anatomically to central and sublobular venous fibrosis. Hepatocellular and Kupffer cell siderosis and Ito cell proliferation were prevalent and often coexisted with perisinusoidal, central, and sublobular venous fibrosis; but fibrosis was present in leopards without siderosis or Ito cell proliferation. The pattern and prevalence of veno-occlusive disease in these leopards was similar to that reported in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), suggesting that a common extrinsic factor may cause the majority of hepatic disease in these large felid animals in captivity.
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Paul, H. A., Bargar, W. L., & Leininger, R. (1985). Total hip replacement in a snow leopard. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 187(11), 1262–1263.
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