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Author Fox, J.L., Sinha, S.P., Chundawat, R.S. url 
  Title Activity patterns and habitat use of ibex in the Himalaya mountains of India Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Journal of Mammology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 73 Issue 3 Pages 527-534  
  Keywords Capra ibex, activity patterns, habitat use, Himalaya mountains, India  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1168  
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Author Pokrovskiy V.S. url 
  Title Snow leopard, or irbis Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 82-98  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 7940; Russian  
  Abstract It considers biology of snow leopard, provides data concerning its number and distribution, and shows environment correlation of the predator. Besides, it describes the ways of catching snow leopards, and conditions under which it can be kept in enclosures. Precise recommendations for the species protection are given.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Large mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 772 Serial 780  
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Author Poyarkov, A.D.; Samoylova, G.S.; Subbotin, A.E. url 
  Title Evaluation of Potential Habitats of Snow Leopard (Uncia Uncia, Schreb.) In Altay-Khangay-Sayan Region and in Territory of Russian Federation: GIS Approach Type Conference Article
  Year 2002 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords snow; leopard; uncia; habitat; Forest; desert; tundra; territory; landscape; steppe; alpine; gorge; valley; land; use; region; potential; area; 5040  
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  Publisher Islt Place of Publication Islt Editor  
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  Notes Title, Monographic: Proceedings of the Snow Leopard Survival SummitPlace of Meeting: Seattle, WA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 490 Serial 788  
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Author Sapojnikov G.N. url 
  Title Distribution and number of several endangered mammals and birds of Tajikistan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1984 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 129-143  
  Keywords Tajikistan; endangered species; snow leopard; number; use.; 8070; Russian  
  Abstract Many years' data connected with the distribution and number of endangered species of animals as dhole (Cuon alpinus Pall), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena L.), snow leopard (Uncia uncia Shreb.) and birds of Tajikistan are given. Area of snow leopard includes the most of mountain ridges in this country. The total number is evaluated about 160-200 individuals. The record quantity of legal harvested skins of snow leopard is 64 in 1946.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Natural resources and nature reserves of Tajikistan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 785 Serial 844  
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Author Sludsky A.A. url 
  Title Genus Snow leopard Uncia Gray, 1854. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schreber, 1775 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. III, Part 2. Issue Pages 222-240  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; taxonomy; distribution; number; biology; use; snow leopard.; 8190; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is rare and extinctive species that have scientific and aesthetic significance. The features of genus Uncia and species Uncia uncia are described. Also distribution, habitat, way of life, reproduction biology, behavioural patterns, migration routes, infections and parasites, enemies and competitors, number and number fluctuation, practical value of snow leopard in the Kazakhstan are given.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan. Carnivora (Mustelidae, Felidae). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 797 Serial 900  
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Author Sokolov V.E. url 
  Title Snow leopard Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 349-350  
  Keywords Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; use; protection.; 8250; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard is an endangered species. Its number is steadily decreasing. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia: Pamir, Tien Shan, Djungar Ala-Tau, Tarbagatai, Saur. It is also met at altitudes ranging from 1,800 3,500 m above sea level. A total number of snow leopard in the USSR does not exceed 1,000 animals; according to other data 2,000 animals. A decreasing number of snow leopard and its habitat shrinkage is directly related to human's pursuing snow leopards (in the USSR snow leopard was for a long time being considered as a species causing damage to livestock so authorities gave premiums for catching/shooting snow leopards) and reduction of ungulate population. Snow leopards are now protected in mountain nature reserves of the USSR: Chatkal, Aksu-Djabagly, Ramit, Besh-Aral, Sary-Chelek, and Alma-Ata.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals. Mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 803 Serial 908  
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Author Sokov A.I. url 
  Title Environmental prerequisites for protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals in Tajikistan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1986 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Vol. 3. Issue Pages 27-29  
  Keywords Tajikistan; Red Data book; rare species; carnivores; large predators; brown bear; hyena; tiger; leopard; Lynx; snow leopard; decline; protection; sustainable use.; 8220; Russian  
  Abstract In Tajikistan it is necessary to preserve big predators listed in the Red Book, such as Uncia uncia, Ursus arctos isabellinus, Hyaena hyaena, Felis lynx isabellina, Panthera pardus ciscaucasica. An anthropogenic influence has resulted in the species' habitat shrinkage, deficit of food, disturbance of trophic interactions. It is necessary to restore a tiger population in the Tigrovaya Balka nature reserve, and resolve the issue of protection and sustainable use of commercial predatory species.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of IV Congress of all-Union mammalists' society. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 800 Serial 913  
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Author Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B. url 
  Title Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 42 Issue Pages 199-205  
  Keywords behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo  
  Abstract Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 910 Serial 943  
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Author Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C. url 
  Title Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Oecologia Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-10  
  Keywords browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya  
  Abstract Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.  
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  Publisher Springer-Verlag Place of Publication Online Editor  
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  Notes This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1062 Serial 951  
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Author Suryawanshi, K.R. url 
  Title Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report Type Report
  Year 2009 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-43  
  Keywords project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya  
  Abstract Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya.  
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  Notes Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1077 Serial 952  
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