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	Author	Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P.
	Title	What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Wildlife Society Bulletin	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of
	Abstract	Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements. Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to 64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1445
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	Author	Khatoon, R., Hussain, I., Anwar, M., Nawaz, M. A.
	Title	Diet selection of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Chitral, Pakistan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Turkish Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	14	Pages	914-923
	Keywords	Snow leopard, conservation, seasonal variation, diet composition, Chitral, Pakistan
	Abstract	Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an elusive endangered carnivore found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia, with sparse distribution in northern Pakistan, including Chitral and Baltistan. The present study determined the food habits of snow leopard, including preferred prey species and seasonal variation in diet. Fifty-six scat samples were collected and analyzed to determine the diet composition in two different seasons, i.e. summer and winter. Hair characteristics such as cuticular scale patterns and medullary structure were used to identify the prey. This evidence was further substantiated from the remains of bones, claws, feathers, and other undigested remains found in the scats. A total of 17 prey species were identified; 5 of them were large mammals, 6 were mesomammals, and the remaining 6 were small mammals. The occurrence of wild ungulates (10.4%) in the diet was low, while livestock constituted a substantial part (26.4%) of the diet, which was higher in summer and lower in winter. Mesomammals altogether comprised 33.4% of the diet, with palm civet (Paguma larvata) as a dominant (16.8%) species, followed by golden marmot (Marmota caudate) (8.8%), which was higher in winter. There was a significant difference in seasonal variation in domestic livestock and small mammals. The livestock contribution of 26.4% observed in the present study indicates a significant dependence of the population on livestock and suggests that the study area is expected to be a high-conflict area for snow leopards. The results of the current study would help improve the conservation efforts for snow leopards, contributing to conflict resolution and effective management of this endangered cat.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1459
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	Author	Shrestha, A., Thapa, K., Subba, S. A., Dhakal, M., Devkota, B. P., Thapa, G. J., Shrestha, S., Malla, S., Thapa, K.
	Title	Cats, canines, and coexistence: dietary differentiation between the sympatric Snow Leopard and Grey Wolf in the western landscape of Nepal Himalaya			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Journal of Threatened Taxa	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	7	Pages	13815-13821
	Keywords	Canis lupus, dietary pattern, dietary overlap, livestock, Naur, negative interaction, Panthera uncia, scat analysis, sympatry
	Abstract	Understanding the dietary habits of sympatric apex carnivores advances our knowledge of ecological processes and aids their conservation. We compared the diets of the sympatric Snow Leopard Panthera uncia and Grey Wolf Canis lupus using standard micro-histological analyses of scats collected from the western complex of Nepal Himalaya. Our study revealed one of the highest recorded contributions of livestock to the diet of top predators (55% for Grey Wolf and 39% for Snow Leopard) and high dietary overlap (0.82) indicating potential exploitative or interference competition. Their diet composition, however, varied significantly based on their consumption of wild and domestic prey. Limitation in data precludes predicting direction and outcome of inter-specific interactions between these predators. Our findings suggest a high rate of negative interaction with humans in the region and plausibly retaliatory killings of these imperilled predators. To ensure the sustained survival of these two apex carnivores, conservation measures should enhance populations of their wild prey species while reducing livestock losses of the local community through preventive and mitigative interventions.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1485
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	Author	Lu, Q., Xiao, L., Cheng, C., Lu, Z., Zhao, J., Yao, M.
	Title	Snow Leopard Dietary Preferences and Livestock Predation Revealed by Fecal DNA Metabarcoding: No Evidence for Apparent Competition Between Wild and Domestic Prey			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	783546	Pages	1 - 14
	Keywords	apparent mutualism, blue sheep, feeding habits, molecular dietary analysis, human-carnivore conflict, prey selection, Sanjiangyuan
	Abstract	Accurate assessments of the patterns and drivers of livestock depredation by wild carnivores are vital for designing effective mitigation strategies to reduce human-wildlife conflict. Snow leopard’s (Panthera uncia) range extensively overlaps pastoralist land- use and livestock predation there is widely reported, but the ecological determinants of livestock consumption by snow leopards remain obscure. We investigated snow leopard dietary habits at seven sites across the Sanjiangyuan region of the Qinghai– Tibetan Plateau (QTP), an area central to the species’ global range. Snow leopard abundance, wild prey composition, and livestock density varied among those sites, thus allowing us to test the effects of various factors on snow leopard diet and livestock predation. Using DNA metabarcoding, we obtained highly resolved dietary data from 351 genetically verified snow leopard fecal samples. We then analyzed the prey preferences of snow leopards and examined ecological factors related to their livestock consumption. Across the sites, snow leopard prey was composed mainly of wild ungulates (mean = 81.5% of dietary sequences), particularly bharal (Pseudois nayaur), and supplemented with livestock (7.62%) and smaller mammals (marmots, pikas, mice; 10.7%). Snow leopards showed a strong preference for bharal, relative to livestock, based on their densities. Interestingly, both proportional and total livestock consumption by snow leopards increased linearly with local livestock biomass, but not with livestock density. That, together with a slight negative relationship with bharal density, supports apparent facilitation between wild and domestic prey. We also found a significant positive correlation between population densities of snow leopard and bharal, yet those densities showed slight negative relationships with livestock density. Our results highlight the importance of sufficient wild ungulate abundance to the conservation of viable snow leopard populations. Additionally, livestock protection is critically needed to reduce losses to snow leopard depredation, especially where local livestock abundances are high.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1675
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	Author	Aromov, B.
	Title	Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Hissar Nature Reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue 3	Issue		Pages	121-125
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; snow leopard; Hissar ridge; Hissar nature reserve; number; population estimate; diet; wild ibex; livestock; rut; cubs; competitors.; 6080; Russian
	Abstract	Data on distribution, number, diet and breeding of snow leopard in NW spurs of the Hissar Ridge were collected over long-term studies in the span from 1981 to 1994. An increase in the number of this animal from 4 to 17 individuals has been recorded in the Hissar Nature Reserve (Uzbekistan).
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceeding of Nature Reserves in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 587			Serial	100
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	Author	Chundawat, R.S.; Rawat G.S.
	Title	Food Habits of Snow Leopard in Ladakh, India			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	11
	Keywords	India; Ladakh; behavior; predator; prey; livestock; blue-sheep; ibex; ungulates; marmots; parks; refuge; protected-area; reserves; diet; habitat; scat; kills; blue; sheep; browse; protected; area; 970
	Abstract	The snow leopard has remained little studied in the past, and most of the information available is either in the form of natural history or anecdotal notes. The inaccessibility of the terrain and its secretive habits make this one of the more difficult animals to study in the wild. In the past decade, several ecological surveys were conducted in India, Nepal, China and Mongolia, which gave us information on the status and distribution of snow leopard (Jackson, Mallon, Fox, Schaller, Chundawat) A detailed study in Nepal through light on its secretive habits ( Jackson and Ahlborn, 1989). Even then little is known about its feeding habits. The present paper discusses this aspect from a study which was part of a detailed study conducted on the ecology of snow leopard in India from October 1987 to Feburary 1990.
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	Notes	full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 305			Serial	223
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	Author	Brunstein, L.
	Title	Handrearing Snow Leopards in the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	44-49
	Keywords	hand-rearing; hand; rearing; cubs; bottle; feeding; diet; browse; 3580
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 43			Serial	200
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	Author	Hongguang, H.; Yongfu, X.
	Title	Captive snow leopards in the Chongqing Zoo			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	191-193
	Keywords	China; zoos; captivity; cage; food; feeding; diet; management; zoo; browse; 3390
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	Publisher	Islt	Place of Publication	Usa	Editor	J.L.Fox; D.Jizeng
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	Notes	Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Seventh International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 228			Serial	389
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	Author	Bogdanov O.P.
	Title	Snow leopard or irbis Uncia Uncia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1992	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	76-80
	Keywords	Ussr; Uzbekistan; Pamir; tien shan; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Chatkal ridge; juniper forest; snow leopard; species range; hunting; behavior; diet; reproductive activity; number; ibex; mountain sheep.; 6380; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard and its habitat within the USSR and Uzbek SSR are described. Its habitat in the Chatkal and Hissar ridges are described too. Given are data concerning alimentary biology, reproduction, and attitude to man. Female snow leopards become mature at the age of two three years, male at the age of four years. Reproduction occurs once every two years. Presumably, there are 10 animals in the country. Snow leopard is protected in four nature reserves in Uzbekistan and a number of nature reserves in neighbour countries.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered animals of Uzbekistan. Encyclopedic reference book.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 616			Serial	185
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	Author	Meklenburtsev R.N.
	Title	About ecology of ibex in Pamir			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1949	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 28, edition 5.	Issue		Pages	482-483
	Keywords	Tajikistan; Pamir; ibex; distribution; number; diet; reproductive biology; predators; snow leopard; commercial use.; 7640; Russian
	Abstract	Ibex is distributed all over the Pamir mountains, inhabiting rocks and canyons and ascending up to 5,500 m above sea level. In summer, ibex mostly feeds upon sedge and cereals, in winter wormwood. It keeps in herds containing 15 to 30 animals. The coupling period is December; kids being born at the beginning of June. The most dangerous predators are snow leopard and wolf. Ibex is a main commercial game species.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 742			Serial	674
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