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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Some difficulty breeding ounces, (Uncia uncia) at zoological gardens |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards |
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2 |
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76-95 |
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breeding; captivity; zoo; zoos; monagamy; behavior; browse; 3670 |
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discusses monagamy in snow leopards |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 54 |
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819 |
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Author |
Rieger, I. |
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Title |
Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1978 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 |
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Volume |
1 |
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Pages |
78-103 |
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behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1037 |
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818 |
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Author |
Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. |
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Title |
Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Anim.Keepers' Forum |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
25 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
386-391 |
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Keywords |
behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300 |
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The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh. |
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Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 340 |
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814 |
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Author |
Razmakhnin V.E. |
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Title |
Siberian wild ibex |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1977 |
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164-175 |
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Ussr; Siberian wild ibex; biology; distribution; number; variability; behavior; predators; snow leopard.; 8050; Russian |
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It provides a detailed description of biology, distribution, geographic variability, behavior, and locomotion features of ibex in the USSR. Its population was defined as 100,000 animals, main enemies being wolf, snow leopard, and golden eagle. Wolf mainly preys on ibex at the end of winter; old males, weakened during the heat mostly becoming a prey. Snow leopards prey on ibexes all year round. Golden eagles mostly prey on young ibexes. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ungulates. Rare animals of the USSR. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 783 |
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810 |
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Author |
Rana, B.S. |
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Title |
Distinguishing kills of two large mammalian predators in Spiti Valley Himachal Pradesh |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
J.Bombay Nat.Hist.Soc |
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Volume |
94 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
553 |
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Keywords |
behavior; endangered; threatened species; foods; feeding; mammals; predation; wildlife; livestock relationships; snow leopard; Tibetan wolf; prey; livestock; India; panthera uncia; canis lupis; browse; threatened; species; relationships; tibetan; wolf; panthera; uncia; canis; lupis; 610 |
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The author studied livestock killed by predators in the Spiti Valley, India, to determine what species had killed yaks, horses, donkeys, and other domestic animals. Eleven of the kills examined were made by snow leopards and six by the Tibetan wolf. Wolves were involved in surplus killings, while snow leopards kill as food is needed. lgh |
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Document Type: English |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 326 |
Serial |
804 |
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Author |
Pokrovski, V.S. |
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Title |
The Snow Leopard Large Predators |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
1976 |
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Keywords |
Soviet-Union; Russia; Ussr; behavior; ecology; captivity; zoo; zoos; distribution; conservation; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2590 |
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Abstract |
Detailed review of snow leopard distribution and abundance, behavior, ecology,captive population and conservation measures in the Soviet Union. Estimates a snow leopard population of 300 +/- 150. |
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Place of Publication |
Moscow |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 35 |
Serial |
778 |
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Author |
Panwar, H.S.; Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Ecology of the Snow Loepard and Associated Prey in Central Ladakh |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1986 |
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18 |
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Keywords |
Ladakh; research; field-study; study; India; home-range; movement; habitat; prey; behavior; Himalaya; Human; ineraction; conflisct; Landsat; browse; 4180 |
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Notes |
Full text at URL |
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no |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 406 |
Serial |
758 |
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Author |
Oshmarin P.G. |
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Title |
Traces in nature |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
296 |
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Traces of vital activity; hunting behavior; snow leopard.; 7820; Russian |
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Traces of vital activity of various animal species such as footprints, faeces, food remains, etc. are identified. It also provides information about hunting behavior of predators. Snow leopards would hunt along rather than in groups. Near the remains of prey they leave pieces of skin, skull of victim remaining untouched. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 760 |
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757 |
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Author |
O'Connor, T.; Freeman, H. |
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Title |
Maternal behavior and behavioral development in the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
103-110 |
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Keywords |
behavior; captive; development; International; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo |
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Helsinki Zoo |
Place of Publication |
Helsinki |
Editor |
Blomqvist, L. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1035 |
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733 |
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Author |
Nolte-Wilson, B. |
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Title |
Soveriegn of menaced realm: the snow leopard |
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1990 |
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Natura WWF-Pakistan Newsletter |
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9 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
3-9 |
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Pakistan; browse; behavior; Chitrol-Gol; baiting; spays; pug; scrapes; habitat; 3130 |
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Full Text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 171 |
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723 |
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Author |
Molyukov M.I. |
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Title |
Irbis |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
1989 |
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74-81 |
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Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; number; diet; behavior.; 7710; Russian |
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In a popular form it tells about snow leopard, its geographical distribution, behavioral patterns, food, enemies and competitors, hunting behavior, etc. Given are interesting data concerning the number of ibex killed during one hunt in eastern Pamir (25 30 ibexes), cases of snow leopard's attacking bears and so on. Snow leopard rarely preys on livestock, mainly sheep and goats. Young snow leopards are easily tamed. There are about 2,000 snow leopards in the USSR about 1,500 of them are in Kyrgyzstan. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of the Red Data Book of the USSR. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 749 |
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703 |
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Author |
Ming, M.; Chundawat R.S.; Jumabay, K.; Wu, Y.; Aizeizi, Q.; Zhu, M.H. |
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Title |
Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Acta Theriologica Sinica |
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Volume |
52 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
788-793 |
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Keywords |
behavior; camera trapping; capture; China; Chinese; density; feces; fox; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; photo; population; research; reserve; sign; snow leopard; survey; Tianshan Mountains; Tomur; transect; Uncia uncia; Xinjiang |
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The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate snow leopard Uncia uncia population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in five different small vales of the Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province, E80ø35' – 81ø00' and N42ø00' – 42ø10', elevation 2'300 – 3'000 m, from 18th October to 27th December 2005. We expended approximately 2094 trap days and nights total (c. 50'256 hours). At least 32 pictures of snow leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species (e.g. chukor, wild pig, ibex, red fox, cape hare) and 72 pictures of livestock were taken by the passive Cam Trakker (CT) train monitor in about 16 points of the Muzat Valley. The movement distance of snow leopard was 3-10 km/day. And the capture rate or photographic rate of snow leopard was 1.53%. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. According to 32 photos, photographic rate and sign survey after snowing on the spot, were about 5-8 individuals of snow leopards in the research area, and the minimum density of snow leopard in Muzat Valley was 2.0 – 3.2 individuals/100 km2. We observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours, and found about 20 groups and a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. |
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In Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 971 |
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683 |
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Author |
Ming, M. |
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Camera trapping on snow leopards in the Muzat Valley, Reserve, Xinjiang, P.R. China (October-December 2005) |
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2006 |
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1-5 |
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behavior; camera trapping; China; feces; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; population size; snow leopard; Tomur; transect; Xinjiang |
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The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate Snow Leopard population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province. We expended approximately 2094 trap days total. At least 32 pictures of Snow Leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species and 72 pictures of livestock were taken in the Muzat Valley. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. We also observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours and found a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area. |
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SLN @ rana @ 970 |
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682 |
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Author |
Meiers, S.T. |
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Title |
Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois |
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1992 |
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1-74 |
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habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief |
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Abstract |
Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit. |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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DePaul University |
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A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1008 |
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673 |
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Author |
McVittie, R. |
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Title |
Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs |
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Journal Article |
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1978 |
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Applied-Animal-Ethology |
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4 |
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2 |
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159-168 |
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suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580 |
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Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 37 |
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669 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T.; Khan, J.; Ud-Din, J.; McCarthy, K. |
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Title |
First study of snow leopards using GPS-satellite collars underway in Pakistan |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Cat News |
Abbreviated Journal |
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46 |
Issue |
Spring |
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22-23 |
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study; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; using; collars; collar; Pakistan; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; habitat; Cats; cat; sound; knowledge; ecology; behavior; conserve; information; radio; radio collars; radio collar; radio-collars; radio-collar; Nepal; 1980; Mongolia; 1990; Gps; Report; Data; Satellite |
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Snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are highly cryptic and occupy remote inaccessible habitat, making studying the cats difficult in the extreme. Yet sound knowledge of the cat's ecology, behavior and habitat needs is required to intelligently conserve them. This information is lacking for snow leopards, and until recently so was the means to fill that knowledge gap. Two long-term studies of snow leopards using VHF radio collars have been undertaken in Nepal (1980s) and Mongolia (1990s) but logistical and technological constraints made the findings of both studies equivocal. Technological advances in the interim, such as GPS collars which report data via satellite, make studies of snow leopards more promising, at least in theory. |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 1009 |
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666 |
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Author |
McCarthy, T.; Munkhtsog, B. |
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Title |
Preliminary Assessment of Snow Leopard Sign Surveys in Mongolia |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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57-65 |
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Mongolia; Slims; field-survey; scrapes; scrape; spray; marking; habitat; gobi; status; distribution; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; sighn; surveys; survey; Gis; behavior; herder; herders; protected-area; browse; field survey; field; protected; area; 2670 |
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Islt |
Place of Publication |
Lahore, Pakistan |
Editor |
R.Jackson; A.Ahmad |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 320 |
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656 |
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Author |
Matyushkin, E.N. |
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Title |
Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Zoologichesky Zhurnal |
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Volume |
79 |
Issue |
(4) |
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412-429 |
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Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian |
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In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998. |
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Document Type: Russian |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 391 |
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652 |
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Author |
Mallon, D.P. |
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Title |
A Further Report on The Snow Leopard in Ladakh |
Type |
Conference Article |
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1988 |
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89-97 |
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Ladakh; India; ecology; Protected-area-network; reserves; parks; refuge; habitat; field study; tracking; scrapes; marking; feces; behavior; status; distribution; browse; 1680 |
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A detailed knowledge of the ecology of a species is fundemental to the drawing up of effective conservation measures. One aim of the current project was to identify good areas of snow leopard habitatand evaluate them for possible inclusion in the Protected Area Network. Several good areas were surveyed and an outstanding area identified, and included in a report to the Chief Wildlife Warden. |
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Snow Leopard Trust and Wildlife Institute of India |
Place of Publication |
India |
Editor |
H.Freeman |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 118 |
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645 |
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Author |
Malik, M.M. |
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Title |
The Current Status of Snow Leopards and Their Prey Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Pakistan |
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1997 |
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11-20 |
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Pakistan; predator; prey; predation; livestock; research; monitoring; park; parks; refuge; Slims; conservation; poaching; hunting; furs; pelts; ecology; behavior; law; laws; education; herder; herders; status; protected-area; browse; protected areas; protected area; area; areas; protected; 2130 |
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International Snow Leopard Trust |
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Lahore, Pakistan |
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R.Jackson; A.Ashiq |
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Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Eighth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Islamabad, PakistanDate of Copyright: 1997 |
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Call Number |
SLN @ rana @ 318 |
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641 |
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Author |
Lukarevskiy V.S. |
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Title |
Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal |
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Miscellaneous |
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2003 |
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200 |
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Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian |
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It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. |
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SLN @ rana @ 738 |
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627 |
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Author |
Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. |
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A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae |
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1976 |
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Behavioural-Processes |
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1 |
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4 |
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327-333 |
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behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590 |
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Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) |
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Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. |
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SLN @ rana @ 32 |
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610 |
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Kuznetsnov, G.U.; Matyushkin, E.N. |
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The snow leopard hunts |
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1980 |
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Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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11 |
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44-48 |
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Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Tien-Shan; hunting; behavior; predator; prey; browse; soviet; union; tien; shan; 3760 |
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Describes observations of a snow leopard hunting ibex in the western Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. The hunt was unsucceseful, but the account provides information on behavior of both the snow leoaprd and ibex in a predator prey relationship |
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SLN @ rana @ 56 |
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599 |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E.P. |
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Title |
An Unusual Hunt |
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1988 |
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Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards |
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5 |
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9-12 |
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Tien-Shan; tracking; feces; ibex; hunting; predator; prey; browse; behavior; 940 |
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Full text available at URLTien Shan High Mountain Physical Geography Staion, Kirghizian Academy of Sciences (Pokrovka) USSRDocument Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 402 |
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571 |
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Author |
Koshkarev, E.P. |
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Title |
Characteristics of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) movements in the Tien Shan |
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1984 |
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International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards |
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4 |
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15-21 |
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Tien-Shan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; behavior; habitat; tracks; tracking; prey; predator; ibex; kills; browse; tien shan; soviet union; soviet; union; 2750 |
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Reports on a 3 yr winter study of snow leopard movements and activity, based on following tracks in the snow in Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. Travel route preference is examined with regard to snow and terrain characteristics, and prey abundance. Snow leopard kills of ibex and hare are noted |
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Full text available at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 403 |
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570 |
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