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	Author
	Title	Biological diversity conservation. National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	34-35
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; national strategy and action plan; biodiversity; endangered species; snow leopard; distribution; number; conservation measures.; 6280; Russian
	Abstract	The National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan was signed on April 1, 1998. Snow leopard was included in the list of rare and endangered animal species and referred to category 2 a rare, not endangered species. It is distributed in highlands of the West Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alay. Its population is 30-50 animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Gissar nature reserve, and Ugam-Chatkal national park.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 606			Serial	17
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	Author	Abdusalyamov I.A.
	Title	A perspective development of fur-animal farming and fish industry in the Tajik SSR			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1972	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	155-160
	Keywords	Tajikistan; fur-trade; snow leopard; conservation measure.; 5830; Russian
	Abstract	Given are data concerning fur-trade in Tajikistan in 1962 1966. Snow leopard trade reduced from 54 animals (1962) to 12 (1966). Given are recommendations for the establishment of a highland nature reserve in Pamir and the Sary Khosor nature reserve in the Vakhsh ridge.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology and Parasitilogy of the Academy of Science of the Tajik SSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 562			Serial	30
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	Author	Abramov V.K.
	Title	Ecological basis of the conservation of large predators in USSR			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1974	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.I.	Issue		Pages	7-8
	Keywords	Ussr; large predators; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 5850; Russian
	Abstract	Problems of conservation of large predators (Felis tigris L., Panthera pardus L., Felis uncia Schreb., Acinonyx jubatus Schreb., Hyaena h¢…†n… L., Cuon alpinus Pall., Ursus maritimus Phipps, U.tibetanus Cuv.) inhabiting territory of USSR are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 1st International Congress on mammals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 564			Serial	31
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	Author	Abzalov A.A.
	Title	Game management development			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1974	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	20 24
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; hunting farm; zakaznik; nature conservation; game species; snow leopard.; 5860; Russian
	Abstract	An issue of wildlife conservation in game preserves, forestries, and sanctuaries is discussed. In some regions of Uzbekistan there are various protected wildlife areas preserving unique and game species: marchor in the Kugitan hunting farm, Bukhara deer the Bukhara region, bear and snow leopard, argali, ibex, wild-boars, snow-cock, partridge, eagle, etc. in the Miraki hunting farm, pheasants in the Karadara forestry. To restore and upgrade the game management level in the country it is required to properly create game preserves, enlarge reproduction activity, strictly follow rules and terms of hunting and cultivate careful and solicitous attitude to wildlife and its resources in all hunters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and man.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 565			Serial	32
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	Author	Abzalov A.A.
	Title	Principles of the nature reserve establishment in Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1976	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	20-22
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; nature protected areas network; nature conservation; flora; fauna; deserts; mountain; river forest; snow leopard.; 5870; Russian
	Abstract	It provides a brief description of nature reserves network in Uzbekistan: Karakul and Vardanza (in desert); Chatkal, Zaamin, Nurata, and Kyzylsu (in mountains); Aralpaigambar, Kyzylkum, Badaitugai, Zeravshan (riverine forests). Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Zaamin, and Kizilsu nature reserves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Regional problems of sustainable use and protection of biosphere. Proceedings of first session of the scientific council of the Academy of Science of the Uzbek SSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 566			Serial	33
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	Author	Ale, S.
	Title	Conservation of the snow leopard in Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year		Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Nepal; radio-collars; tracking; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; conservation; livestock; religion; folklore; blue-sheep; blue; sheep; browse; radio collars; radio; collar; collars; annapurna conservation area; annapurna; area; protected; areas; 4080
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available at URL			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 2			Serial	51
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	Author	Ale, S.; Whelan, C.
	Title	Reappraisal of the role of big, fierce predators			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Biodiversity Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	685-690
	Keywords	Biodiversity ú Conservation ú Costs of predation ú Indirect effects ú Non-lethal effects ú Predators ú Top-down control; big; predators; predator
	Abstract	The suggestion in the early 20th century that top predators were a necessary component of ecosystems because they hold herbivore populations in check and promote biodiversity was at Wrst accepted and then largely rejected. With the advent of Evolutionary Ecology and a more full appreciation of direct and indirect effects of top predators, this role of top predators is again gaining acceptance. The previous views were predicated upon lethal effects of predators but largely overlooked their non-lethal effects. We suggest that conceptual advances coupled with an increased use of experiments have convincingly demonstrated that prey experience costs that transcend the obvious cost of death. Prey species use adaptive behaviours to avoid predators, and these behaviours are not cost-free. With predation risk, prey species greatly restrict their use of available habitats and consumption of available food resources. Effects of top predators consequently cascade down to the trophic levels below them. Top predators, the biggies, are thus both the targets of and the means for conservation at the landscape scale.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 885			Serial	52
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	Author	Allen, P.
	Title	WWF Progress Report: Irbis Enterprises Snow Leopard Conservation Incentive Project			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	irbis; conservation; herders; livestock; economics; Mongolia; gobi; poaching; community-development; development; browse; community; 4100
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Location: Uvs Aimag (Turgen and Tsagaan Shuvuut Strictly Protected Areas)Gobi Altai Aimag (Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area)			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 355			Serial	65
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	Author	Allen, P.
	Title	Irbis Enterprises: A Project of the International Snow Leopard Trust			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	1-3
	Keywords	Islt; irbis-enterprises; irbis; income; herders; incentive; grazing; limitations; poaching; prey; resentment; livestock; wool; cashmere; conservation; tolerance; predation; education; browse; 4320
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Columbus Zoo and Aquarium	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: The Conservationist			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 420			Serial	66
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	Author	Allen, P.
	Title	Conservation Increases Crafts Income			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2002	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Winter, 2002	Issue		Pages	7
	Keywords	crafts; conservation; herders; Sle; snow-leopard-enterprises; nomadic; Mongolia; wool; income; tourists; poaching; incentive; livestock; zoos; browse; 4310
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full Text at URLJournal Title: Crafts News			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 419			Serial	67
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	Author	Annenkov, B.P.
	Title	The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in the Dzungarsky Alatau			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	21-24
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; status; distribution; conservation; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; behavior; protected-area; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; 3010
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Sixth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: KazakhstanDate of Copyright: 1990			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 163			Serial	74
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	Protection Funded for Himalayan Snow Leopards, Bears			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1999	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Tien-Shan; biodiversity; Transboundry; parks; reserve; refuge; protected-area; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyz; Uzbekistan; Himalayan; management; conservation; kazakstan; browse; tien shan; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; 4110
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://ens.lycos.com/ens/jun99/1999L-06-23-05.html (article,photos), c Environment News Service (ENS) 1999. All Rights Reserved. Full Text at Snowleopard URLJournal Title: Environmental News Service			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 360			Serial	87
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	A snow leopard conservation plan for Mongolia			Type	Report
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-8
	Keywords	awareness; behaviour; biodiversity; conservation plan; decline; density; ecology; fund-raising; funding; habitat degradation; Himalayan; management; Mongolia; montane; pastoralists; pelt; predator; snow-leopard-conservation-plan; snow leopard; trade; Wwf
	Abstract	The snow leopard faces multiple threats in the Himalayan region, from habitat degradation, loss of prey, the trade in pelts, parts and live animals, and conflict with humans, primarily pastoralists. Consequently, the populations are considered to be in decline and the species is listed as Endangered in the IUCN's Red List. As a 'flagship' and 'umbrella' species the snow leopard can be a unifying biological feature to raise awareness of its plight and the need for conservation, which will benefit other facets of Himalayan biodiversity as well. Some studies of snow leopards have been conducted in the Himalayan region. But, because of its elusive nature and preference for remote and inaccessible habitat, knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of this mystical montane predator is scant. The available information, however, suggests that snow leopards occur at low densities and large areas of habitat are required to conserve a viable population. Thus, many researchers and conservationists have advocated landscape-scale approaches to conservation within a regional context, rather than focusing on individual protected areas.This regional strategy for WWF's snow leopard conservation program is built on such an approach. The following were identified as important regional issues: 1) international trade in snow leopards and parts; 2) the human-snow leopard conflict; 3) the need for a landscape approach to conservation to provide large spatial areas that can support demographically and ecologically viable snow leopard metapopulations; 4) research on snow leopard ecology to develop long-term, science-based conservation management plans; and 5) regional coordination and dialog. While the issues are regional, the WWF's in the region have developed 5-year strategic actions and activities, using the regional strategies as a touchstone, which will be implemented at national levels. The WWF's will develop proposals based on these strategic actions, with estimated budgets, for use by the network for funding and fund-raising. WWF also recognizes the need to collaborate and coordinate within the network and with other organizations in the region to achieve conservation goals in an efficient manner, and will form a working group to coordinate activities and monitor progress.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Publication date unknown but must be at least from 2000.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 995			Serial	92
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	Author	Anonymous
	Title	Snow leopard conservation: a NABU project in Kyrgyzstan			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Oryx	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	35	Issue	4	Pages	354-355
	Keywords	snow leopard; conservation; Kyrgyzstan; Nabu; endangered; illegal hunting; 5180
	Abstract	Since 1999, NABU, the German Society for Nature Conservation, has been organizing the conservation of snow leopards Uncia uncia in Kyrgyzstan in an international project in cooperation with the Kyrgyz Ministry of the Environment, Emergencies and Civil Defence and the Kyrgyz Ministry of the Interior. The animal, with its typical grey-beige patterned fur and bushy tail, is one of the most endangered big cats in the world. It is categorized as Endangered on the 2000 IUCN Red List and is on CITES Appendix I.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Conservation News section of Oryx. Full text available at URL.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 503			Serial	93
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	Author	Bannikov A.G.
	Title	We must save them			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	49-50
	Keywords	Ussr; endangered species; Red Data book; snow leopard; biology; distribution; number; captive breeding; conservation.; 6160; Russian
	Abstract	It describes the USSR's fauna species included in the Red Data Book and gives an assessment of endangered species conservation practices throughout the world. It says about ways and perspectives of conservation and rehabilitation of rare animals in the USSR. It provides brief information concerning snow leopard's biology, distribution, number, opportunities for captive breeding, and international conservation activities aimed to protect this species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 594			Serial	113
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.
	Title	Conservation Measurements taken for the Captive Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, Population and a Report of Fluctuations in Stock in 1983			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	55-71
	Keywords	captivity; zoo; zoos; status; breeding; reproduction; conservation; browse; 2920
	Abstract	Reports on conservation measures over the past 10 years. Notes current snow leopard exchange programs between zoos in the US and USSR and Europe. Describes status and reproductive success of the captive snow leopard population, list animals currently in captivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 79			Serial	160
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	Author	Esipov A.V.
	Title	Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	48-49
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; 6600; Russian
	Abstract	There are two isolated snow leopard populations in Uzbekistan, both of which are located along the fringe of the species' distribution. These groups are the Pamir-Alai and the Tien-Shan, of which are united to snow leopard range in neighboring Tadjikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Apart from animals inhabiting the Hissar Nature Reserve, the Pamir-Alai population consists of animals inhabiting the upper portion of the Tupalang River basin and the mountains around Baisuntau. This population is currently estimated at about 30 individuals, from which as many as 10 individuals are reported to be killed or captured annually. However, we suspect the loss rate is more like five to eight individuals, with the entire Pamir-Alai group in Uzbekistan numbering 22 – 25 animals. The Tien-Shan snow leopard sub-population group of Uzbekistan occupies the high-mountain portions of practically all of the large ridges in the area, including Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam and Talass Alatau. The number of snow leopards harvested from this sub-population appears to be five or seven individuals, with the total number placed at 27-32 individuals. The major factors restricting snow leopard numbers in Uzbekistan appears to be poaching of both snow leopard and its large prey species like ibex, as well as disturbance associated with the intensive development of the alpine lands for pasturing livestock. In order to preserve the snow leopard in Uzbekistan it will be necessary to control and eliminate poaching. Additional habitat could be provided by expanding the Chatkal Nature Reserve by adding lands in the Shavassai River basin as well as Akbulak River basin.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 638			Serial	255
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	Author	Esipov V.M.
	Title	The status and perspective protection and rehabilitation of natural ecosystems in the Chatkal state biosphere nature reserve under the State Committee for Agriculture and Industry of the USSR			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1986	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	15-17
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; establishment; conservation regime; Animals; snow leopard.; 6580; Russian
	Abstract	The area of the Chatkal nature reserve reduced as part of its territory (a land plot in the Shavasay river basin) was assigned to a military game preserve. As regime of protection worsened, number of animals such as Menzbier's marmot, snow leopard, ibex, snow cock, and black stork began to reduce.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geographical problems of wildlife protection development.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 636			Serial	265
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	Author	Farrington, J.
	Title	A Report on Protected Areas, Biodiversity, and Conservation in the Kyrgyzstan Tian Shan with Brief Notes on the Kyrgyzstan Pamir-Alai and the Tian Shan Mountains of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and China			Type	Book Whole
	Year	2005	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-276
	Keywords	Report; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; biodiversity; conservation; Kyrgyzstan; Tian; Tian-Shan; shan; Pamir-Alai; mountains; mountain; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; China; environmental; study; former; soviet; central; Central Asia; asia; land; Forest; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; Chinese; range; republic; wildlife; International; research; land-use; land use; recent; inner; project; ecological; Middle; Middle Asia; Organization; awareness; region; preserve; species; ecosystems; ecosystem; potential; community; Biodiversity conservation; Xinjiang; information; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; protection; flora; fauna; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; endemic; plants; plant; history; Southern; survey; protect; river; heart
	Abstract	Kyrgyzstan is a land of towering mountains, glaciers, rushing streams, wildflowercovered meadows, forests, snow leopards, soaring eagles, and yurt-dwelling nomads. The entire nation lies astride the Tian Shan1, Chinese for “Heavenly Mountains”, one of the world's highest mountain ranges, which is 7439 m (24,400 ft) in elevation at its highest point. The nation is the second smallest of the former Soviet Central Asian republics. In spite of Kyrgyzstan's diverse wildlife and stunning natural beauty, the nation remains little known, and, as yet, still on the frontier of international conservation efforts. The following report is the product of 12 months of research into the state of conservation and land-use in Kyrgyzstan. This effort was funded by the Fulbright Commission of the U.S. State Department, and represents the most recent findings of the author's personal environmental journey through Inner Asia, which began in 1999. When I first started my preliminary research for this project, I was extremely surprised to learn that, even though the Tian Shan Range has tremendous ecological significance for conservation efforts in middle Asia, there wasn't a single major international conservation organization with an office in the former Soviet Central Asian republics. Even more surprising was how little awareness there is of conservation issues in the Tian Shan region amongst conservation workers in neighboring areas who are attempting to preserve similar species assemblages and ecosystems to those found in the Tian Shan. Given this lack of awareness, and the great potential for the international community to make a positive contribution towards improving the current state of biodiversity conservation in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia, I have summarized my findings on protected areas and conservation in Kyrgyzstan and the Tian Shan of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Xinjiang in the chapters below. The report begins with some brief background information on geography and society in the Kyrgyz Republic, followed by an overview of biodiversity and the state of conservation in the nation, which at the present time closely parallels the state of conservation in the other former Soviet Central Asian republics. Part IV of the report provides a catalog of all major protected areas in Kyrgyzstan and the other Tian Shan nations, followed by a list of sites in Kyrgyzstan that are as yet unprotected but merit protection. In the appendices the reader will find fairly comprehensive species lists of flora and fauna found in the Kyrgyz Republic, including lists of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, trees and shrubs, wildflowers, and endemic plants. In addition, a draft paper on the history and current practice of pastoral nomadism in Kyrgyzstan has been included in Appendix A. While the research emphasis for this study was on eastern Kyrgyzstan, over the course of the study the author did have the opportunity to make brief journeys to southern Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. While falling short of being a definitive survey of protected areas of the Tian Shan, the informational review which follows is the first attempt at bringing the details of conservation efforts throughout the entire Tian Shan Range together in one place. It is hoped that this summary of biodiversity and conservation in the Tian Shan will generate interest in the region amongst conservationists, and help increase efforts to protect this surprisingly unknown range that forms an island of meadows, rivers, lakes, and forests in the arid heart of Asia.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Kyrgyzstan	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Fulbright Fellow – Environmental Studies, Kyrgyzstan, Former Soviet Central Asia 2003-2004			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1060			Serial	269
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	Author	Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S.; Das, P.K.
	Title	Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Northwest India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Biological Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	55	Issue	3	Pages	283-298
	Keywords	ibex; leopard; snow-leopard; blue-sheep; Asiatic-ibex; asia; Himalayas; India; Himalaya; Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; panthera; uncia; Pseudois; nayaur; Capra-ibex; parks; reserves; conservation; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; sheep; browse; pseudois nayaur; capra; Asiatic; 790
	Abstract	Evidence of snow leopard presence was most abundant in C Ladakh, decreased southward toward the crest of the Himalaya, and was least on the S side of the main Himalaya. Prey populations, primarily blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and Asiatic ibex Capra ibex, were also more plentiful in the areas surveyed to the N of the main Himalaya. Perhaps 400 snow leopard occur throughout NW India. The stronghold of this species in India is apparently the trans- Himalayan ranges in Ladakh where new parks and reserves are being established, some in association with a snow leopard recovery programme of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and a 'Project Snow Leopard' of the central Indian government. Because of the generally low density of snow leopard, conservation measures must also be considered within the large areas of its range lying outside parks and reserves. -from Authors
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	Notes	Full text at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 174			Serial	297
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	Author	Freeman, H.
	Title	Resolutions Conservation of Snow Leopard, Fifth International Snow Leopard Symposium			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	267-269
	Keywords	conservation; preserves; parks; protected-areas; habitat; reserves; corridors; prey; threats; hunting; poaching; fragmentation; degradation; tourism; reserach; training; breeding; browse; 4230
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	Notes	Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Fifth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: Srinagar, IndiaDate of Copyright: 1988			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 411			Serial	320
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	Author	Grachev Yu.A.
	Title	Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1978	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part 1. Vertebrate animals.	Issue		Pages	64-67
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; snow leopard; distribution; historical range; conservation.; 6790; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is rare and endangered species. At present it is met in Tien Shan and the spurs: in the ridges of Pskem, Ugam, Karjantau, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Ketmene, Kungei Alatau, Terskey Alatau, as well as Jungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saure, and Altai. In 19th century, snow leopard used to be met in the Karatau ridge (the Syrdarya ridge). Over the last two decades population of snow leopard reduced due to increased development of mountainous areas and reduction of wild animal populations (ibex, argali, morals, marmots, etc.). In Kazakhstan, snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly and Alma-Ata nature reserves.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 657			Serial	341
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	Author	Grachev Yu.A.
	Title	Snow leopard Uncia uncia Sch. 1775			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1991	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 1. Animals.	Issue		Pages	73-75
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data boo; category of threat; distribution; number; biology; threats; conservation measures.; 6800; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is a rare species with shrinking habitat and decreasing population (category III). It is distributed in Tien Shan (the ridges of Karjantau, Ugam, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Kunghey, Terskey, Ketmen), Djungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, and South Altai. This species has disappeared in the Syrdarya Karatau and the mountains of North Tien Shan. Its total number in Kazakhstan is estimated to be 180-200 animals. The threats are reduction of mountain ungulates and poaching. Snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly, Alma-Ata, and Markakol nature reserves and the Alma-Ata, Lepsin, and Tokhta sanctuaries. The Djungar nature reserve needs to be established.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 658			Serial	342
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	Author	Grachev Yu.A.
	Title	Snow leopard			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1996	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.1.Animals. Part 1.Vertebrates.	Issue		Pages	246-247
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data book; category of threat; distribution; number; conservation measure; captive breeding; snow leopard.; 6810; Russian
	Abstract	Status: rare (Category III). Distribution: Tien Shan mountains, Tarbagatai, Saur and Altai mountains. Total number in Kazakhstan does not exceed 200 individuals. The main threats are poaching and reduction number of preys. In Almaty Zoo captive breeding was successful in 1976 and 1985. Snow leopard is protected in Aksu Jabagly, Almaty and Markakol nature reserves. To ensure the survival of the species it is necessary to establish a reserve in Dzhungar mountains and to improve protection in existing nature reserves.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The Red data book of Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 659			Serial	343
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	Author	Gurung, Gand T.K.
	Title	Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) and Human Interaction in Phoo Village in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	phoo; annapurna conservation area; Nepal; livestock; human interaction; conflict management; yaks; goats; sheep; horse; corral; 5280
	Abstract	Phoo village in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) in Nepal is located at 4,052 m als physically in the central north of the country. Livestock keeping is the main activity of the people for making a living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Each year snow leopard kills a number of livestock resulting significant economic losses for the poor people living in this remote area. Unless the people – snow leopard conflict is well understood and appropriate conflict management activities are implemented, the long run co-existence between people and snow leopard – especially the existence of snow leopard in this part of the world -will be in question. This has now become an utmost important as the aspiration of the people for economic development has risen significantly and the area has been opened to tourism since spring 2002. In addition to this, the globalisation process has directly and indirectly affected the traditional resource management practices and co-existence strategies of many traditional societies including Phoo. The livestock depredation for 3 years (2001 – 2004) by snow leopard was studied by interviewing the herders to understand the responsible and specific bio-physical and socio-economic factors. The study revealed that goats are most depredated species followed by sheep. Winter months (January – April) and winter pastures are most vulnerable to snow leopard predation. Presence of bushes, forest and boulders make good hides for snow leopard resulting into high depredation. The study also showed that a lax animal guarding system was significantly responsible for high livestock depredation by snow leopard. The study showed that improvement in livestock guarding system should be adopted as the most important activity. However despite the importance of livestock in the economy of Phoo it is still not well understood why the herders neglect for proper livestock guarding. This requires further study. Proper guarding system is required especially in winter season in winter pastures. It is also suggested that there should be changes in the composition of livestock species by promoting more yaks and discouraging or minimising goats. Yaks and large animals are less depredated and small animals like goats and sheep are highly depredated by snow leopard. A trend was also observed in Phoo village where there is an increase in the number of yaks and a decrease in the number of goats over last few years. This could be a management response of the herders to livestock depredation. Other protective measures of the livestock at the corrals have also been recommended including promotion of guard dogs and other measures. Since the area is opened for tourism, it is suggested that the tourism opportunity for the economic development of the area should be grasped so that the heavy dependence on livestock raising would be minimised. This will help minimise the number of human – snow leopard conflicts.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 513			Serial	363
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