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| Author | Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K. | ||||
| Title | The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication | Mammalian Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult | ||||
| Abstract | Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia, we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’ territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for parameterizing population models. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1613 | |||
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| Author | Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N. | ||||
| Title | Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Adv.Etho | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 33 | Issue | Pages | 43 | |
| Keywords | abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management | ||||
| Abstract | Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management. | ||||
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| Notes | WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 349 | Serial | 897 | ||
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| Author | Fox, J.L. | ||||
| Title | A review of the status and ecology of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | status; ecology; distribution; browse; behavior; Russia; China; Mongolia; Soviet-Union; Pakistan; India; Nepal; Afganastan; Bhutan; mating; sexual-behavior; research; surveys; scrapes; sprays; habitat; 2050 | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 137 | Serial | 294 | ||
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| Author | Dang, H. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard and its prey | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1967 | Publication | The Cheetal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 47-58 | |
| Keywords | India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330 | ||||
| Abstract | Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 17 | Serial | 231 | ||
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| Author | Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. | ||||
| Title | Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 74-83 | |
| Keywords | behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
| Abstract | This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 915 | Serial | 202 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | SSC Plan for Snow Leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | physiology; status; distribution; description; behavior; reproduction; mating; breeding; vocalization; gestation; biology; habitat; scrapes; sprays; scat; feces; longevity; homerange; home-range; prey; diet; Cites; Iunc; parks; preserves; reserves; refuge; protected-areas; movements; activity; livestock; herders; depredation; conflict; trade; poaching; hunting; research; captivity; management; zoos; Slims; surveys; transects; browse; home range; home; range; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 3920; plan; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Full Text at URL DRAFT – Revised September 22, 1992 by Rodney Jackson | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 201 | Serial | 450 | ||
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| Author | Kuznetsnov, G.U.; Matyushkin, E.N. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard hunts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 44-48 | |
| Keywords | Russia; Ussr; Soviet-Union; Tien-Shan; hunting; behavior; predator; prey; browse; soviet; union; tien; shan; 3760 | ||||
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| Notes | Describes observations of a snow leopard hunting ibex in the western Tien Shan Mountains of USSR. The hunt was unsucceseful, but the account provides information on behavior of both the snow leoaprd and ibex in a predator prey relationship | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 56 | Serial | 599 | ||
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| Author | Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. | ||||
| Title | A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | Behavioural-Processes | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 327-333 |
| Keywords | behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590 | ||||
| Abstract | Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned) | ||||
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| Notes | Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 32 | Serial | 610 | ||
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| Author | Matyushkin, E.N. | ||||
| Title | Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Zoologichesky Zhurnal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 79 | Issue | (4) | Pages | 412-429 |
| Keywords | Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: Russian | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 391 | Serial | 652 | ||
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| Author | Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M. | ||||
| Title | Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1975 | Publication | Int.Zoo Yearbook | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | Pages | 212-217 | |
| Keywords | breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park | ||||
| Abstract | Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 31 | Serial | 535 | ||
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