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	Author	Gurung, Gand T.K.
	Title	Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) and Human Interaction in Phoo Village in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages
	Keywords	phoo; annapurna conservation area; Nepal; livestock; human interaction; conflict management; yaks; goats; sheep; horse; corral; 5280
	Abstract	Phoo village in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) in Nepal is located at 4,052 m als physically in the central north of the country. Livestock keeping is the main activity of the people for making a living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Each year snow leopard kills a number of livestock resulting significant economic losses for the poor people living in this remote area. Unless the people – snow leopard conflict is well understood and appropriate conflict management activities are implemented, the long run co-existence between people and snow leopard – especially the existence of snow leopard in this part of the world -will be in question. This has now become an utmost important as the aspiration of the people for economic development has risen significantly and the area has been opened to tourism since spring 2002. In addition to this, the globalisation process has directly and indirectly affected the traditional resource management practices and co-existence strategies of many traditional societies including Phoo. The livestock depredation for 3 years (2001 – 2004) by snow leopard was studied by interviewing the herders to understand the responsible and specific bio-physical and socio-economic factors. The study revealed that goats are most depredated species followed by sheep. Winter months (January – April) and winter pastures are most vulnerable to snow leopard predation. Presence of bushes, forest and boulders make good hides for snow leopard resulting into high depredation. The study also showed that a lax animal guarding system was significantly responsible for high livestock depredation by snow leopard. The study showed that improvement in livestock guarding system should be adopted as the most important activity. However despite the importance of livestock in the economy of Phoo it is still not well understood why the herders neglect for proper livestock guarding. This requires further study. Proper guarding system is required especially in winter season in winter pastures. It is also suggested that there should be changes in the composition of livestock species by promoting more yaks and discouraging or minimising goats. Yaks and large animals are less depredated and small animals like goats and sheep are highly depredated by snow leopard. A trend was also observed in Phoo village where there is an increase in the number of yaks and a decrease in the number of goats over last few years. This could be a management response of the herders to livestock depredation. Other protective measures of the livestock at the corrals have also been recommended including promotion of guard dogs and other measures. Since the area is opened for tourism, it is suggested that the tourism opportunity for the economic development of the area should be grasped so that the heavy dependence on livestock raising would be minimised. This will help minimise the number of human – snow leopard conflicts.
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	Notes			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 513		Serial	363
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	Author	Ishunin G.I.
	Title	Irbis, or snow leopard Felis (Uncia) uncia S¤hr†b†a 1778		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1961	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 3.	Issue	Pages	127-131
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior; practical use.; 6880; Russian
	Abstract	It describes diagnostic signs and taxonomy of snow leopard as well as its distribution, behavioral patterns and use in Uzbekistan. This predator inhabits the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Turkistan, and Gissar ridges. It mainly preys on ibex, and marmots, vole-mouse, and snow-cocks. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. Snow leopard is of low commercial value. The cost of skin is 4 roubles 70 kopecks. Only a few skins are purchased.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of the Uzbek SSR. Mammals (predators and ungulates).		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 666		Serial	412
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	Author	Ishunin G.I.
	Title	The Felids family Felidae Gray, 1821		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1989	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	46
	Keywords	Ussr; Felidae; Miocene; Pliocene; Pleistocene; Holocene; origin; Uzbekistan; Genus Uncia; snow leopard; specie range; Western Tien Shan; Hissar ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Turkestan ridge.; 6980; Russian
	Abstract	Zoolites of the Felidae family are known from the Upper Eocene Lower Pliocene in Eurasia, Africa, and North America. Two sub-families are know to inhabit the territory of the USSR and adjacent territories: the extinct sabre-toothed Felidae species Machairodontia and now existing Felidae species. In the USSR the extinct Felidae species were found to exist in Upper Miocene, Upper and Middle Pliocene, and Pleistocene. In Eurasia panthers has been know since early Pliocene. Three species were found in Uzbekistan – the extinct cave lion Felidae sd†l…†… (Goldfuss, 1810), and now existing P…nth†a… tigris, P…nth†a… pardus. The ancient finds and modern habitats are briefly described. Genus Uncia is represented by one species snow leopard or irbis. Probably it appeared in later Pliocene or Pleistocene in the mountain of Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, remains of snow leopard were found in the Samarqand region in the layer of Upper Pleistocene or Holocene. Probably it moved into the area in Pleistocene or the period of glacier removal in the Western Tien Shan mountains, Turkestan, Zeravshan, and Hissar ridges.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Possible way of the mammal fauna formation on the territory of Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 676		Serial	422
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	Author	Jackson, R.; Nepali, H.S.; Sherpa, A.R.
	Title	Aspects of wildlife protection and utilization in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	76
	Keywords	protected-area; conservation; park; parks; reserve; refuge; Nepal; Makalu-Barun; browse; protected; area; areas; protected area; protected areas; makalu barun; makalu; barun; 3380
	Abstract
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	Notes	The Makalu-Barun Conservation Project Working Paper Publication Series 11. Kathmandu, Nepal		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 170		Serial	446
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	Author	Kashkarov D.N.
	Title	From lake Sary-Chelek to pass Air-Bel. Mammals		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1927	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	21-23
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 7080; Russian
	Abstract	The author provides results of the expedition in the vicinity of lake Sary-Chelek, Kyrgyzstan. With reference to the local people he indicates the presence of irbis (Leopardus uncia), bear (Ursus leuconyx), dhole (Cyon alpinus) around Air-Bel. Livestock attracts the predators and every day shepherds find one sheep missing.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Results of the expedition by The Main Central Asia Museum to the area of lake Sary-Chelek.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 686		Serial	519
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	Author	Kolbintsev V.G.
	Title	Modern status of endangered vertebrates in Aksu Jabagly nature reserve		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.8.	Issue	Pages	139-140
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; endangered vertebrates; number; snow leopard.; 7180; Russian
	Abstract	Data on number of several endangered vertebrates inhabiting in Aksu Jabagly nature reserve in 1990-2000 are given. Number of snow leopard is rather stable and evaluated as 2-3 pairs.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity of W Tien Shan (Kazakhstan). Proceedings of Aksu Jabagly State nature reserve.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 696		Serial	544
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	Author	Koshkarev E.
	Title	What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union?		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4 (19)	Issue	Pages	72
	Keywords	Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7280; Russian
	Abstract	It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature conservation Journal.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 706		Serial	556
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	About representativeness of terrain vertebrate fauna in the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve for the whole West Tien Shan region		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.8.	Issue	Pages	97-99
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; mammals; endangered species; snow leopard.; 7380; Russian
	Abstract	Mammals inhabiting the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve make up 79.6 percent of the whole mammal fauna of the West Tien Shan. The following endangered species live in the area: argali, brown bear, dhole, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, stone marten, porcupine, and free-toiled bat. Snow leopard deserves a special attention.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (the Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 716		Serial	583
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	Author	Kuzminykh I.A.
	Title	Reproduction of snow leopards in captivity		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	116-118
	Keywords	Russia; Moscow Zoo; snow leopard; captivity; selection; reproduction; 7480; Russian
	Abstract	Information concerning keeping, reproduction, and having young generations of snow leopards in the Moscow Zoo.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammal species of the USSR and their protection. Proceedings of the Third all-Union meeting.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 726		Serial	598
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	Author	Lesnyak A.P.
	Title	Cats in Uzbekistan's fur trade		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1984	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	57-64
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; rare species; Cats; species range; diet; hunting; pelts; poaching; snow leopard.; 7580; Russian
	Abstract	Data of distribution, food, and fur trade of Felidae (North Persian leopard, snow leopard, caracal, Turkestan lynx, manul, Turkestan steppe cat, jungle cat [chaus], sand cat) in Uzbekistan is given. Snow leopard is an object of illegal hunting.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting and nature protection in Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 736		Serial	615
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