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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	56-58
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data book; protected areas; snow leopard.; 7390; Russian
	Abstract	Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of All-Union Symposium “Mountainous geosystems of intracontinental deserts and semi-deserts”.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 717			Serial	585
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	The Aksu Jabagly nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1990	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	80-102
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Aksu Jabagly nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; snow leopard; wild ibex.; 7420; Russian
	Abstract	It provides general information about the Aksu Jabagly nature reserve (Kazakhstan), its physico-geographical features, description of flora and fauna. The rarest predator of the nature reserve is snow leopard. Its population is about 10 pairs. Its distribution and behavioral patterns are correlated with its main prey ibex. In the past, snow leopard used to be a common species for the Talas Ala-Tau. Today its number has reduced.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 720			Serial	586
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	Author	Kovshar A.F.
	Title	Mammal – Mammalia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1987	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	154
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; mammals; snow leopard.; 7410; Russian
	Abstract	In Kazakhstan 160 species of mammal are inhabited. The snow leopard is rare and poor known inhabitant of highly mountain regions of republic.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Kazakhstan in photos.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 719			Serial	588
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	Author	Krasilnikov N.
	Title	The spotty guest			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	174-175
	Keywords	snow leopard; attack; caw.; 7440; Russian
	Abstract	A story of encounter with a snow leopard that got into a cowshed was described in a popular form.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: To friends-naturalists.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 722			Serial	589
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	Author	Krasilnikov N.
	Title	Nature reserve			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1988	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	174-176
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; ibex; snow leopard.; 7450; Russian
	Abstract	It describes a story of a visit to the Chatkal nature reserve, of encounters with fox, chukars, ibex, eagles, and snow leopard.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The motley days.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 723			Serial	590
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	Author	Kreuzberg-Mukhina E.A.
	Title	The Endangered species and Snow Leopard Conservation problems. Schoolbook			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	27
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; biology; distribution; number; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 7460; Russian
	Abstract	The manual contains the information on snow leopard species listed in Red Data book of Uzbekistan. The data on its biology, distribution and number in republic and within the world is given. Snow leopard conservation problems are considered.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in Russian			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 724			Serial	591
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	Author	Krever V.
	Title	Ecosystems of the High Mountains Species of Special Interest in Uzbekistan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1998	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	55-59
	Keywords	Central Asia; mountain ecosystem; fauna; vertebrates; endangered species; threats; protected areas network; snow leopard.; 7470; Russian
	Abstract	It gives description complexes of mountain ecosystems fauna of Central Asia, endangered vertebrates, main threats to biodiversity and existing protected areas network. Among the rare animal species of the alpine and subalpine meadows first of all should be listed the West Tien Shan endemic, the Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbien); the markhor wild goat which still inhabits the Vakhsh range in Tadjikistan; the dhole (Cyon alpinus) which is practically extinct; the Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), and the snow leopard (Uncia uncia); among birds, the wlute-chested dove (Columba leuconota), sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus, snowcocks (Tetraogallus tibetanus, T.altaicus) and bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus).
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biodiversity Conservation in Central Asia. An Analysis of Biodiversity and Current Threats and Initial Investment Portfolio.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 725			Serial	596
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	Author	Kuzminykh I.A.
	Title	Reproduction of snow leopards in captivity			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1983	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	116-118
	Keywords	Russia; Moscow Zoo; snow leopard; captivity; selection; reproduction; 7480; Russian
	Abstract	Information concerning keeping, reproduction, and having young generations of snow leopards in the Moscow Zoo.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare mammal species of the USSR and their protection. Proceedings of the Third all-Union meeting.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 726			Serial	598
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	Author	Kuznetsov B.A.
	Title	The mountainous province in Central Asia			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1950	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Edition 20th. (XXXV). New series. Zoological secti	Issue		Pages	141-144
	Keywords	Central Asia; landscapes; biodiversity; mountain zone; fauna; snow leopard.; 7510; Russian
	Abstract	The landscape and biologic diversity of Central Asia's mountains are described. Different types of fauna complexes are segregated. Snow leopard, dhole, and ibex are referred to Central Asia's highland species.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Essay on geographical zoning in the USSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 729			Serial	600
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	Author	Kuznetsov B.A.
	Title	The cats – Felidae			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1975	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part 3.	Issue		Pages	161, 164-165
	Keywords	Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 7530; Russian
	Abstract	An identification table for genus and species of Felidae family of USSR is given. Snow leopard Panthera uncia (Schreher) described for Pamir, Tien Shan, Altai and mountains of Tuva.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide of vertebrate species of USSR. Mammals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 731			Serial	601
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	Author	Kuznetzov B.A.
	Title	Felidae			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1948	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.13 (XXVIII)	Issue		Pages	88-89
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; distribution; snow leopard.; 7490; Russian
	Abstract	The snow leopard widely wide distributed in mountains of Middle and Central Asia. Irbis meets in Altai, Saur, Tarbagatai, Jungarian and Zaili Ala Tau, Kirghiz ridge and Talass within the Kazakhstan. The snow leopard is very rare in Southern Altai, and probably it stay here occasionally.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Kazakhstan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 727			Serial	602
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	Author	Kuznetzov B.A.
	Title	Materials on mammal fauna in Central Asia. Central Asian mountainous province			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1963	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	116-121
	Keywords	Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard; distribution.; 7520; Russian
	Abstract	It provides a list of mammals of Central Asia (species and sub-species) indicating their main habitats, and undertakes an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia based on data collected by the world science community concerning distribution of various mammal species over the country. Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schr. was indicated to inhabit the mountains of Central Asia.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biology, biogeography, and taxonomy of mammals in the USSR. Proceeding of MOIP.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 730			Serial	604
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	Author	Kydyraliev A.K.
	Title	Some animal species' habitat alteration in the Central Tien Shan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1970	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Part 1.	Issue		Pages	46-48
	Keywords	Kyrgyzstan; tien shan; human influence; water conservation activity; decline; range; number; birds; mammals; game species; moral; argali; snow leopard.; 7540; Russian
	Abstract	Irrigation and drainage activity in Tien Shan led some bird species to disappear. Number of species to build their nests in tree holes has dropped. Mongolian sandpiper and black-bellied sand grouse disappeared in the steppe areas. Great bustard, formerly nesting in this area, can now be rarely seen only in migration. The direct anthropogenic influence resulted in shrinkage of game animal and bird populations such as moral, goitered gazelle, argali, snow leopard, and stone marten.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Influence of anthropogenic factors on the formation of zoogeographic complexes. The fifth inter-school zoogeographic conference.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 732			Serial	605
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	Author	Lama, T.T.
	Title	Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report			Type	Report
	Year	2001	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Nepal; conservation; Iunc; Wwf; management; Islt; field-study; field; study; Kanchenjunga; annapurna; parks; preserves; reserves; protected-area; habitat; workshops; monitoring; browse; 4170; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; status; Report
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available at URLAuthor Role: Program OfficerAuthor Affiliation: WWF Nepal ProgramTitle, Analytic: Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report.ProCite field [12]: (2000-20001)			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 405			Serial	608
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	Author	Laptev M.K.
	Title	The cats – Felidae			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1929	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue I.	Issue		Pages	55-60
	Keywords	Central Asia; Felidae; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution.; 7550; Russian
	Abstract	It describes identification features of the Felidae family species (ItŒ¤ŒlŒbus, A¤inŒn¢o, L¢no, Oigris, D…rdus, Uncia, r†m…†lurus, ¥…a…¤…l, ¥atolynx, Felis): colour, body size and skull length, length of limbs, presence or absence of ear-brushes, cheek-bones width, nasal bones, palatine bone, rapacious tooth, and acoustical capsules.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Central Asia mammals Guide (insectivorous, bats, predators, and ungulates).			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 733			Serial	611
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	Author	Laptev M.K.
	Title	The cats – Felidae			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1936	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Issue V.	Issue		Pages	77-82
	Keywords	Turkmenistan; Kopet-Dag; Felidae; taxonomy; snow leopard.; 7560; Russian
	Abstract	An identification table for genus and species of Felidae family of Turkmenistan is given. The following features are used: colour, pattern, teeth formula, skull measurements, and sizes of body, head, and tail. The presence of snow leopard for Kopet-Dag is indicated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide of vertebrate species of Turkmen SSR. Mammals.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 734			Serial	612
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	Author	Lavrov N.P.
	Title	Snow leopard, or irbis			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	58-60
	Keywords	Ussr; Russia; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7570; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the RSFSR.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 735			Serial	613
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	Author	Lesnyak A.P.
	Title	Cats in Uzbekistan's fur trade			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1984	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	57-64
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; rare species; Cats; species range; diet; hunting; pelts; poaching; snow leopard.; 7580; Russian
	Abstract	Data of distribution, food, and fur trade of Felidae (North Persian leopard, snow leopard, caracal, Turkestan lynx, manul, Turkestan steppe cat, jungle cat [chaus], sand cat) in Uzbekistan is given. Snow leopard is an object of illegal hunting.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting and nature protection in Uzbekistan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 736			Serial	615
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	Author	Loginov O.
	Title	Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	39-41
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 737			Serial	623
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	Author	Lui, C.-guang; Zheng, C.-wu; Ren, J.-rang
	Title	Research Foods and Food Sources About Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia)			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	31	Issue		Pages	154-159
	Keywords	research; foods; food; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Chinese; deer; kiang; argali; Qinghai; gansu; Sichuan; Comparative; congruence; species; distribution; variation
	Abstract	During 1984-1987, 1992-1995, and 1998-2001, the author researched snow leopard, white lipped deer, kiang, and argali in Qinghai, Gansu, Xingiang, and Sichuan. He collected 644 snow leopard droppings, and analyzed kinds of foods and sources from perch. Snow leopard's foods include most main foods, main foods, comparative foods and lesser foods. Studied one another index of faunistic congruence of foods species that from various distribution and variation both perch vertical variety and foods of snow leopard.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	Full text available in Chinese. Periodical: Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition)			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 877			Serial	626
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	Author	Lukarevskiy V.S.
	Title	Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	200
	Keywords	Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian
	Abstract	It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 738			Serial	627
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	Author	Mallon, D.
	Title	The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Mongolia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	4	Issue		Pages	3-9
	Keywords	Mongolia; snow-leopard; gobi; distribution; status; asia; herders; snow leopard; browse; 950
	Abstract	In the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 3, Blomqvist and Sten notes (1982) that no information had been recieved on the snow leopard in Mongolia. The present paper sets out to repair that omission by summarising the information in print on snow leopards in Mongolia and giving a brief account of its distribution in the country. This is essentially a review paper and it is hoped that more precise data may be obtained from fieldwork carried out in the future by Mongolian zoologist. The author worked in Mongolia for two years 1975-1977, and during that time collected information on mammals of Mongolia. Information on the snow leopard was obtained from colleagues at the State University of Mongolia; from zoologists and hunters; from herdsmen and local informants from all parts of the country and from three journeys made by the author: to the eastern Gobi Altai; the Khangai mountains, and a 2000 km journey through western Altai. In this paper, the term “Mongolia” refers to the territory of the Mongolian peoples Republic
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	Full text available at URLDocument Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 114			Serial	643
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	Author	Marma B.B.and Yunchis V.V.
	Title	A contribution to biology of the Snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) (by observations in captivity)			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1968	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	XLVII, issue 11.	Issue		Pages	1689-1694
	Keywords	Lithuania; Kaunas zoological garden; breeding; blood characteristics; physiological characteristics; captivity; duration of pregnancy; birth; cubs; feeding; snow leopard.; 7610; Russian
	Abstract	The methods to obtain the progeny of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatrian tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rat lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological garden of the world about 29 snow leopards were born, 14 of them in the Kaunas zoological garden.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Zoological journal			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 739			Serial	648
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	Author	Matyushkin E.N.
	Title	Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1984	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol.1.	Issue		Pages	42-43
	Keywords	Ussr; Red Data book; snow leopard; status; distribution; number; life history characteristics; conservation measures.; 7620; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, was included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and given status III rare species with small habitat. It provides information about its distribution (from Pamir and West Tien Shan to East Sayans), habitat, biology, number, threats, and existing and required protection measures. Total number in the USSR is about 2,000 animals. There were 194 snow leopards in the zoos throughout the world at the beginning of 1980. In the USSR the species is under protection in nature reserves as follows: Ramit, Chatkal, Besh Aral, Aksu Jabagly, Sary Chelek, Almaty, Altai.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red data Book of the USSR. Rare and endangered animal and plant species.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 740			Serial	651
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	Author	McCarthy, K.; Fuller, T.; Ming, M.; McCarthy, T.; Waits, L.; Jumabaev, K.
	Title	Assessing Estimators of Snow Leopard Abundance			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of Widlife Management	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	72	Issue	8	Pages	1826-1833
	Keywords	abundance; camera,capture-recapture,density,index,predator:prey ratios,techniques,Tien Shan,Uncia; leopard; SaryChat; sign surveys; Slims; snow; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Tomur
	Abstract	The secretive nature of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) makes them difficult to monitor, yet conservation efforts require accurate and precise methods to estimate abundance. We assessed accuracy of Snow Leopard Information Management System (SLIMS) sign surveys by comparing them with 4 methods for estimating snow leopard abundance: predator:prey biomass ratios, capture-recapture density estimation, photo-capture rate, and individual identification through genetic analysis. We recorded snow leopard sign during standardized surveys in the SaryChat Zapovednik, the Jangart hunting reserve, and the Tomur Strictly Protected Area, in the Tien Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan and China. During June-December 2005, adjusted sign averaged 46.3 (SaryChat), 94.6 (Jangart), and 150.8 (Tomur) occurrences/km. We used counts of ibex (Capra ibex) and argali (Ovis ammon) to estimate available prey biomass and subsequent potential snow leopard densities of 8.7 (SaryChat), 1.0 (Jangart), and 1.1 (Tomur) snow leopards/100 km2. Photo capture-recapture density estimates were 0.15 (n = 1 identified individual/1 photo), 0.87 (n = 4/13), and 0.74 (n = 5/6) individuals/100 km2 in SaryChat, Jangart, and Tomur, respectively. Photo-capture rates (photos/100 trap-nights) were 0.09 (SaryChat), 0.93 (Jangart), and 2.37 (Tomur). Genetic analysis of snow leopard fecal samples provided minimum population sizes of 3 (SaryChat), 5 (Jangart), and 9 (Tomur) snow leopards. These results suggest SLIMS sign surveys may be affected by observer bias and environmental variance. However, when such bias and variation are accounted for, sign surveys indicate relative abundances similar to photo rates and genetic individual identification results. Density or abundance estimates based on capture-recapture or ungulate biomass did not agree with other indices of abundance. Confidence in estimated densities, or even detection of significant changes in abundance of snow leopard, will require more effort and better documentation.
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	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 881			Serial	653
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