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Author Lovari, S., Ventimiglia, M., Minder, I. url 
  Title Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species? Type Journal Article
  Year 2013 Publication Ethology Ecology & Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 4 Pages 305-318  
  Keywords carnivore evolution, coexistence, sympatric species, diet, Panthera uncia, Panthera pardus.  
  Abstract For carnivore species, spatial avoidance is one of the evolutionary solutions to

coexist in an area, especially if food habits overlap and body sizes tend to coincide.

We reviewed the diets of two large cats of similar sizes, the endangered snow leopard

(Panthera uncia, 16 studies) and the near-threatened common leopard (Panthera par-

dus, 11 studies), in Asia. These cats share ca 10,000 km2 of their mountainous range,

although snow leopards tend to occur at a significantly higher altitude than common

leopards, the former being a cold-adapted species of open habitats, whereas the latter

is an ecologically flexible one, with a preference for woodland. The spectrum of prey

of common leopards was 2.5 times greater than that of snow leopards, with wild prey

being the staple for both species. Livestock rarely contributed much to the diet. When

the breadth of trophic niches was compared, overlap ranged from 0.83 (weight categories)

to one (main food categories). As these leopard species have approximately

the same size and comparable food habits, one can predict that competition will arise

when they live in sympatry. On mountains, climate change has been elevating the

upper forest limit, where both leopard species occur. This means a habitat increase

for common leopards and a substantial habitat reduction for snow leopards, whose

range is going to be squeezed between the forest and the barren rocky altitudes, with

medium- to long-term undesirable effects on the conservation of this endangered cat
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1403  
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Author Cherkasova M.V. url 
  Title Predators Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 15  
  Keywords Ussr; Red Data book; mammals; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard.; 6420; Russian  
  Abstract Among species included in the Red Data Book of the USSR, predators occupy the first place; of them, unconditional leadership belongs the cat family species. Nine of eleven species of the family are referred to as rare and endangered ones. In the past snow leopard (Uncia uncia) inhabited all mountains on the south of the USSR from Tien Shan and Pamir to Transbaikalia. Now it no longer inhabits many of its previous habitats and has become rare, everywhere. Its total population in the USSR is no more than 1000 animals. At the beginning of XX century there were cases that such an amount of snow leopard (i.e. 1,000) was hunted during one year. Until recently, hunting the species was allowed all year round and even encouraged.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: They must live. Mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 620 Serial 215  
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Author Dementiev G.P. url 
  Title Quadrupeds inhabitants of the mountains Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1967 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 110-116  
  Keywords asia; mountain fauna; endemics; species range; rodents; ungulates; carnivores; marmots; pikas; voles; ibex; mountain sheep; snow leopard.; 6480; Russian  
  Abstract All species inhabiting the highlands of Asia are normally referred to as herbivorous or predators. A majority of alpine land species (rodents and ungulates) feeds upon leaves, stalks, and roots of plants. Among widely distributed highland species the most interesting are marmots, red pica, grey vole, argali, and ibex. Argali and ibex are preyed on by snow leopards. There are reasons to believe that these mountain animal species are more ancient than their cognates in a plain. All the way from Central Asia to Europe, species belonging to the eastern and western fauna complexes are observed to interpenetrate.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In severe cold and heat. (Animal and landscape). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 626 Serial 235  
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Author Elkin K.F. url 
  Title Predatory mammals in the Eastern Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1979 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 34-36  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6530; Russian  
  Abstract There are 20 predatory mammal species in eastern Kazakhstan, three of which disappeared (tiger, dhole, raccoon), five are endangered (snow leopard, wild cat, manul, marbled polecat, and stone marten). Snow leopard is not met in the South Altai and Tarbagatai each year.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic fundamentals of protection and sustainable use of predatory mammals. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 631 Serial 252  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Filonov K.F. url 
  Title Large terrestrial mammals in the reserves of Russia: their status and prospects of conservation Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1996 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 343-348  
  Keywords Russia; nature reserves; large mammals; carnivores; ungulates; distribution; number; snow leopard.; 6680; Russian  
  Abstract The authors make an analysis of fauna of large mammals in 68 nature reserves. There are 10 carnivores and 17 ungulates. Wolf, brown bear, wolverine and lynx appeared to be more widely spread. Dhole, snow leopard, tiger, Himalayan bear have limited distribution and low density. Hey have recorded in a few nature reserves. Among the ungulates wild boar, musk deer, red deer, roe deer, moose, reindeer and aurochs are more widely spread.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Status of mammal fauna in Russian and adjoining states. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 646 Serial 276  
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Author Formozov A.N. url 
  Title Seasonal migrations of mammals due to snow cover. Distribution of the Felidae family species Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1990 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 83-84  
  Keywords Migration; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6740; Russian  
  Abstract It describes vertical migrations of ungulates (ibex, wild sheep) in the Semerechie, Altai, Sayans, Tuva, seasonal migrations of steppe ungulates (kulan and saiga), and migrations of predators (lynx, leopard, irbis, tiger, dhole, wolf, glutton) following ungulates during winters with thick snow cover. Shorter local migrations related to uneven snow cover are typical for corsac, fox, and wolf. An analysis of the Felidae family species distribution showed that northern border of the cat family species habitat is connected with borders of 20 30 cm thick snow cover rather than with landscape contours or typical habitats. With the exception of lynx, this can be referred to the large cat family species such as irbis, leopard, and tiger.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Snow cover in life of mammals and birds. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 652 Serial 283  
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Author Ismagilov M.I. url 
  Title Protection of rare mammals in Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1983 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 230-232  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; nature reserves; mammals; rare species; ungulates; carnivores; rodents; insectivores; bats; snow leopard.; 6990; Russian  
  Abstract The following rare mammals can be found in nature reserves of Kazakhstan: argali, goitered gazelle, kulan, snow leopard, stone marten, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, Menzbier's marmot, and porcupine. The rest of rare mammal species (three insectivorous species, seven rodent, eight predator, and two ungulate species) are outside of protected areas and require special protection measures.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Population variability of species, and mammal gene bank conservation problems. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 677 Serial 424  
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Author Kashkarov D.N. url 
  Title Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1932 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 392-393  
  Keywords Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian  
  Abstract Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Animals of Turkestan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 687 Serial 520  
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Author Kovshar A.F. url 
  Title Preservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1982 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 100-107  
  Keywords Kazakhstan; gene pool; rare species; mammals; ungulates; carnivores; snow leopard; rodents; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes.; 7360; Russian  
  Abstract The rare species are protected in six nature reserves in Kazakhstan, including 9 mammals, 29 birds, and one reptile species. More than 20 rare and endangered species inhabiting Kazakhstan cannot be met within the nature reserves. The point is to establish a network of state nature reserves, particularly in steppe and desert area of the country.  
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  Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: The nature conservation in Kazakhstan. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 714 Serial 581  
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Author Linnell, J.; Swenson, J.; Landa A.; and Kvam, T. url 
  Title Methods for monitoring European large carnivores – A worldwide review of relevant experience Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication NINA Oppdragsmelding Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 549 Issue Pages 1-38  
  Keywords carnivore; monitoring; census; bear; Lynx; wolf; wolverine; 5310  
  Abstract Against a background of recovering large carnivore populations in Norway, and many other areas of Europe, it is becoming increasingly important to develop methods to monitor their populations. A variety of parameters can monitored depending on objectives. These parameters include: presence/absense, distribution, population trend indices, minimum counts, statistical estimates of population size, reproductive parameters and health/condition. Three broad categories of monitoring techniques can be recognised each with increasing levels of fieldwork required. The first category includes those techniques that do not require original fieldwork. The second category involves fieldwork, but where individually recognisable carnivores are not available. The third category includes methods where fieldwork has recognisable individuals available. Different mehtods tend to have been used for different species, mainly because of limitations imposed by the different species' ecology. The most precise estimates of population size have been obtained in research projects with relatively small study sites and with the help of radio-telemetry. However, it may be difficult, or impossible, to apply these methods over large monitoring areas. Therefore, in terms of practical management, a combination of minimum counts, supported by an independent index may be more useful than statistical population estimates. All methods should be subject to a careful design process, and power analysis should be conducted to determine the sensitivity of the method to detect changes.

Based on the review of over 200 papers and reports we recommend a package of complementary monitoring methods for brown bear, wolverine, lynx and wolf in Norway. These include the use of observations from the public and reports of predation on livestock to determine broad patterns of distribution, and an index based on hunter observations per hunting day, for all four species. Minimum counts of reproductive units, natal dens, family groups, and packs, should be obtained from snow-tracking for wolverines, lynx and wolves respectively. In addition a track-count index should be obtained for wolverines and lynx. As much data as possible should be obtained of lynx and wolvereines killed in the annual harvest. Brown bears will be difficult to monitor without the use of radio-telemetry, therfore they may require periodic telemetry based, mark-recapture studies. Such a program can easily be constructed within existing central and regional wildlife management structures, but will require extensive involvement from hunters.
 
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 516 Serial 622  
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