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Author Trepanier, L.A.; Cribb, A.E.; Spielberg, S.P.; Ray, K. url 
  Title Deficiency of cytosolic arylamine N-acetylation in the domestic cat and wild felids caused by the presence of a single NAT1-like gene Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Pharmacogenetics Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 8 Issue 2 Pages 169-179  
  Keywords Acetylation; Amino; Acid; Sequence; Animal; Arylamine; N-Acetyltransferase; metabolism; Base; Blotting; Southern; Carnivora; genetics; Cats; Cytosol; enzymology; Dna; Human; Isoenzymes; Liver; Molecular; Data; Polymerase; Chain; Reaction; Rabbits; Homology; Nucleic Acid; Substrate; Specificity; Support; U.S.Gov't; P.H.S.; browse; nucleic; us; government; 130  
  Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular basis for a relative deficiency in the cat of cytosolic arylamine N- acetyltransferase (NAT), an enzyme family that is important in the metabolism of xenobiotics and that normally consists of at least two related enzymes, NAT1 and NAT2. N-acetyltransferase in feline liver showed high affinity (mean Km = 2.1 microM) for p-aminobenzoic acid, an NAT1 selective substrate in humans and rabbits, but showed a very poor affinity (mean Km > 10 mM) for sulfamethazine, an NAT2 selective substrate in humans and rabbits. Immunoreactive N-acetyltransferase was detected in feline liver, bladder and colon using an NAT1-specific antipeptide antibody, but was not detected in any tissues using an NAT2- specific antibody. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA demonstrated a single band in domestic cats using each of six restriction digests; single bands were also found on Southern blot analysis of six wild felids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the central portion of feline N-acetyltransferase, obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification in both domestic cats and seven wild felids (lion, tiger, lynx, snow leopard, bobcat, Asian leopard cat and cheetah), contained three residues, Phe125, Arg127, and Tyr129, which determine NAT1-like substrate specificity in humans. These results support the conclusion that cytosolic arylamine N-acetylation activity is low in the cat because of the presence of a single N-acetyltransferase that has substrate specificity, immunogenicity and sequence characteristics similar to human NAT1, and that the unusual presence of only a single N- acetyltransferase gene appears to be a family wide trait shared by other felids.  
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  ISSN 0960-314x ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 345 Serial 968  
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Author Wolf, M.; Ale, S. url 
  Title Signs at the Top: Habitat Features Influencing Snow Leopard Uncia Uncia Activity in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Journal of Mammalogy Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 90 Issue 3 Pages 604-611  
  Keywords activity patterns,human activity,Nepal,predator-prey,sign data,Uncia uncia  
  Abstract We used logistic regression to examine factors that affected the spatial distribution of sign (scrapes, feces, footprints, spray or scent marks, and rubbing sites) in a newly reestablished population of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal. Our results indicate that terrain and human activity were the most important factors determining the spatial distribution of leopard activity, whereas presence of their major prey species (Himalayan tahr [Hemitragus jemlahicus]) had only a moderate effect. This suggests that localities at which these animals are active represent a trade-off between suitable habitat and avoidance of potential risk from anthropogenic origins. However, the influence of prey presence was likely underestimated because of the methodology used, and likely weighed in the trade-off as well.  
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  Notes Department of Biological Sciences (M/C 066), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, 3352 SES, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1026 Serial 1027  
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Author Fox, J.L.   
  Title Conflict between predators and people in Ladakh Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 17 Issue Pages 18  
  Keywords asia; India; behavior; endangered; threatened-species; mammals; management; predation; public relations; reserves; refuges; parks; wildlife; human-relationships; livestock; sheep; goats; prey; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; protected-area; Hemis; browse; Islt; International; snow; leopard; trust; public; Relations; Human; relationships; protected; 640  
  Abstract During a six-week period in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, snow leopards killed 10 sheep and goats and one leopard gained access to a livestock pen and killed many of the animals inside. Dholes also killed sheep and goats, and a wolf killed a young horse. Residents routinely remove snow leopard cubs from their dens to limit future damage by this species. How to deal with the plight of the people living in the area while still protecting the endangered species are major concerns of the International Snow Leopard Trust, which manages Hemis National Park. lgh.  
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  Notes AUTHOR ADDRESS: Dep. Ecol./Zool., IBG Univ. Tromso, Tromso, Norway, ORIGINAL SOURCE: Snow Leopard News, Autumn 1997 Document Type: English Call Number: WR99-007446 Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 309 Serial 310  
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Author Woodroffe, R.; Ginsberg, J.R. url 
  Title Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Science Washington D.C. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 280 Issue 5372 Pages 2126-2128  
  Keywords edge-effects; extinction; human-animal-conflict; mortality; population-size; protected-areas; browse; edge effects; Human; Animal; conflict; population; protected; area; 590  
  Abstract Theory predicts that small populations may be driven to extinction by random fluctuations in demography and loss of genetic diversity through drift. However, population size is a poor predictor of extinction in large carnivores inhabiting protected areas. Conflict with people on reserve borders is the major cause of mortality in such populations, so that border areas represent population sinks. The species most likely to disappear from small reserves are those that range widely-and are therefore most exposed to threats on reserve borders-irrespective of population size. Conservation efforts that combat only stochastic processes are therefore unlikely to avert extinction.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 351 Serial 1028  
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Author Xu, A.; Jiang, Z.; Li, C.; Guo, J.; Da, S.; Cui, Q.; Yu, S.; Wu, G. url 
  Title Status and conservation of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Gouli Region, Kunlun Mountains, China Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 42 Issue Pages 460-463  
  Keywords Camera trapping,China,human-wildlife conflict,Kunlun Mountains,Panthera uncia,snow leopard,trace.  
  Abstract The elusive snow leopard Panthera unica is a rare and little studied species in China. Over 1 March-15 May 2006 we conducted a survey for the snow leopard in the Gouli Region, East Burhanbuda Mountain, Kunlun Mountains, Qinghai Province, China, in an area of c. 300 km2 at altitudes of 4,000-4,700 m. We surveyed 29 linear transects with a total length of c. 440 km, and located a total of 72 traces (pug marks, scrapes and urine marks) of snow leopard along four of the transects. We obtained eight photographs of snow leopard from four of six camera traps. We also recorded 1,369 blue sheep, 156 Tibetan gazelles, 47 argali, 37 red deer and one male white-lipped deer. We evaluated human attitudes towards snow leopard by interviewing the heads of 27 of the 30 Tibetan households living in the study area. These local people did not consider that snow leopard is the main predator of their livestock, and thus there is little retaliatory killing. Prospects for the conservation of snow leopard in this area therefore appear to be good. We analysed the potential threats to the species and propose the establishment of a protected area for managing snow leopard and the fragile alpine ecosystem of this region. (c) 2008 Fauna & Flora International.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 900 Serial 1032  
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Author Vannelli, K., Hampton, M. P., Namgail, T., Black, S. A. url 
  Title Community participation in ecotourism and its effect on local perceptions of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) conservation Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Human Dimensions of Wildlife Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-14  
  Keywords Instrumental value; snow leopard; perceptions; ecotourism; human–wildlife conflict  
  Abstract Local support and involvement is often essential for effective

wildlife conservation. This study assessed the impact of local

involvement in ecotourism schemes on perceptions of wildlife, promotion

of conservation action, types of values that communities placed on

wildlife, and contexts in which wildlife are considered to be most

valuable. The study used qualitative semi-structured interviews

conducted in seven villages in Ladakh, India, which is an important

region of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) habitat. Results indicated that

in these communities, ecotourism-based interventions encourage more

positive perceptions of wildlife species, in particular the snow

leopard. Achieving change in community perceptions of wildlife is key

when implementing ecotourism schemes to enable more effective

conservation, as well as generating local awareness and value for

wildlife toward problematic keystone species such as the snow leopard,

which are frequently the focus of human-wildlife conflict.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1607  
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Author De Groot, H.; Van Swieten, P.; Aalberse, R.C. url 
  Title Evidence for a Fel d I-like molecule in the “big cats” (Felidae species) Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication J Allergy Clin Immunol Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 86 Issue 1 Pages 107-116  
  Keywords Adolescence; Adult; Allergens; immunology; Animal; Antibodies; Monoclonal; diagnostic; use; Antibody; Specificity; Carnivora; Cats; Comparative; study; Cross; Reactions; Hair; Histamine; Release; Human; IgE; analysis; IgG; Middle; Age; Radioallergosorbent; Test; methods; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; us; government; gov't; 240  
  Abstract In this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity pattern of IgE and IgG4 antibodies to the major feline allergen, Fel d I. We studied the IgE and IgG4 response of 11 cat-allergic patients against Fel d I-like structures in eight members of the Felidae family: ocelot, puma, serval, siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, snow leopard, and caracal. Hair from these “big cats” was collected, extracted, and used in a RAST system and histamine-release test. By means of a RAST-inhibition assay with affinity-purified Fel d I from cat dander, it was established that, in the Felidae species, a Fel d I equivalent is present that reacts with IgE and IgG4 antibodies. We found that all patients had cross-reacting IgE antibodies to seven of the Felidae tested; no IgE antibodies reactive with the caracal were found. Eight of 10 patients with IgG4 antibodies directed to cat dander also had IgG4 antibodies directed to several Felidae species, including the caracal. However, the correlation between the IgE and the IgG4 antibody specificity was low, indicating that, in the case of Fel d I IgE and IgG4, antibodies do not necessarily have the same specificity.  
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  ISSN 0091-6749 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 157 Serial 233  
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Author Berenstein, F. url 
  Title The snow leopard. Fusion in an Elaborated Delusional Fantasy Type Journal Article
  Year 1984 Publication Am J Psychoanal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 377-397  
  Keywords Adolescence; Case; Report; Countertransference; Psychology; Divorce; Fantasy; Gender; Identity; Human; Male; Parent-Child; Relations; Professional-Patient; Psychoanalytic Interpretation; Psychoanalytic; therapy; Psychosexual; development; Transference; parent; child; professional; patient; interpretation; browse; 340  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0002-9548 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Document Type: eng Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 68 Serial 130  
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Author Chen, P., Gao, Y., Lee, A. T. L., Cering, L., Shi, K., Clark, S. G. url 
  Title Human–carnivore coexistence in Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Nature Reserve, China: Patterns and compensation Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue 197 Pages 18-26  
  Keywords Conflict Compensation Human–carnivore coexistence Management Predation patterns Qomolangma Nature Reserve  
  Abstract Livestock depredation by large carnivores is frequently reported in Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) National Nature Reserve, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Seeking to minimize conflicts, we assessed depredation patterns and ways to upgrade the compensation program. We gathered 9193 conflict records over 2011–2013 to determine the extent and tempo-spatial patterns of the depredation.Weinterviewed 22 local officials and 94 residents to learn their views on depredations and to assess the adequacy of compensation. Data showed that wolves (Canis lupus), lynx (Lynx lynx), and snowleopards (Panthera uncia)were themajor livestock predators. Total livestock

loss accounted for 1.2% of the entire stockholding (n=846,707) in the region. Wolves and lynx tended to take sheep and goats,whereas snowleopards favored yaks and cattle in relation to their proportional abundance. Predation mostly occurred in March through July. Livestock depredation by all predators when combined was best explained by terrain ruggedness and density of small- and large-bodied livestock. Temporal and spatial predation patterns variedamong carnivores.Most respondents (74%) attributed depredation causes to an increase in carnivore abundance. Only 7% blamed lax livestock herding practice for predation losses. Five percent said that

predation was the result of livestock population increases, while 11% had no idea. The compensation scheme was found to be flawed in all aspects—predation verification, application procedure, compensation standard, operational resource allocation, making payment, and other problems. To enhance management for human–carnivore coexistence, we recommend a problem-oriented, integrated, adaptive approach that targets the complex social context of the conflict and addresses the interconnected functions of decision-making process.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1435  
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Author Maheshwari, A. , Sathyakumar, S. url  doi
  Title Snow leopard stewardship in mitigating human-wildlife conflict in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Human Dimensions of Wildlife Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-5  
  Keywords Snow leopard; human-wildlife conflict; ecotourism; livelihood; India  
  Abstract Among large predators, snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and co-predators (e.g., wolves

Canis lupus, lynx Lynx lynx) often cause economic losses, engendering animosity from

local communities in the mountain ecosystem across south and central Asia (Din et al.,

2017; Jackson & Lama, 2016; Maheshwari, Takpa, Kujur, & Shawl, 2010; Schaller, 2012).

These economic losses range from around US $50 to nearly $300 per household,

a significant sum given per capita annual incomes of $250 – $400 (Jackson & Wangchuk,

2004; Mishra, 1997). Recent efforts such as improved livestock husbandry practices

(predator-proof livestock corrals – closed night shelters with covered roof with wiremesh

and a closely fitting iron or wooden door that can be securely locked at night) and

community-based ecotourism (e.g., home stays, guides, porters, pack animals, campsites)

are providing alternative livelihood opportunities and mitigating large carnivores – human

conflict in the snow leopard habitats (Hanson, Schutgens, & Baral, 2018; Jackson, 2015;

Jackson & Lama, 2016; Vannelli, Hampton, Namgail, & Black, 2019). Snow leopard-based

ecotourism provides an opportunity to secure livelihoods and reduce poverty of the

communities living in ecotourism sites across Ladakh (Chandola, 2012; Jackson, 2015).

To understand the role of snow leopard-based ecotourism in uplifting the financial profile

of local communities, mitigating large carnivore – human conflict and eventually changing

attitudes towards large carnivores in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India, we compared

the estimated financial gains of a snow leopard-based ecotourism to stated livestock

predation losses by snow leopards and wolves.
 
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1484  
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