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Laptev M.K. (1936). The cats – Felidae (Vol. Issue V.).
Abstract: An identification table for genus and species of Felidae family of Turkmenistan is given. The following features are used: colour, pattern, teeth formula, skull measurements, and sizes of body, head, and tail. The presence of snow leopard for Kopet-Dag is indicated.
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Lavrov N.P. (1985). Snow leopard, or irbis.
Abstract: Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, has status I, that is rare, non-numerous and endangered species. Information about its distribution, habitats, biology, number, existing and required conservation measures in the RSFSR and USSR is provided. Total population in the USSR is 800 1,000 animals.
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Lesnyak A.P. (1984). Cats in Uzbekistan's fur trade.
Abstract: Data of distribution, food, and fur trade of Felidae (North Persian leopard, snow leopard, caracal, Turkestan lynx, manul, Turkestan steppe cat, jungle cat [chaus], sand cat) in Uzbekistan is given. Snow leopard is an object of illegal hunting.
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Loginov O. (1995). Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported
from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock.
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Lui, C. -guang, Zheng, C. -wu, & Ren, J. -rang. (2003). Research Foods and Food Sources About Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) (Vol. 31).
Abstract: During 1984-1987, 1992-1995, and 1998-2001, the author researched snow leopard, white lipped deer, kiang, and argali in Qinghai, Gansu, Xingiang, and Sichuan. He collected 644 snow leopard droppings, and analyzed kinds of foods and sources from perch. Snow leopard's foods include most main foods, main foods, comparative foods and lesser foods. Studied one another
index of faunistic congruence of foods species that from various distribution and variation both perch vertical variety and foods of snow leopard.
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Lukarevskiy V.S. (2003). Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal.
Abstract: It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given.
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Marma B.B.and Yunchis V.V. (1968). A contribution to biology of the Snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) (by observations in captivity) (Vol. XLVII, issue 11.).
Abstract: The methods to obtain the progeny of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatrian tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rat lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological garden of the world about 29 snow leopards were born, 14 of them in the Kaunas zoological garden.
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Matyushkin E.N. (1984). Snow leopard, or irbis Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775 (Vol. Vol.1.).
Abstract: Snow leopard Uncia uncia Scheber, 1775, was included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and given status III rare species with small habitat. It provides information about its distribution (from Pamir and West Tien Shan to East Sayans), habitat, biology, number, threats, and existing and required protection measures. Total number in the USSR is about 2,000 animals. There were 194 snow leopards in the zoos throughout the world at the beginning of 1980. In the USSR the species is under protection in nature reserves as follows: Ramit, Chatkal, Besh Aral, Aksu Jabagly, Sary Chelek, Almaty, Altai.
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McCarthy, T. (1999). Snow Leopard Conservation Plan for the Republic of Mongolia.
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McCarthy, T. (2000). Ecology and Conservation of Snow Leopards, Gobi Brown Bears, and Wild Bactrian Camels in Mongolia. Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, .
Abstract: Snow leopard ecology, distribution and abundance in Mongolia were studied between 1993 and 1999. I placed VHF and satellite radio-collars on 4 snow leopards, 2 males and 2 females, to determine home ranges, habitat use, movements, and activity. Home ranges of snow leopards in Mongolia were substantially larger than reported elsewhere. Males ranged over 61 – 142 km2 and female 58 to 1,590 km2. Cats had crepuscular activity patterns with daily movements averaging 5.1 km. Intraspecific distances averaged 1.3 km for males to 7.8 km for males. Leopards selected moderately to very-broken habitat with slopes > 20o, in areas containing ibex. Leopard distribution and abundance was determined using sign surveys. Leopard range in Mongolia is approximately 103,000 km2 but cats are not uniformly distributed within that range. High-density areas include the eastern and central Transaltai Gobi and the northern Altai ranges. Relative leopard densities compared well with relative ibex densities on a regional basis. A snow leopard conservation plan was drafted for Mongolia that identifies problems and threats, and provides an action plan. Wild Bactrian camels occur in the Great Gobi National Park (GGNP) and are thought to be declining due to low recruitment. I surveyed camels by jeep and at oases, observing 142 (4.2% young) and 183 (5.3% young) in 1997 and 1998. Current range was estimated at 33,300 km2. Some winter and calving ranges were recently abandoned. Track sizes and tooth ages from skulls were used to assess demographics. A deterministic model was produced that predicts camel extinction within 25 to 50 years under current recruitment rates and population estimates. Gobi brown bears are endemic to Mongolia and may number less than 35. Three population isolates may occur. I collected genetic material from bears at oases using hair traps. Microsatellite analyses of nuclear DNA determined sixteen unique genotypes, only two of which occurred at more than one oases. Genetic diversity was very low with expected heterozygosity = 0.32, and alleles per locus = 2.3. Mitochondrial DNA sequences were compared to other clades of brown bear and found to fall outside of all known lineages.
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