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| Author | Hellstrom, M., Kruger, E., Naslund, J., Bisther, M., Edlund, A., Hernvall, P., Birgersson, V., Augusto, R., Lancaster, M. L. | ||||
| Title | Capturing environmental DNA in snow tracks of polar bear, Eurasian lynx and snow leopard towards individual identification | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2023 | Publication  |
Frontiers in Conservation Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 1250996 | Pages | 1-9 |
| Keywords | nuclear eDNA, snow, snow track, individual, polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), sampling protocol | ||||
| Abstract | Polar bears (Ursus maritimus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive large carnivores inhabiting snow-covered and remote areas. Their effective conservation and management are challenged by inadequate population information, necessitating development of novel data collection methods. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from snow tracks (footprints in snow) has identified species based on mitochondrial DNA, yet its utility for individual-based analyses remains unsolved due to challenges accessing the nuclear genome. We present a protocol for capturing nuclear eDNA from polar bear, Eurasian lynx and snow leopard snow tracks and verify it through genotyping at a selection of microsatellite markers. We successfully retrieved nuclear eDNA from 87.5% (21/24) of wild polar bear snow tracks, 59.1% (26/44) of wild Eurasian lynx snow tracks, and the single snow leopard sampled. We genotyped over half of all wild polar bear samples (54.2%, 13/24) at five loci, and 11% (9/44) of wild lynx samples and the snow leopard at three loci. Genotyping success from Eurasian lynx snow tracks increased to 24% when tracks were collected by trained rather than untrained personnel. Thirteen wild polar bear samples comprised 11 unique genotypes and two identical genotypes; likely representing 12 individual bears, one of which was sampled twice. Snow tracks show promise for use alongside other non-invasive and conventional methods as a reliable source of nuclear DNA for genetic mark-recapture of elusive and threatened mammals. The detailed protocol we present has utility for broadening end user groups and engaging Indigenous and local communities in species monitoring. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1738 | ||
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| Author | Aspinall, J. | ||||
| Title | Some aspects of breeding tigers and other big cats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1978 | Publication |
Friends of Howletts and Port Lympne | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | Spring | Pages | 26-32 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Howletts, Port Lympne | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1215 | ||
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| Author | Encke, B. | ||||
| Title | The breeding of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Krefeld Zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1966 | Publication |
Freunde des Kolner Zoo | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | Winter 1966/1967 | Pages | 145-146 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Krefeld Zoo, Germany | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Translated by K. Wittmeyer | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1243 | ||
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| Author | Encke, B. | ||||
| Title | Die sucht von schneeleoparden (Uncia uncia) im Krefelder Tierpark | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1967 | Publication |
Freunde des Kolner Zoo | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | Winter 1966/1967 | Pages | 145-146 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Krefeld Zoo | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1244 | ||
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| Author | Khanal, G., Poudyal, L. P., Devkota, B. P., Ranabhat, R., Wegge, P. | ||||
| Title | Status and conservation of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Api Nampa Conservation Area, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication |
Fauna & Flora International | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-8 | ||
| Keywords | Api Nampa Conservation Area, bharal, Nepal, Panthera uncia, Pseudois nayaur, snow leopard | ||||
| Abstract | The snow leopard Panthera uncia is globally threatened and reliable information on its abundance, distribution and prey species is a prerequisite for its conservation. In October-November 2014 we assessed the distribution of the snow leopard in the recently established Api Nampa Conservation Area in the Nepal Himalayas. Within selected blocks we conducted sign surveys and counted the number of bharal Pseudois nayaur, its principal wild prey, along transects totalling 106 km.We recorded 203 putative snow leopard signs at an encounter rate of 1.91 signs/km. Generalized linear models of the number of signs detected per transect showed that elevation had a positive influence and human activities a negative influence on sign encounter rate; prey abundance had only a weak positive influence on sign encounter rate. Within the effectively surveyed area of c. 2002 km2, we counted 527 bharal at an estimated density of 2.28 animals/km2. Recruitment of bharal was low, estimated at 48 kids/100 adult females, most likely a result of poor or overgrazed rangeland. We estimate the total number of bharal in this conservation area to be .>1,000, a prey base that could sustain 6-9 snow leopards. Based on our field observations, we identified human disturbance and habitat degradation associated with extraction of non-timber forest products, livestock grazing, and poaching as the main threats to the snow leopard. Standardized sign surveys, preferably supplemented by sampling with remote cameras or with genetic analysis of scats would provide robust baseline information on the abundance of snow leopards in this conservation area. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1473 | ||
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| Author | Hanson, J. H., Schutgens, M., Lama, R.P., Aryal, A., Dhakal, M. | ||||
| Title | Local attitudes to the proposed translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication |
Fauna & Flora International | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
| Keywords | Attitudes, blue sheep, human&wildlife conflict, Panthera uncia, Pseudois nayaur, Sagarmatha National Park, snow leopard, translocation | ||||
| Abstract | Translocations are an important tool for the conservation of biodiversity, but although ecological feasibility studies are frequently conducted prior to implementation, social feasibility studies that consider how local communities perceive such projects are less common. The translocation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur to Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal, has been proposed, to reduce livestock depredation by snow leopards Panthera uncia by providing an alternative prey base in addition to the small population of Himalayan thar Hemitragus jemlahicus. This study used systematic sampling, a quantitative questionnaire and qualitative interviews within the Park to provide data on the social viability of the proposed translocation. Quantitative analysis revealed moderate levels of support but qualitative analysis suggested that there are significant concerns about the proposal. In addition,multiple regression analysis found that women and livestock owners were significantly less supportive, although the model had low explanatory power. Potential crop damage and competition for forage were frequently cited as concerns, especially amongst those with a high level of dependence on natural resources. Given the mixed response to the proposed translocation of blue sheep to the Everest region, alleviating the reservations of local residents is likely to be key to any further consultation, planning or implementation. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1475 | ||
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| Author | Ferretti, F., Lovari, S., Minder, I., Pellizzi, B. | ||||
| Title | Recovery of the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt.Everest) National Park: effects on main prey | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication |
European Journal of Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 60 | Pages | 559-562 | |
| Keywords | Predator–prey relationships . Small populations . Snow leopard . Himalayan tahr | ||||
| Abstract | Consequences of predation may be particularly heavy on small populations of herbivores, especially if they are threatened with extinction. Over the 2006–2010 period, we documented the effects of the spontaneous return of the endangered snow leopard on the population of the vulnerable Himalayan tahr. The study area was an area of central Himalaya where this cat disappeared c. 40 years before, because of persecution by man. Snow leopards occurred mainly in areas close to the core area of tahr distribution. Tahr was the staple (56.3 %) of snow leopards. After the arrival of this cat, tahr decreased by more than 2/3 from 2003 to 2010 (mainly through predation on kids). Subsequently, the density of snow leopards decreased by 60%from2007 to 2010. The main prey of snow leopards in Asia (bharal, marmots) were absent in our study area, forcing snow leopards to specialize on tahr. The restoration of a complete prey spectrum should be favoured through reintroductions, to conserve large carnivores and to reduce exploitation of small populations of herbivores, especially if threatened. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1408 | ||
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| Author | Ahmad, A.; Rawat, J.S.; Rai, S.C. | ||||
| Title | An Analysis of the Himalayan Environment and Guidelines for its Management and Ecologically Sustainable Development | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication |
Environmentalist | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 281-298 |
| Keywords | environmental-assessment; human-impact; sustainable-development; management-guideline; ecological-degradation; mountain-ecosystem; impact-assessment; developing-country; asia; Himalayas; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; environmental; assessment; Human; impact; sustainable; development; management; guidline; ecological; degradations; mountain; ecosystem; 830 | ||||
| Abstract | The impacts of human activities on the bio-geophysical and socio-economic environment of the Himalayas are analysed. The main man-induced activities which have accelerated ecological degradation and threatened the equilibrium of Himalayan mountain ecosystems are stated as: unplanned land use, cultivation on steep slopes, overgrazing, major engineering activities, over-exploitation of village or community forests, lopping of broad leaved plant species, shifting cultivation (short cycle) in north-east India, tourism and recreation. The geomorphological conditions are major factors responsible for landslides which cause major havoc every year in the area. Wild fauna, like musk deer and the snow leopard are now under threat partially due to changes in their habitat and the introduction of exotic plant species. Population pressure and migration are major factors responsible for poverty in the hills. The emigration of the working male population has resulted in the involvement of women as a major work-force. Guidelines, with special emphasis on the application of environmental impact assessments for the management of the Himalayas, are proposed. -from Authors | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 145 | Serial | 38 | ||
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| Author | Namgail, T.; Fox, J.; Bhatnagar, Y. | ||||
| Title | Carnivore-Caused Livestock Mortality in Trans-Himalaya | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication |
Environmental Management | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 39 | Issue | Pages | 490-496 | |
| Keywords | Gya-Miru; livestock depredation; Lynx; snow leopard; trans-himalaya; wolf | ||||
| Abstract | The loss of livestock to wild predators is an important livelihood concern among Trans-Himalayan pastoralists. Because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the region, few studies have been carried out to quantify livestock depredation by wild predators. In the present study, we assessed the intensity of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia, Tibetan wolf Canis lupus chanku, and Eurasian lynx Lynx l. isabellina in three villages, namely Gya, Rumtse, and Sasoma, within the proposed Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary in Ladakh, India. The three villages reported losses of 295 animals to these carnivores during a period of 2.5 years ending in early 2003, which represents an annual loss rate of 2.9% of their livestock holdings. The Tibetan wolf was the most important predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock loss because of predation, followed by snow leopard (38%) and lynx (2%). Domestic goat was the major victim (32%), followed by sheep (30%), yak (15%), and horse (13%). Wolves killed horses significantly more and goats less than would be expected from their relative abundance. Snow leopards also killed horses significantly more than expected, whereas they killed other livestock types in proportion to their abundance. The three villages combined incurred an estimated annual monetary loss of approximately $USD 12,120 amounting to approximately $USD 190/household/y. This relatively high total annual loss occurred primarily because of depredation of the most valuable livestock types such as yak and horse. Conservation actions should initially attempt to target decrease of predation on these large and valuable livestock species. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 924 | Serial | 712 | ||
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| Author | Alexander, J. S., Agvaantseren, B., Gongor, E., Mijiddorj, T. N., Piaopiao, T., Stephen Redpath, S., Young, J., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Assessing the Effectiveness of a Community-based Livestock Insurance Program | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2021 | Publication |
Environmental Management | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | Large carnivores, Snow leopard conservation, Human-wildlife conflicts, Livestock insurance, Community conservation, Human-wildlife co-existence, Snow leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1635 | |||
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