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| Author | Weiskopf, S. R., Kachel, S. M., McCarthy, K. P. | ||||
| Title | What Are Snow Leopards Really Eating? Identifying Bias in Food-Habit Studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication  |
Wildlife Society Bulletin | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-8 | ||
| Keywords | diet, DNA genotyping, feces, Panthera uncia, scat, snow leopard. Lack of | ||||
| Abstract | Declining prey populations are widely recognized as a primary threat to snow leopard (Panthera uncia) populations throughout their range. Effective snow leopard conservation will depend upon reliable knowledge of food habits. Unfortunately, past food-habit studies may be biased by inclusion of nontarget species in fecal analysis, potentially misinforming managers about snow leopard prey requirements. Differentiation between snow leopard and sympatric carnivore scat is now cost-effective and reliable using genetics. We used fecal mitochondrial DNA sequencing to identify scat depositors and assessment bias in snow leopard food-habit studies. We compared presumed, via field identification, and genetically confirmed snow leopard scats collected during 2005 and 2012 from 4 sites in Central Asia, using standard forensic microscopy to identify prey species. Field identification success varied across study sites, ranging from 21% to 64% genetically confirmed snow leopard scats. Our results confirm the importance of large ungulate prey for snow leopards. Studies that fail to account for potentially commonplace misidentification of snow leopard scat may mistakenly include a large percentage of scats originating from other carnivores and report inaccurate dietary assessments. Relying on field identification of scats led to overestimation of percent occurrence, biomass, and number of small mammals consumed, but underestimated values of these measures for large ungulates in snow leopard diet. This clarification suggests that the conservation value of secondary prey, such as marmots (Marmota spp.) and other small mammals, may be overstated in the literature; stable snow leopard populations are perhaps more reliant upon large ungulate prey than previously understood. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1445 | ||
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| Author | Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. | ||||
| Title | Estimating Snow Leopard Population Abundance Using Photography and Capture-Recapture Techniques | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication |
Wildlife Society Bulletin | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 34 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 772-781 |
| Keywords | abundance; camera trapping; capture rates; dentistry; identification; India; photography; snow leopard; Uncia uncia | ||||
| Abstract | Conservation and management of snow leopards (Uncia uncial) has largely relied on anecdotal evidence and presence-absence data due to their cryptic nature and the difficult terrain they inhabit. These methods generally lack the scientific rigor necessary to accurately estimate population size and monitor trends. We evaluated the use of photography in capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques for estimating snow leopard population abundance and density within Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. We placed infrared camera traps along actively used travel paths, scent-sprayed rocks, and scrape sites within 16-30 kmý sampling grids in successive winters during January and March 2003-2004. We used head-on, oblique, and side-view camera configurations to obtain snow leopard photographs at varying body orientations. We calculated snow leopard abundance estimates using the program CAPTURE. We obtained a total of 66 and 49 snow leopard captures resulting in 8.91 and 5.63 individuals per 100 trap nights during 2003 and 2004, respectively. We identified snow leopards based on the distinct pelage patters located primarily on the forelimbs, flanks, and dorsal surface of the tail. Capture probabilities ranged from 0.33 to 0.67. Density estimates ranged from 8.49 (SE+0.22) individuals per 100 kmý in 2003 to 4.45 (SE+0.16) in 2004. We believe the density disparity between years is attributable to different trap density and placement rather than to an actual decline in population size. Our results suggest that photographic capture-mark-recapture sampling may be a useful tool for monitoring demographic patterns. However, we believe a larger sample size would be necessary for generating a statistically robust estimate of population density and abundance based on CMR models. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 912 | Serial | 476 | ||
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| Author | Woodland Park Zoological Gardens | ||||
| Title | Symposium held on snow leopard | Type | Magazine Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication |
Woodland Park Zoological Gardens Newsletter | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-3 | ||
| Keywords | captive, zoo, snow leopard | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Woodland Park Zoological Gardens | Thesis | |||
| Publisher | Woodland Park Zoological Gardens | Place of Publication | Seattle, Washington | Editor | |
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1286 | ||
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| Author | Halemba, A.; Donahoe, B. | ||||
| Title | Local perspectives on hunting and poaching: Research report for WWF Russia Altai-Saian Ecoregion | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication |
WWF Report | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-34 | ||
| Keywords | attitudes; hunting; poaching; Russia; snow leopard; Wwf; local; research; Report; attitude; region; snow; snow-leopard; leopard | ||||
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| Notes | WWF Russia released a report in English by Agnieszka Halemba of the University of Leipzigand Brian Donahoe of the Max Planck Institute on attitudes toward hunting and poaching in the Altai-Sayan region, including some material on attitudes toward snow leopard hunting. The report can be downloaded at http://www.wwf.ru/altay/eng/. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 942 | Serial | 369 | ||
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| Author | Broder, J.; MacFadden, A.; Cosens, L.; Rosenstein, D.; Harrison, T. | ||||
| Title | Use of Positive Reinforcement Conditioning to Monitor Pregnancy in an Unanesthetized Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) via Transabdominal Ultrasound | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication |
Zoo Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | Pages | 78-85 | |
| Keywords | desensitization; fetal development; operant conditioning; pregnancy detection; primiparous; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
| Abstract | Closely monitoring snow leopard (Uncia uncia) fetal developments via transabdominal ultrasound, with minimal stress to the animal, was the goal of this project. The staff at Potter Park Zoo has used the principles of habituation, desensitization, and positive reinforcement to train a female snow leopard (U. uncia). Ultrasound examinations were preformed on an unanesthetized feline at 63 and 84 days. The animal remained calm and compliant throughout both procedures. Fetuses were observed and measured on both occasions. The absence of anesthesia eliminated components of psychologic and physiologic stress associated with sedation. This was the first recorded instance of transabdominal ultrasound being carried out on an unanesthetized snow leopard. It documents the feasibility of detecting pregnancy and monitoring fetal development via ultrasound. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 905 | Serial | 196 | ||
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| Author | Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M. | ||||
| Title | Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication |
Zoo Biology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 223-237 |
| Keywords | Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390 | ||||
| Abstract | An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations. | ||||
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| Notes | Document Type: English | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 279 | Serial | 345 | ||
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| Author | Rishi, V. | ||||
| Title | Snow leopards breed at Darjeeling Zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1989 | Publication |
Zoo's Print | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-4 | ||
| Keywords | India; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 988 | Serial | 824 | ||
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| Author | Freeman, H., Braden, K. | ||||
| Title | Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1977 | Publication |
Zoological Garten J.F. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 47 | Issue | 3/4 | Pages | 280-288 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1256 | ||
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| Author | Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Munkhtsog, B. | ||||
| Title | Autumn Habitat Selection by Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita Mountain, Xinjiang, China | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication |
Zoological Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 221-224 | ||
| Keywords | habitat; Habitat selection; selection; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; mountain; Xinjiang; China; Chinese; Altay; mountain system; system; 30; transects; transect; surveys; survey; study; area; analysis; primary; factor; 200; 600; Base; valley; Forest; region; south; grazing; status; topography | ||||
| Abstract | Habitat selection of Snow Leopard ( Unica unica) in Beita Mountain of the Altay Mountain system in northeast Xinjiang was conducted from September to October 2004. Six habitat features of 59 sites used by Snow Leopard and 30 random plots were measured by locating 15 transects surveys in the study area . Vanderploge and Scaviaps selectivity index was used to assess Snow Leopardps selection for the different habitat parameters. Principal Component Analysis was used as the primary factor . The results indicated that Snow Leopard preferred the altitude between 2000 – 2 200 m and avoided 2 600 – 3 000 m ; selected cliff base , ridgeline and avoided hillside and valley bottom ; utilized the shrub and rejected the forest ; selected the nongrazing area and avoided the slightly broken region ; preferred north orientation and rejected the south orientation. The results show that grazing status , vegetation type , topography and the ruggedness are the primary factors for the habitat selection of Snow Leopard. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in Chinese | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 872 | Serial | 1039 | ||
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| Author | Marma, B.B., Yunchis, V.V. | ||||
| Title | Biology of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1969 | Publication |
Zoologicheskii Zhurnal | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 47 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 1689-1694 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Panthera uncia, reproduction, Kaunas Zoo, Lithuania | ||||
| Abstract | The methods to obtain progeny of the snow-leopard (Panthera uncia uncia) in captivity were being elaborated in the zoological garden of Kaunas, Lithuanian SSR. The blood characteristics for snow-leopards is given and compared to that for African lions and Sumatran tigers. A series of internal, external and clinical indices is established. The rut lasts for 5-7 day, the duration of pregnancy equals 98 days. The duration of lactation varies from 3 to 4 months. Sexual maturity is attained on the 3rd-4th year. From 1960 to 1967 in zoological ghardens of the world abuot 29 snow-leopards were born. 14 of them -- in the Kauna zoological garden. | ||||
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| Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1249 | ||
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