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	Author	Alexander, J. S., Bijoor, A., Gurmet, K., Murali, R., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. R.
	Title	Engaging women brings conservation benefits to snow leopard landscapes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Environmental Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1 - 7
	Keywords	community conservation; gender; large carnivores; snow leopard; women
	Abstract	Protection of biodiversity requires inclusive and gender-responsive programming. Evidence of success in engaging women in large carnivore conservation remains scarce, however, although women play an important role in caring for livestock at risk of predation and could contribute to large-carnivore conservation. We aimed to assess the performance of an income-generation and skills-building programme for women in Spiti Valley (India) that sought to engage women in local conservation action. Annual programme monitoring together with a one-time survey of attitudes, perceptions and social norms in eight communities exposed to the conservation programme and seven ‘control’ communities revealed: a keen interest and increasing levels of women’s participation over 7 years of programme operation; participant reports of multiple programme benefits including additional personal income, social networking and travel opportunities; and more positive attitudes towards snow leopards among programme participants than among non-participants in the control communities. Women from programme communities recorded in their diaries 33 self-directed conservation actions including improving livestock protection and preventing wildlife poaching. These results show a way forward to purposively engage women in conservation programming towards achieving sustainable and equitable outcomes in efforts to promote carnivore–human coexistence.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1689
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	Author	Ikeda, N.
	Title	*Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia* in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal Himalaya**			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	Environmental Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	31	Issue		Pages	322-330
	Keywords	herder; Kanchenjunga Conservation Area; local resident; park people conflict; wildlife conservation; yak.; snow leopard
	Abstract	It is necessary to fully understand the economic conditions of local herders in order to find solutions to the conflicts between wildlife conservation and livestock rearing in remote areas of low-income countries. In the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA), Nepal, livestock depredation by snow leopards impacts on yak herders' livelihoods. Retaliatory killings of snow leopard by the herders have been reported and the concerned authorities recently initiated snow leopard conservation programmes. In 2001, interviews with the yak herders who used the pastures in the Ghunsa valley in the preceding year collected data on the incidence of livestock death caused by snow leopards. The annual net cash income of the yak herders was estimated by obtaining baseline values of sales and expenditure per livestock head through field measurement of dairy products and interviews with a sample of herders. As yet, the average annual damage does not appear to have adversely affected fundamental livelihoods in households with an average herd size (36.6 head). However, in the worst scenario of livestock depredation, households with medium or small-sized herds (<40 head) might risk their living conditions becoming unsustainable or having to withdraw from yak pastoralism. A supplementary interview showed that the majority of the herders, except those who took completely neutral attitudes towards the regional conservation and development programme, had negative views of the snow leopard conservation policy. For the snow leopard conservation programme in the KCA to be a success, there must be a system to compensate the herders' households for livestock damage.
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	Notes	Full article not available on SLN bibliography due to copyright concerns.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 906			Serial	402
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	Author	Mishra, C.
	Title	Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: Conflict perceptions and conservation prospects			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Environmental Conservation	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	24	Issue	4	Pages	338-343
	Keywords	canis lupis; carnivore; conflict; human-wildlife conflict; India; livestock; livestock depredation; snow leopard; trans-himalaya; Uncia uncia; wolf
	Abstract	Livestock depredation by the snow leopard, Uncia uncia, and the wolf, Canis lupus, has resulted in a human-wildlife conflict that hinders the conservation of these globally-threatened species throughout their range. This paper analyses the alleged economic loss due to livestock depredation by these carnivores, and the retaliatory responses of an agro-pastoral community around Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian trans-Himalaya. The three villages studied (80 households) attributed a total of 189 livestock deaths (18% of the livestock holding) over a period of 18 months to wild predators, and this would amount to a loss per household equivalent to half the average annual per capita income. The financial compensation received by the villagers from the Government amounted to 3% of the perceived annual loss. Recent intensification of the conflict seems related to a 37.7% increase in livestock holding in the last decade. Villagers have been killing the wolf, though apparently not the snow leopard. A self-financed compensation scheme, and modification of existing livestock pens are suggested as area-specific short-term measures to reduce the conflict. The need to address the problem of increasing livestock holding in the long run is emphasized.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 333			Serial	689
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	Author	Gajurel, D.
	Title	Snow Leopards Found in Nepal's Langtang National Park			Type	Unsupported: Electronic Citation
	Year	2006	Publication	Environment News Service	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Langtang; leopard; leopards; national; National-park; national park; Nepal; park; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; International
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	Publisher	Environment News Service	Place of Publication		Editor	Editor-in-Chief Sunny Lewis and Managing Editor Jim Crabtree
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	Notes	http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2006/2006-03-24-04.asp International daily newswire			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1059			Serial	329
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	Author	Johnson, D.
	Title	The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation goes international			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Endangered Species Update, A	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	10	Pages	A10
	Keywords	Nfwf; India; asia; siberia; endangered-species; snow-leopard; managemnet; conservation; snow leopard; browse; endangered; species; 1150
	Abstract	Abstract: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) which is a conservation organization created in 1984 aims to conserve the species on an international context before they are endangered which will enable a more effective conservation procedure. The NFWF has addressed the causes of endangered species in India and South Asia such as the tiger, Indian wolf and the snow leopard and has supported the conservation efforts of the Siberian tiger. It has cooperated with multi-national organizations to evaluate the best strategy that could be adopted to prevent a future extinction of several species and has supported CITES programs
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 254			Serial	500
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	Author	Rude, K.
	Title	Aiding the elusive snow leopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Endangered Species Technical Bulletin Reprint	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	1-6
	Keywords	snow leopard; management; resource
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	Publisher	Wildland Management Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan.	Place of Publication	Michigan	Editor
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	Notes	Special reprint issue. Wildland Management Center, School of Natural Resources, The University of Michigan.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 989			Serial	834
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	Author	Emanoil, M.
	Title	Snow leopard: Uncia (panthers) uncia			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1994	Publication	Encyclopedia of Endangered Species	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	205-206
	Keywords	endangered; endangered species; snow leopard; uncia
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	Publisher	IUCN, Gale Research Inc.	Place of Publication		Editor	Emanoil, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 963			Serial	253
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	Author	Maheshwari, A., Niraj, S. K
	Title	Monitoring illegal trade in snow leopards: 2003e2014			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Elsevier	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1 -6
	Keywords	Snow leopard, Illegal trade, Central and southern Asia, Conservation
	Abstract	Illegal trade in snow leopards (Panthera uncia) has been identified as one of the major threats to long-term survival of the species in the wild. To quantify severity of the threats to dwindling snow leopard population, we examined market and questionnaire surveys, and information from the published and unpublished literature on illegal trade and poaching of snow leopards.We collected information from 11 of the 12 snow leopard range counties in central and southern Asia, barring Kazakhstan, and reported 439 snow leopards (88 records) in illegal trade during 2003e2014, which represents a loss of approximately 8.4%e10.9% snow leopard population (assuming mid-point population of 5240 to minimum population of 4000 individuals) in a period of 12 years. Our data suggested a 61% decadal increase in snow leopard trade during 2003e2012 compared with 1993e2002, while taking the note of significant strengthening of wildlife enforcement and crime control network in the decades of 2000s and 2010s. We found 50% prosecution rate of snow leopard crimes resulting in only 20% conviction rate globally. Many limitations e.g., secretive nature of illegal trade, ill developed enforcement mechanism, poor and passive documentation of snow leopards' seizures, restricted us to reflect actual trend of snow leopards' illegal trade. Even on a conservative scale the present situation is alarming and may detrimental to snow leopard conservation. We propose an effective networking of enforcement efforts and coordination among the law enforcement agencies, efficient collection of data and data management, and sharing of intelligence in snow leopard range countries, could be useful in curbing illegal trade in snow leopards in central and southern Asia.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1466
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	Author
	Title	Resolutions of the Eighth International Snow Leopard Symposium			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Eighth International Snow Leopard Symposium	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-3
	Keywords	resolutions; snow leopard; symposium
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	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title	Eighth International Snow Leopard Symposium
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	Notes	12-16 November 1995			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 948			Serial	16
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	Author	Din, J. U., Ali, H., Ali, A., Younus, M., Mehmood,, T., Rashid, Y. N., Nawaz, M. A.
	Title	Pastoralist-predator interaction at the roof of the world: Conflict dynamics and implications for conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Ecology and Society	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	22	Issue	2	Pages
	Keywords	Afghan Pamir; carnivore; conflict; Pak Pamir; pastoralist; predation; snow leopard; Tajik Pamir; wolf
	Abstract	Pastoralism and predation are two major concomitantly known facts and matters of concern for conservation biologists worldwide. Pastoralist-predator conflict constitutes a major social-ecological concern in the Pamir mountain range encompassing Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan, and affects community attitudes and tolerance toward carnivores. Very few studies have been conducted to understand the dynamics of livestock predation by large carnivores like snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and wolves (Canis lupus), owing to the region�s remoteness and inaccessibility. This study attempts to assess the intensity of livestock predation (and resulting perceptions) by snow leopards and wolves across the Afghani, Pakistani, and Tajik Pamir range during the period January 2008�June 2012. The study found that livestock mortality due to disease is the most serious threat to livestock (an average 3.5 animal heads per household per year) and ultimately to the rural economy (an average of US$352 per household per year) as compared to predation (1.78 animal heads per household per year, US$191) in the three study sites. Overall, 1419 (315 per year) heads of livestock were reportedly killed by snow leopards (47%) and wolves (53%) in the study sites. People with comparatively smaller landholdings and limited earning options, other than livestock rearing, expressed negative attitudes toward both wolves and snow leopards and vice versa. Education was found to be an effective solution to dilute people�s hatred for predators. Low public tolerance of the wolf and snow leopard in general explained the magnitude of the threat facing predators in the Pamirs. This will likely continue unless tangible and informed conservation measures like disease control and predation compensation programs are taken among others.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1453
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	Author	Khanal, G., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. R.
	Title	Relative influence of wild prey and livestock abundance on carnivore-caused livestock predation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-11
	Keywords	conservation conflict, human carnivore conflict, large mammalian carnivore, livestock depredation, Nepal, Shey Phoksundo National Park, snow leopard
	Abstract	Conservation conflict over livestock depredation is one of the key drivers of large mammalian carnivore declines worldwide. Mitigating this conflict requires strategies informed by reliable knowledge of factors influencing livestock depredation. Wild prey and livestock abundance are critical factors influencing the extent of livestock depredation. We compared whether the extent of livestock predation by snow leopards Panthera uncia differed in relation to densities of wild prey, livestock, and snow leopards at two sites in Shey Phoksundo National Park, Nepal. We used camera trap-based spatially explicit capture–recapture models to estimate snow leopard density; double-observer surveys to estimate the density of their main prey species, the blue sheep Pseudois nayaur; and interview-based household surveys to estimate livestock population and number of livestock killed by snow leopards. The proportion of livestock lost per household was seven times higher in Upper Dolpa, the site which had higher snow leopard density (2.51 snow leopards per 100 km2) and higher livestock density (17.21 livestock per km2) compared to Lower Dolpa (1.21 snow leopards per 100 km2; 4.5 livestock per km2). The wild prey density was similar across the two sites (1.81 and 1.57 animals per km2 in Upper and Lower Dolpa, respectively). Our results suggest that livestock depredation level may largely be determined by the abundances of the snow leopards and livestock and predation levels on livestock can vary even at similar levels of wild prey density. In large parts of the snow leopard range, livestock production is indispensable to local livelihoods and livestock population is expected to increase to meet the demand of cashmere. Hence, we recommend that any efforts to increase livestock populations or conservation initiatives aimed at recovering or increasing snow leopard population be accompanied by better herding practices (e.g., predator-proof corrals) to protect livestock from snow leopard.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1611
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	Author	Atzeni, L., Cushman, S. A., Bai, D., Wang, J., Chen, P., Shi, K., Riordan, P.
	Title	Meta-replication, sampling bias, and multi-scale model selection: A case study on snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in western China.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-27
	Keywords	MaxEnt, meta-replication, multi-scale, Panthera uncia, sampling bias, scale selection, snow leopard, species distribution model
	Abstract	Replicated multiple scale species distribution models (SDMs) have become increasingly important to identify the correct variables determining species distribution and their influences on ecological responses. This study explores multi-scale habitat relationships of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in two study areas on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau of western China. Our primary objectives were to evaluate the degree to which snow leopard habitat relationships, expressed by predictors, scales of response, and magnitude of effects, were consistent across study areas or locally landcape-specific. We coupled univariate scale optimization and the maximum entropy algorithm to produce multivariate SDMs, inferring the relative suitability for the species by ensembling top performing models. We optimized the SDMs based on average omission rate across the top models and ensembles’ overlap with a simulated reference model. Comparison of SDMs in the two study areas highlighted landscape-specific responses to limiting factors. These were dependent on the effects of the hydrological network, anthropogenic features, topographic complexity, and the heterogeneity of the landcover patch mosaic. Overall, even accounting for specific local differences, we found general landscape attributes associated with snow leopard ecological requirements, consisting of a positive association with uplands and ridges, aggregated low-contrast landscapes, and large extents of grassy and herbaceous vegetation. As a means to evaluate the performance of two bias correction methods, we explored their effects on three datasets showing a range of bias intensities. The performance of corrections depends on the bias intensity; however, density kernels offered a reliable correction strategy under all circumstances. This study reveals the multi-scale response of snow leopards to environmental attributes and confirms the role of meta-replicated study designs for the identification of spatially varying limiting factors. Furthermore, this study makes important contributions to the ongoing discussion about the best approaches for sampling bias correction.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1616
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	Author	Thapa, K., Schmitt, N., Pradhan, N. M. B., Acharya, H. R., Rayamajhi, S.
	Title	No silver bullet? Snow leopard prey selection in Mt. Kangchenjunga, Nepal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Ecology and Evolution	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-13
	Keywords	blue sheep, common leopard, fecal, genetic analysis, snow leopard, wolf, yak
	Abstract	In this study, we investigated the impact of domestic and wild prey availability on snow leopard prey preference in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area of eastern Nepal-a region where small domestic livestock are absent and small wild ungulate prey are present. We took a comprehensive approach that combined fecal genetic sampling, macro- and microscopic analyses of snow leopard diets, and direct observation of blue sheep and livestock in the KCA. Out of the collected 88 putative snow leopard scat samples from 140 transects (290km) in 27 (4x4km2) sampling grid cells, 73 (83%) were confirmed to be from snow leopard. The genetic analysis accounted for 19 individual snow leopards (10 males and 9 females), with a mean population size estimate of 24 (95% CI: 19-29) and an average density of 3.9 snow leopards/100km2 within 609km2. The total available prey biomass of blue sheep and yak was estimated at 355,236 kg (505 kg yak/km2 and 78kg blue sheep/km2). From the available prey biomass, we estimated snow leopards consumed 7% annually, which comprised wild prey (49%), domestic livestock (45%). and 6% unidentified items. the estimated 47,736 kg blue sheep biomass gives a snow leopard-to-blue sheep ratio of 1:59 on a weight basis. The high preference of snow leopard to domestic livestock appears to be influenced by a much smaller available biomass of wild prey then in other regions of Nepal (e.g., 78kg/km2 in the KCA compared with a range of 200-300 kg/km2 in other regions of Nepal?. Along with livestock insurance scheme improvement, there needs to be a focus on improved livestock guarding, predator-proof corrals as well as engaging and educating local people to be citizen scientists on the importance of snow leopard conservation, involving them in long-term monitoring programs and promotion of ecotourism.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1665
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	Author	Salvatori, M., Oberosler, V., Augugliaro, C., Krofel, M., Rovero, F.
	Title	Effects of free-ranging livestock on occurrence and interspecific interactions of a mammalian community			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2022	Publication	Ecological-Applications.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	e2644	Pages	1-13
	Keywords	activity pattern, community occupancy, grassland, interspecific interactions, livestock encroachment, snow leopard
	Abstract	Mammalian communities inhabiting temperate grasslands are of conservation concern globally, especially in Central Asia, where livestock numbers have dramatically increased in recent decades, leading to overgrazing and land-use change. Yet, how this pervasive presence of livestock herds affects the community of wild mammals remains largely unstudied. We used systematic camera trapping at 216 sites across remote, mountainous areas of the Mongolian Altai Mountains to assess the spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence and the interspecific relationships within a mammalian community that includes different categories of livestock. By adopting a recently proposed multispecies occupancy model that incorporates interspecific correlation in occupancy, we found several statistically strong correlations in occupancy among species pairs, with the majority involving livestock. The sign of such associations was markedly species-dependent, with larger wild species of conservation concern, namely, snow leopard and Siberian ibex, avoiding livestock presence. As predicted, we found evidence of a positive correlation in occupancy between predators and their respective main prey. Contrary to our expectations, a number of intraguild species pairs also showed positive co-occurrence, with no evidence of spatiotemporal niche partitioning. Overall, our study suggests that livestock encroaching into protected areas influences the whole local community of wild mammals. Though pastoralism has coexisted with wildlife for millennia in central Asian grasslands, our findings suggest that policies and practices to decrease the pressure of livestock husbandry on wildlife are needed, with special attention on large species, such as the snow leopard and its wild prey, which seem to be particularly sensitive to this pervasive livestock presence.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1690
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	Author	Klubnikin, K.; Annett, C.; Cherkasova, M.; Shishin, M.; Fotieva, I.
	Title	The sacred and the scientific: Traditional ecological knowledge in Siberian River conservation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Ecological-Applications.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue	5	Pages	1296-1306
	Keywords	endangered-species; Human; Hominidae; Altaians; plant; Plantae; snow-leopard; Felidae; endemism; hydroelectric-dam; land-management; perestroika; species-diversity; traditional-ecological-knowledge; water-resource-management; snow leopard; browse; hydroelectric; dam; endangered; species; land; management; diversity; species diversity; traditional; ecological.; knowledge; water; resource; 30
	Abstract	The Katun River originates in the steppe of the Altai Mountains in Siberia. One of the major headwaters of the Ob River, the Katun is considered central to the culture of the indigenous Altaians. The Katun Valley contains large numbers of important cultural sites, dating from the Neolithic and representing some of the earliest human settlement in Russia. Modern-day Altaians still observe traditional ceremonies honoring the river and springs throughout the watershed and utilize traditional ecological knowledge in their management of the land and water resources. Russian and international scientists have identified the Altai Mountains as a region of high plant diversity and endemism, and as important habitat for endangered species such as the snow leopard. The Katun River itself contains species of threatened and endangered fishes, and its headwaters are part of the unusual Mongolian ichthyofaunal province that is characterized by high levels of endemism. The same regions are considered by the Altaian people to be special or sacred and are recognized by Western scientists as having great value for conservation. During the era of perestroika, a hydroelectric dam was to be built on the Katun. The large dam, a vestige of the earlier Soviet plan for the Project of the Century, would have devastated significant agricultural, ecological, recreational, and cultural resources. The indigenous Altaian people would have lost much of their sacred and cultural landscape. The Katun dam project united indigenous people, well-known Siberian writers, and scientists in protest, which became so heated that it engaged the international community, with lasting effects on Russian society. The magnitude of the protest illustrates the importance of the Altai Mountain region to all of Russia. The active participation of indigenous Altaians reflected their traditional willingness to take action against political decisions that negatively impacted the environmental, cultural, and religious values of their homeland. Their involvement also reflected the new wave of awareness under perestroika that underscored a greater respect and autonomy for indigenous peoples in Russia.
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	Notes	Document Type: English Call Number: QH540 .E273			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 390			Serial	537
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	Author	Sharma, K., Fiechter, M., George, T., Young, J., Alexander, J. S., Bijoor, Suryawanshi, K., Mishra, C.
	Title	Conservation and people: Towards an ethical code of conduct for the use of camera traps in wildlife research			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Ecological Solutions and Evidence	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-6
	Keywords	camera trap, code of conduct, ethics, human rights, law, PARTNERS principles for community- based conservation, privacy, snow leopard
	Abstract	1. Camera trapping is a widely employed tool in wildlife research, used to estimate animal abundances, understand animal movement, assess species richness and under- stand animal behaviour. In addition to images of wild animals, research cameras often record human images, inadvertently capturing behaviours ranging from innocuous actions to potentially serious crimes. 2. With the increasing use of camera traps, there is an urgent need to reflect on how researchers should deal with human images caught on cameras. On the one hand, it is important to respect the privacy of individuals caught on cameras, while, on the other hand, there is a larger public duty to report illegal activity. This creates ethical dilemmas for researchers. 3. Here, based on our camera-trap research on snow leopards Panthera uncia, we outline a general code of conduct to help improve the practice of camera trap based research and help researchers better navigate the ethical-legal tightrope of this important research tool.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1626
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	Author	Bohnett, E., Holmberg, J., Faryabi, S. P., An, L., Ahmad, B., Rashid, W., Ostrowski, S.
	Title	Comparison of two individual identification algorithms for snow leopards (Panthera uncia) after automated detection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Ecological Informatics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	77	Issue	102214	Pages	1-14
	Keywords	Background subtraction, Deep learning, Hotspotter, Individual identification, PIE v2, Snow leopards
	Abstract	Photo-identification of individual snow leopards (Panthera uncia) is the primary data source for density estimation via capture-recapture statistical methods. To identify individual snow leopards in camera trap imagery, it is necessary to match individuals from a large number of images from multiple cameras and historical catalogues, which is both time-consuming and costly. The camouflaged snow leopards also make it difficult for machine learning to classify photos, as they blend in so well with the surrounding mountain environment, rendering applicable software solutions unavailable for the species. To potentially make snow leopard individual identification available via an artificial intelligence (AI) software interface, we first trained and evaluated image classification techniques for a convolutional neural network, pose invariant embeddings (PIE) (a triplet loss network), and compared the accuracy of PIE to that of the HotSpotter algorithm (a SIFT-based algorithm). Data were acquired from a curated library of free-ranging snow leopards taken in Afghanistan between 2012 and 2019 and from captive animals in zoos in Finland, Sweden, Germany, and the United States. We discovered several flaws in the initial PIE model, such as a small amount of background matching, that was addressed, albeit likely not fixed, using background subtraction (BGS) and left-right mirroring (LR) techniques which demonstrated reasonable accuracy (Rank 1: 74% Rank-5: 92%) comparable to the Hotspotter results (Rank 1: 74% Rank 2: 84%)The PIE BGS LR model, in conjunction with Hotspotter, yielded the following results: Rank-1: 85%, Rank-5: 95%, Rank-20: 99%. In general, our findings indicate that PIE BGS LR, in conjunction with HotSpotter, can classify snow leopards more accurately than using either algorithm alone.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1723
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	Author	Blomqvist, L.; Dexel, B.
	Title	In Focus: Declining numbers of wild snow leopards			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2006	Publication	EAZA Zoo News	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	26-27
	Keywords	asia; Cites; conflict; habitat loss; herder; laws; poaching; protection; snow leopard; threat; trade; Uncia uncia
	Abstract	International collaboration to ensure the long-term survival of snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the wild is today more acutely needed than ever! Trade in live snow leopards, their skins and bones, has during the last decade reached such extensiveness that the species is in danger of being wiped out from many of its former habitats. All recent surveys support declining populations throughout most of their range.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 887			Serial	172
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	Author	Smith, G.
	Title	Mongolia at the crossroads			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Earth Island Journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue	4	Pages	1
	Keywords	Mongolia; hunting; poaching; economy; snow-leopard; ibex; Argal; protection; conservation; snow leopard; browse; 1170
	Abstract	Abstract: Assesses foreign investment laws adopted by the government of Mongolia which have been deemed extremely flexible and favorable for Americans. Economic benefits presented by the big game hunt industry; Consultation with Secretary of State James Baker in the formulation of said laws during his July The Mongolian government is trying its best to make the country attractive to foreign investors. Big game hunts are still Mongolia's primary source of foreign cash. European and American hunters are willing to pay as much as $90,000 for rare game such as the ibex or the snow leopard. However, a recent US Fish and Wildlife Service ruling giving protection to the Argal, a wild sheep, could mean the cutting of cash inflows from foreign hunters.
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	Notes	Document Type: English			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 189			Serial	903
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	Author	Krumbiegel, V.I.
	Title	Die schneeleoparden (Felis uncia Schreb.) des Dresdner Zoologischen Gartens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1936	Publication	Dresdner Zoologischen Gartens	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	34-37
	Keywords	snow leopard, captivity, Dresden Zoo, Germany
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	Dresden			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1251
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	Author	Schneider, V.K.M.
	Title	Einige bilder zur Aufzucht eines schneeleoparden			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1936	Publication	Dresden Zoological Garden	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	37-39
	Keywords	snow leopard, captivity, Leipzig Zoo, Germany
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @			Serial	1252
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	Author	Subbotin, A.E.; Istomov, S.V.
	Title	The population status of snow leopards Uncia uncia (Felidae, Carnivora) in the western Sayan Mountain Ridge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Doklady Biologicl Sciences	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	425	Issue		Pages	183-186
	Keywords	population; status; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Felidae; Carnivora; Sayan; mountain; Russian; Test; species; cat; Russia; area; range; Data; study; activity; activities; behavior; habitats; habitat; humans; Human; number; description; Animal; structure
	Abstract	The snow leopard (Uncia uncial Schreber, 1776) is the most poorly studied species of the cat family in the world and, in particular, in Russia, where the northern periphery of the species area (no more than 3% of it) is located in the Altai-Hangai-Sayan range [1]. It is generally known that the existing data on the Russian part of the snow leopard population have never been a result of targeted studies; at best, they have been based on recording the traces of the snow leopard vital activity [2]. This is explained by the snow leopard's elusive behavior, inaccessibility of its habitats for humans, and its naturally small total numbers in the entire species area. All published data on the population status of the snow leopard in Russia, from the first descriptions of the species [3-6] to the latest studies [7, 8] are subjective, often speculative, and are not confirmed by quantitative estimates. It is obvious, however, that every accurate observation of this animal is of particular interest [9]. The purpose of our study was to determine the structure and size of the population group presumably inhabiting the Western Sayan mountain ridge at the northern boundary of the species area
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	Publisher	Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-4966	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Original Russian test published in Doklady Akademii Nauk, Vol. 425, No.6, pp.846-849.			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 1005			Serial	941
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	Author	Polking, V.F.
	Title	Schneelleopard			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Das Tier	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	8-15
	Keywords	german; McCarthy; Mongolia; snow leopard
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	Notes	Document Type: German; color magazine			Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 297			Serial	783
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	Author	Gao, Y., Wang, Y., Lee, A. T. L., Liu, Y., Luo, Y., Orrick, K., Alexander, J. S., Sangpo, J. T., Clark, S. G.
	Title	Contextualizing sociodemographic differences in Tibetan attitudes toward large carnivores			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2023	Publication	Conservation Science and Practice	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	e13049	Pages	1-15
	Keywords	ABC model, brown bear, gray wolf, snow leopard, Tibet
	Abstract	Fostering human–wildlife coexistence necessitates a thorough and nuanced grasp of local attitudes toward wildlife. Attitudes can vary substantially based on the sociodemographic backgrounds of individuals within a society. This study examines Tibetan attitudes toward large carnivores, emphasizing the importance of contextualization in discerning the effects of sociodemographic factors on attitudes. We began by analyzing existing research on Tibetan attitudes toward wildlife in China, identifying previously studied sociodemo- graphic variables. We then executed an online survey to evaluate the affective, behavioral, cognitive, and overall attitudes of ethnic Tibetans in China toward snow leopards (Panthera uncia), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and brown bears (Ursus arctos). Our findings show that while factors such as gender, age, religious identity, and level of education shape these attitudes, their influence differs depending on the specific attitude component and the target animal under examination. Therefore, making broad generalizations about sociodemographic differences in attitudes can be misleading. It is imperative for attitude research to clearly define the attitude component (what type of attitude), object (attitude toward what), and circumstance (attitude in which situation) being studied. Conducting ethnographic fieldwork in collaboration with local cultural experts can deepen our understanding of local perspectives and the ways sociodemographic factors influence attitudes. Such insights are pivotal for developing conservation strategies attuned to local sociocultural contexts.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1736
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	Author	Arias, M., Coals, P., Ardiantiono, Elves-Powell, J., Rizzolo, J. B., Ghoddousi, A., Boron, V., da Silva, M., Naude, V., Williams, V., Poudel, S., Loveridge, A., Payan, E., Suryawanshi, K., Dickman, A.
	Title	Reflecting on the role of human-felid conflict and local use in big cat trade			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2024	Publication	Conservation Science and Practice	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue	e13030	Pages	1-7
	Keywords	conflict, illegal trade, jaguar, leopard, lion, Panthera, snow leopard, tiger, wildlife crime
	Abstract	Illegal trade in big cat (Panthera spp.) body parts is a prominent topic in scientific and public discourses concerning wildlife conservation. While illegal trade is generally acknowledged as a threat to big cat species, we suggest that two enabling factors have, to date, been under-considered. To that end, we discuss the roles of human-felid conflict, and “local” use in illegal trade in big cat body parts. Drawing examples from across species and regions, we look at generalities, contextual subtleties, ambiguities, and definitional complexities. We caution against underestimating the extent of “local” use of big cats and highlight the potential of conflict killings to supply body parts.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rakhee @			Serial	1745
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