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| Author | Suryawanshi, K.R. | ||||
| Title | Towards snow leopard prey recovery: understanding the resource use strategies and demographic responses of bharal Pseudois nayaur to livestock grazing and removal; Final project report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication  |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-43 | ||
| Keywords | project; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; network; conservation; program; prey; recovery; resource; use; strategy; demographic; Response; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; livestock; grazing; Report; decline; wild; populations; population; Himalayan; region; Competition; threats; threat; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; study; diet; winter; Test; browse; nutrition; areas; area; young; Female; times; High; Adult; mortality; species; predators; predator; endangered; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya | ||||
| Abstract | Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats to the snow leopard Uncia uncia. Studies show that bharal Pseudois nayaur diet is dominated by graminoids during summer, but the proportion of graminoids declines in winter. We explore the causes for the decline of graminoids from bharal winter diet and resulting implications for bharal conservation. We test the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses, (H1) low graminoid availability caused by livestock grazing during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet, and, (H2) bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutrition, to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. Graminoid quality in winter was relatively lower than that of browse, but the difference was not statistically significant. Bharal diet was dominated by graminoids in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to bharal diet declined monotonically with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was three times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. No starvation-related adult mortalities were observed in any of the areas. Composition of bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock free areas is necessary for conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators such as the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program, 2008. Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore. Post-graduate Program in Wildlife Biology and Conservation, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Wildlife Conservation Society -India program, Bangalore, India. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1077 | Serial | 952 | ||
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| Author | Taryannikov, V.I. | ||||
| Title | Distribution, biology and current state of the number of the rare predatory mammals in W. Gissar. The Ecology, Protection, and Acclimatization of Vertebrates in Uzbekistan | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | Uzbekistan; Gissar; distribution; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2600 | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Tashkent | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 89 | Serial | 958 | ||
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| Author | Thapa, K. | ||||
| Title | Is their any correlation between abundance of blue sheep population and livestock depredation by snow leopards in the Phu Valley, Manang District, Annapurna Conservation Area? Final report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-19 | ||
| Keywords | abundance; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; population; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; valley; Manang; annapurna; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; conservation; area; Report; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; Nepal | ||||
| Abstract | This study was undertaken in the Phu valley of Manang district in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, Spring, 2004 and 2005. I used the Snow Leopard Management Information System (“second order” survey technique), to determine the relative abundance of snow leopards in delineated areas in Phu valley. Transects routes were plotted by randomly selected feasible landforms such as along ridgelines, cliff bases and river bluffs where snow leopards sign is likely to be found. Altogether, 16 transects (total length of 7.912 km) were laid down (mean transect length=0.495 km). They revealed, 54 sign sites (both relic and non-relic) and altogether 88 signs (72 scrapes, 11 feces, 3 scent mark, 2 pugmarks and 1 hair) were recorded (6.8 site/km and 11.1 signs/km). There were 61.1% non-relic and 38.9% relic sites. The density of snow leopards in Phu Valley may be 4-5 snow leopards/100 kmý.It was found that the Ghyo block had the highest sign density (13.6 mean sign item/km) and Phu block (9.8 mean sign item/km) and the lowest in Ngoru block (3.9 mean sign item/km.). For blue sheep, direct count method was applied from different appropriate vantage points (fixed-point count). I counted total individuals in each herd and classified all individuals whenever possible, using 8 X24 binocular and 15-60x spotting scope. A total 37 blue sheep herds and 1209 individuals were observed in 192.25 kmý of the study area (blue sheep density, 6.3 kmý). Average herd size was 32.68. Herd size varied from 1 to 103 animals (the largest so far recorded). The average sex ratio male to female for the entire survey area was 0.67. Recruitment rate was 47.13. The ratio of yearlings to adult female was 0.45. In Ghyo block had total 168 blue sheep (area, 44.08 km2 or 3.8/ km2 i.e. 137.2 kg/ kmý). Blue sheep density in Ngoru block showed 4.7/km2 (area, 65.47 km2). Highest density of blue sheep among three blocks was recorded in Phu block, 8.9/km2 (or 320 kg/km2) in its 82.70 km2 area. A standard questionnaire was designed, and interviews conducted for relevant information was collected on livestock depredation patterns (total household survey). Out of 33 households surveyed, 30 reported that they had livestock depredation by the snow leopard in 2004. Altogether 58 animals were reportedly lost to snow leopards (3.1% of the total mortality). Out of the estimated standing available biomass (1, 83,483kg) in the Phu valley at least 2220 kg or 1.3% of the total livestock biomass was consumed by snow leopards in the year of our study (2004). It was estimated that in the Phu valley annually 1.8 animals were lost per household to snow leopards. This means approx. Rs.413560 (US$ 5,908) is lost annually in the valley (US$ 179/household/annum). Ghyo block, had the highest animals loss (53.4%), followed by Phu block (36.2%) and Ngoru block (10.3%) to snow leopards. There is positive correlation among the densities of blue sheep, relative abundance of the snow leopard and livestock depredation. Blue sheep is the main prey species of the snow leopard in Phu valley and its conservation therefore matters to reduce livestock depredation. A general patterns appears here that shows that blue sheep (prey) abundance determine snow leopard (predator) abundance and that livestock depredation by snow leopards may be minimal where there is good population of blue sheep, and vice versa. |
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program, 2005. Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Pokhara, Nepal. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1078 | Serial | 959 | ||
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| Author | The Snow Leopard Conservancy | ||||
| Title | Visitor Attitude and Market Survey for Planning Community-based Tourism Initiatives in Rural Ladakh | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2001 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | SLC Field Series Document No. 2. | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | attitude; survey; planning; community-based; tourism; rural; Ladakh; mountain; range; Himalaya; Karakoram; land; landscapes; landscape; gorge; home; wildlife; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; tibetan; Tibetan wild ass; wild; wild ass; wild-ass; High; desert; ecosystem; International; domestic; environment; people; conserve; resource; income; Snow Leopard Conservancy; local; community; Organization; co-existence; predators; predator; endangered; reducing; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; loss | ||||
| Abstract | Bounded by two of the world's highest mountain ranges, the Great Himalaya and the Karakoram, Ladakh is a land of exhilarating mountain landscapes, rocky gorges and a unique cultural heritage. It is also home to distinctive wildlife such as the snow leopard, blue sheep and Tibetan wild ass, all living in a unique high altitude desert ecosystem. Not surprisingly, Ladakh is becoming a sought after tourist destination for international and domestic visitors alike. Over the past two decades tourism has grown substantially, although erratically, with both positive and less positive results for Ladakh's environment and people. People are recognizing that it is important to act now and engage in an informed dialogue in order to conserve the natural and cultural resources on which the future of tourism and related incomes depend. The Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) is working in collaboration with local communities and nongovernmental organizations to foster co-existence between people and predators like the endangered snow leopard by reducing livestock depredation losses and improving household incomes in environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economically viable ways. Well-balanced tourism is one income generating option. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Los Gatos, California | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1023 | Serial | 960 | ||
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| Author | The Snow Leopard Conservancy | ||||
| Title | Visitor Satisfaction and Opportunity Survey, Manang, Nepal: Market Opportunities for Linking Community-Based Ecotourism with the Conservation of Snow Leopards in the Annpurna Conservation Area. Report prepared for WWF-Nepal Programme | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | SLC Field Document Series No 3 | Issue | Pages | 1-18 | |
| Keywords | survey; Manang; Nepal; linking; community-based; ecotourism; conservation; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; area; Report; valley; trekking; Southern; annapurna; Tibet; landscape; mountain; Culture; region; habitat; endangered; High; density; densities; abundance; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; primary; large; prey; prey species; prey-species; species; Himalayan; mountains; tibetan; tibetan plateau; tibetan-plateau; plateau | ||||
| Abstract | For the past two decades, the Manang or Nyeshang Valley has become one of the most popular trekking routes in Nepal, attracting over 15,000 trekkers annually (Ale, 2001). The 21-day circular trek takes the visitor from the lush southern slopes of the Annapurna massif around to its dry northern slopes more reminiscent of Tibet, through a landscape of spectacular mountain scenes, interesting villages and diverse cultures. The Manang region also offers prime habitat for the endangered snow leopard, supporting an estimated 4.8 – 6.7 snow leopards per 100 sq. km (Oli 1992). This high density has been attributed to the abundance of blue sheep, the snow leopard's primary large prey species across the Himalayan Mountains and Tibetan Plateau. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1021 | Serial | 961 | ||
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| Author | The Snow Leopard Conservancy | ||||
| Title | A Survey of Kathmandu-based Trekking Agencies: Market Opportunities for Linking Community-Based Ecotourism with the Conservation of Snow Leopard in the Annapurna Conservation Area. Report prepared for WWF-Nepal Programme | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | SLC Field Series Document No. 4 | Issue | Pages | 1-22 | |
| Keywords | survey; trekking; linking; community-based; ecotourism; conservation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; annapurna; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; area; Report; trust; nature; nature conservation; Acap; Snow Leopard Conservancy; project; Manang; local; community; environment; Culture; population; number; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; endangered; cat; prey; Himalaya; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; kill; livestock; killing; herders; herder; conflict; local people; people; wildlife; tourism; incentive; protect; predator; conserve; alpine; habitat | ||||
| Abstract | In 2001 the King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation (KMTNC), Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP), Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) and WWF-Nepal initiated a collaborative project aimed at enhancing ecotourism in the Manang area, in ways that strengthen benefits to local communities while also protecting the environment and the local culture. Manang is known for its relatively dense snow leopard population, along with supporting good numbers of blue sheep, the endangered cat's principal prey through much of the Himalaya. However, snow leopards periodically kill many livestock, leading to retributive killing by herders along with other associated people-wildlife conflict. In order to encourage the local people to better co-exist with snow leopards and other wildlife, SLC, WWF-Nepal and ACAP agreed to explore ways of providing tourism benefits to local communities as an incentive to protect this rare predator and conserve its alpine habitat. Key in this regard is the possibility of developing locally guided nature treks, and accordingly, this survey was conducted in order to assess existing market opportunities and constraints to such ecotourism enterprise. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Los Gatos, California | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1022 | Serial | 962 | ||
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| Author | The Snow Leopard Conservancy | ||||
| Title | A Learning Tour of the CBN (Corbett, Nainital and Binsar) Eco-tourism Initiative Sites by Villagers from Hemis National Park and the Surrounding Area (18-28th November 2002) | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2002 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | SLC Field Document Series No 5 | Issue | Pages | ||
| Keywords | Ladakh; Himalayas; Himalaya; Karakoram; mountains; mountain; landscape; tourists; trans-himalayan; transhimalayan; biodiversity; home; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; tourism; number; ecotourism; 80; conservation; traditional; local; community; Culture; income; people; leh; travel; rural; Snow Leopard Conservancy; ecotourism activities; ecotourism-activities; activities; activity; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; livelihood; loss; livestock; Animals; Animal; local people; NGO's; eco-tourism; villagers; area | ||||
| Abstract | Ladakh lies between the Great Himalayas and the formidable Karakoram mountains. Its unique landscape and rich cultural heritage have been a great attraction to tourists all over the world. Apart from its uniqueness it has a rich Trans-Himalayan bio-diversity and is home to the rare and elusive snow leopard. It opened to tourism in 1974 with a handful of tourists and has gone up to the present number of about 18,000 visitors annually. Ecotourism started in Ladakh in mid 80s in the form of conservation of traditional architecture when local communities realized the importance of their rich culture and traditions being valued by the visiting tourists. However, while tourism became a major source of income to people in Leh, most of the benefits stayed with outside (Delhi) based travel agents thus leaving out the rural masses. During the last three years Snow Leopard Conservancy and The Mountain Institute have been initiating ecotourism activities with local communities in the Hemis National Park as an alternate livelihood and an indirect way to compensate losses of livestock from predatory animals. However, local people while venturing into such new initiatives have tended to be like blind men that are being led by NGO's so that they do not stumble along their paths. |
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Leh, Ladakh, India | Editor | Wangchuk, R.; Dadul, J. | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1025 | Serial | 963 | ||
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| Author | The Snow Leopard Conservancy | ||||
| Title | Local People's Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in the Hemis National Park, with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 1-29 | |
| Keywords | local; local people; people; attitudes; attitude; wildlife; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; large; large predators; predators; predator; field; Jackson | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Sonoma, California | Editor | ||
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| Notes | SLC Field Series Document No 7. Prepared by R. Jackson, R. Wangchuk, and J. Dadul. Sonoma, California. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1012 | Serial | 964 | ||
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| Author | ud Din, J. | ||||
| Title | Assessing the Status of Snow Leopard in Torkhow Valley, District Chitral, Pakistan: Final Technical Report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-16 | ||
| Keywords | status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; valley; chitral; Pakistan; Report; study; prey; Base; conflict; threats; threat; wildlife; sign; transect; surveys; survey; Slims; Data; number; snow leopards; snow-leopards; leopards; Animals; Animal; population; livestock; livestock depredation; livestock-depredation; depredation; area; Case; ungulates; ungulate; Himalayan; himalayan ibex; ibex; rut; using; prey species; prey-species; species; marmot; game; birds; carnivores; carnivore; wolf; wolves; jackal; fox; survival; retaliatory; retaliatory killing; retaliatory-killing; killing; poisoning; poaching; loss; habitat; habitat degradation; habitat-degradation; degradation; grazing; collection; awareness; Gis; map; staff; field; training; conservation; community; distribution; resource; project; network; program | ||||
| Abstract | This study was aimed at assessing the status of Snow leopard, its major prey base, and the extent of human-Snow leopard conflict and major threats to the wildlife in north Chitral (Torkhow valley) Pakistan. Snow leopard occurrence was conformed through sign transect surveys i.e. SLIMS. Based on the data collected the number of Snow leopards in this survey block (1022 Kmý) is estimated to be 2-3 animals. Comparing this estimate with the available data from other parts of the district the population of snow leopard in Chitral district was count to be 36 animals. Livestock depredation reports collected from the area reflect the existence of human-snow leopard conflict and 138 cases were recorded affecting 102 families (in a period of eight years, 2001-2008). Ungulates (Himalayan Ibex) rut season surveys were conducted in coordination with NWFP Wildlife department. A total of 429 animals were counted using direct count (point method) surveys. Other snow leopard prey species recorded include marmot, hare, and game birds. Signs of other carnivores i.e. wolf, jackal, and fox were also noticed. Major threats to the survival of wildlife especially snow leopard reckoned include retaliatory killing (Shooting, Poisoning), poaching, loss of natural prey, habitat degradation (over grazing, fodder and fuel wood collection), lack of awareness, and over population. GIS map of the study area was developed highlighting the area searched for Snow leopard and its prey species. Capacity of the Wildlife Department staff was built in conducting SLIMS and ungulate surveys through class room and on field training. Awareness regarding the importance of wildlife conservation was highlighted to the students, teachers and general community through lectures and distribution of resource materials developed by WWF-Pakistan. | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by Snow Leopard Network's Snow Leopard Conservation Grant Program. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1065 | Serial | 978 | ||
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| Author | Usgs; International Snow Leopard Trust | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Habitat Map | Type | Map | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | map; habitat; 4860; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; range; Pakistan; resource; Division; trust; International; symposium; Jackson | ||||
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| Publisher | ISLT and World Wide Fund for Nature - Pakistan | Place of Publication | Pakistan | Editor | |
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| Notes | Snow leopard range map published in: Proceedings of the Eighth International Snow Leopard Symposium. Held in Islamabad, Pakistan 12-16 November 1995. Editors of proceedings: Rodney Jackson and Ashiq Ahmad. Map authors U.S.G.S. Biological Resources Division and Snow Leopard Trust. Page 9. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 471 | Serial | 979 | ||
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