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Ishunin G.I. (1979). Protected areas and waters of Uzbekistan.
Abstract: In Uzbekistan, there is a network of protected areas of land and water, consisting of 11 nature reserves (163,780 ha) and nine sanctuaries (217,837 ha). Five or six new protected natural areas with a total area of 220,000 250,000 ha are recommended to be established. The further development of the network will help preserve typical natural complexes, having scientific, practical and cultural value. When selecting an area for protection it is needed to cover overall diversity of natural landscapes including relief, soils, waters, vegetation and animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Zaamin, Kizilsu, and Miraka nature reserves.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; protected areas; snow leopard; territorial protection.; 6900; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1979). A problem of original fauna conservation in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: Fauna of Uzbekistan is represented by species being common for south deserts (Indian honey badger, striped hyena, cheetah, caracal), tugai forest (riverine forest) (Bukhara deer, jackal, chaus, tiger), Palaearctic steppes (corsac, steppe polecat, marbled polecat, steppe cat, saiga), deserts of Africa and Middle East (sand cat, tridactylous African jerboa) and steppes of Central Asia (dhole, snow leopard, ibex). There are many foxes, large susliks, and muskrats there. Before hunting was prohibited a very few animals belonging to rare species such as bear, otter, leopard, snow leopard, lynx, roe deer, Bukhara deer, markhor, Asian moufflon, argali, Menzbier's marmot, and sometimes honey badger, caracal, manul, and cheetah, were shot.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; mammals; origin; game species; snow leopard.; 6910; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1980). Snow leopard.
Abstract: In Uzbekistan, snow leopard is preserved along the Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Tirkestan, and Hissar ridges. Ibex is a main prey of the predator. It also preys on argali, wild boar, hares, roe-deers, rodents, kekliks (partridge), and rarely livestock. Catching the animals in the country is limited and exercised under special permissions.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Red Data book; snow leopard; distribution; preys; biology; use.; 6920; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1984). Hunting and nature conservation in Uzbekistan (history and current status).
Abstract: Origination of fauna complexes in Uzbekistan from the Mustier period to present time is described. The remains of brown bear, cave hyena, wolf, fox, corsac, stone marten, badger, and snow leopard were found in cave Amankutan (western extremities of the Zaravshan ridge). Cattle breeding and farming has begun since mesolite; cave bear, Stenon horse, Pleistocene donkey, camel and aurochs dropped from the region's fauna, while marchor and striped hyena moved to the Hissar ridge, Babatag and Kugitang mountains from south; jackal, chaus, tiger, and Iranian otter settled along the river valleys. In the Neolith and Bronze Age cattle breeding and farming continued to develop, while hunting was less important. Mass hinting for animals in the time of Alexander the Great, Chingiz Khan, and Babur, the ruler of Fergana, is described. Mass extermination of kulan, goitered gazelle, saiga, and other game species also took place later more than 12,000 saigas were killed during one hunt at the end of 19th century in the Volga region. Animals also die from natural disasters the “djut”. Data concerning a current status of goitered gazelle, saiga, Bukhara deer, marchor, Severtsev's sheep, and urial is given.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; origin; fauna; fossils; mesolite; late Stone Age; the Bronze Age; hunting; agriculture; stock-raising; natural calamity; conservation; hunting farm; snow leopard.; 6930; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1987). Genus Snow leopard Uncia gray, 1854.
Abstract: It provides data concerning biology, distribution and use game and commercial mammal species in Uzbekistan, and recommends on ways of hunting and initial fur-skin processing. It also describes the matter of conservation and rehabilitation of rare species' populations. From 1930-s to 1960-s over 20 snow leopard skins were reported to be traded officially.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; mammals; game species; biology; distribution; practical use; conservation measures.; 6940; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1964). Cats.
Abstract: It provides information about the cat family species in Uzbekistan (steppe cat Felis libyca, reed cat Felis chaus, Turkistan lynx Felis lynx isabellina, manul Felis manul, sand cat Felis margarita, Turan tiger Felis tigris virgata, Middle Asia leopard Felis pardus tullianus, and snow leopard Felis uncia. Snow leopard is distributed over the Hissar ridge, and the mountains of Kuydytavak, Khoddjachilimakhram, Zardalyupaz, Khodjapiriyah and Belata. Trade significance of snow leopard is negligent. In the Sary-Asia district one skin was traded in 1934 and 1935, three in 1936, four in 1937, one in 1946, and two in 1947.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; South Uzbekistan; Cats; distribution; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 6950; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1978). Nature reserves and sanctuaries in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: The protected area network in Uzbekistan is represented by 12 nature reserves (with total area of 254,000 ha) and nine sanctuaries (with total area of 217,837 ha). Protected territories and waters are divided into three types: desert, mountain, and floodplain lakes. Snow leopard is met in the Chatkal, Kizilsu, Miraka, and Zaamin nature reserves and Akbulak sanctuary.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; protected areas; fauna; snow leopard.; 6960; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1963). Game mammals and birds of northern slopes of the Turkestan ridge.
Abstract: There are 27 mammal species in the mountains of Turkestan ridge, 17 of which are good for trade or sport hunting. However, many of them have become non-numerous because of overhunting or destruction of their natural complexes (forest cutting, erosion, etc.). In Turkestan ridge of Uzbekistan, snow leopard is protected only in the Zaamin nature reserve.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Turkestan ridge; game species; endangered species; snow leopard.; 6970; Russian
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Ishunin G.I. (1989). The Felids family Felidae Gray, 1821.
Abstract: Zoolites of the Felidae family are known from the Upper Eocene Lower Pliocene in Eurasia, Africa, and North America. Two sub-families are know to inhabit the territory of the USSR and adjacent territories: the extinct sabre-toothed Felidae species Machairodontia and now existing Felidae species. In the USSR the extinct Felidae species were found to exist in Upper Miocene, Upper and Middle Pliocene, and Pleistocene. In Eurasia panthers has been know since early Pliocene. Three species were found in Uzbekistan – the extinct cave lion Felidae sd†l…†… (Goldfuss, 1810), and now existing P…nth†a… tigris, P…nth†a… pardus. The ancient finds and modern habitats are briefly described. Genus Uncia is represented by one species snow leopard or irbis. Probably it appeared in later Pliocene or Pleistocene in the mountain of Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, remains of snow leopard were found in the Samarqand region in the layer of Upper Pleistocene or Holocene. Probably it moved into the area in Pleistocene or the period of glacier removal in the Western Tien Shan mountains, Turkestan, Zeravshan, and Hissar ridges.
Keywords: Ussr; Felidae; Miocene; Pliocene; Pleistocene; Holocene; origin; Uzbekistan; Genus Uncia; snow leopard; specie range; Western Tien Shan; Hissar ridge; Zeravshan ridge; Turkestan ridge.; 6980; Russian
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Ismagilov M.I. (1983). Protection of rare mammals in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: The following rare mammals can be found in nature reserves of Kazakhstan: argali, goitered gazelle, kulan, snow leopard, stone marten, Tien Shan brown bear, manul, Turkistan lynx, Menzbier's marmot, and porcupine. The rest of rare mammal species (three insectivorous species, seven rodent, eight predator, and two ungulate species) are outside of protected areas and require special protection measures.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; nature reserves; mammals; rare species; ungulates; carnivores; rodents; insectivores; bats; snow leopard.; 6990; Russian
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Janyspaev A.D. (2002). The area and numbers of Snow Leopard in the central part of Zailiysky Alatau (Vol. N 1-4.).
Abstract: This article summarizes the information about snow leopard and it's preys in Almaty nature reserve and neighboring areas since 1979 year. Some increasing of irbis number is recognized last 20 years.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; Almaty nature reserve; snow leopard; ibex; roe deer; poachers; number increasing.; 7000; Russian
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Joost van der Ven. (2002). Western Tien Shan: nature as it is.
Abstract: Some ideas of biodiversity conservation in the West Tien Shan (first of all large mammals such as ibex, moral, brown bear, and snow leopard) including an idea of limited trophy hunt are discussed.
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Jumaev T. (1989). Fauna. Nature protection in mountains and nature reserves.
Abstract: Uzbekistan's mountain fauna is characterized by the presence of species endemic to Central Asia, and species typical for Mediterranean, India, Afghanistan, the mountains of Central Asia, Mongolia, Siberia, and other neighbouring countries and regions. Of 300 mammals of the USSR, more than 120 inhabit mountains of Central Asia. More diverse is the bird fauna (500 species) and fish fauna. The mountain species are distributed according to the highland zoning. The fauna of highland zone is very peculiar: brown bear, snow leopard, ermine, weasel, wolf, Siberian ibex, argali, and marmot. The following species are under protection in the mountain nature reserves in Uzbekistan: Siberian ibex, roe-deer, Menzbier's marmot, stone marten, ermine, Turkistan lynx, Tien Shan brown bear, Severtsev's sheep, wild boar, marbled polecat, steppe cat, porcupine, snow leopard, otter, badger, long-tailed marmot, marchor, urial, etc. Development of the area resulted in disappearance of Caspian tiger and dhole. The endangered species are cheetah, North Persian leopard, striped hyena, houbara bustard; extremely endangered are Transcaspian urial, marchor, otter, black stock, etc.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; fauna; endemics; altitudinal zonality; nature reserves; human activity; snow leopard.; 7020; Russian
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Kadamshoev M. (1990). Establishment of highland nature reserves required (Vol. Part 1.).
Abstract: Human population growth in the Mountain Badakhshan autonomous province will result in changes of wild life habitat. The first highland nature reserve (Muksu river basin) is proposed to be established within the habitat of Marco Polo sheep, Siberian ibex, Tien Shan brown bear, snow leopard, Himalayan and Tibetan snow-cock, bar-headed goose, bearded and Himalayan vultures. The Mountain Badakhshan nature reserve will serve as a reference for other highland landscapes of the USSR, a `fiduciary' of gene bank containing valuable endemic, rare, and endangered animal and plant species.
Keywords: Tajikistan; Pamir; Mountain Badakhshan; nature reserves; endemics; rare species; snow leopard; tourism.; 7030; Russian
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Kaletskiy A. (1978). They must live (Vol. N 11.).
Abstract: Among large predators included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and Red List of IUCN the author describes snow leopard. A population of snow leopard in the USSR is estimated to be 500 animals, and no more than 1,000 in the world. In the past, irbis was believed to be a harmful animal and hunting for this species was encouraged. Today, population of the predator is reducing because of poaching and decreasing number of species it preys on such as ibex, wild sheep, wild boar, and marmots. The situation is exacerbated by biological features of this species first of all its slow rate of reproduction. It is concluded that snow leopard needs urgent protection measures since the species is on the verge of disappearance.
Keywords: Ussr; Red Data book; endangeres species; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7050; Russian
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Kaletskiy A.A. (1974). May-“traven”.
Abstract: Diverse flora and fauna and seasonal phenomena in nature are stated in a popular form. Snow leopard is noticed to be a rare species, its population being significantly influenced by catching for zoos: over 400 snow leopards have been caught for this purpose over the last 35 years.
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Kamelin R.V. (1990). The Hissar Nature reserve.
Abstract: It provides general information about the Hissar nature reserve (Uzbekistan), its physico-geographical features and description of flora and fauna. The following predator species inhabit the nature reserve: wolf, fox, Tien Shan brown bear (four five animals per 100 sq. km), ermine, weasel, stone marten, otter, badger, lynx (two animals per 100 sq. km) and snow leopard (about 10 animals). Wild boar and ibex are common species for the area (22 25 animals per 100 sq. km).
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; location; climate; soils; flora; fauna; mammals; number; snow leopard.; 7060; Russian
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Kashkadarinskaya Pravda Newspaper. (1983). Snow leopard goes to Frunze (Vol. 79 (26-11)).
Abstract: In canyon Karakol of the Alatoo ridge, a snow leopard was caught for a zoo of Frunze.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Alatoo mountain; Karakol gorge; snow leopard; catching; Zoo.; 7130; Russian
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Kashkarov D.N. (1923). Living conditions and living in various parts of the mountainous Turkestan. Central Asian snow leopard, irbis (Vol. Issue 2. The animals of mountainous Turkistan.).
Abstract: It describes fauna of the mountainous Turkestan. Irbis is met in Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and Kopet-Dag. Apart from Turkistan, it lives in the Altai, Tibet and on northern slopes of the Himalayas. In Kopet-Dag, this species is met with another panther Caucasian leopard. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine. It also attacks small livestock. Normally this species would never attack the man though hunters mentioned some cases that evidence otherwise.
Keywords: Turkestan; fauna; mammals; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7070; Russian
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Kashkarov D.N. (1927). From lake Sary-Chelek to pass Air-Bel. Mammals.
Abstract: The author provides results of the expedition in the vicinity of lake Sary-Chelek, Kyrgyzstan. With reference to the local people he indicates the presence of irbis (Leopardus uncia), bear (Ursus leuconyx), dhole (Cyon alpinus) around Air-Bel. Livestock attracts the predators and every day shepherds find one sheep missing.
Keywords: Kyrgyzstan; fauna; mammals; snow leopard.; 7080; Russian
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Kashkarov D.N. (1932). Order Carnivora- Carnivores. Family Felidae-Cats.
Abstract: Snow leopard inhabits Tien Shan, Pamir, Bukhara and possibly Kopet-dag, as well as the Altai, Tibet, and northern slopes of the Himalayas. It preys on ibex, wild sheep, roe deer, hare, keklik (partridge), snow-cock and porcupine and sometimes attacks livestock. Snow leopard is not considered a dangerous animal since even being wounded, it would escape from men and could only rush to the attack when deadlocked.
Keywords: Turkestan; carnivores; Cats; snow leopard; distribution; biology; preys.; 7090; Russian
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Kashkarov R. (2002). About mammals fauna (Carnivora and Artiodactyla) of Pskem Rivers basin (Vol. N 1-4.).
Abstract: The article is based on the results of Transboundary project GEF expedition to the upper part of Pskem Rivers basin, July 27-Septeber 7, 2002. The past and present distribution and status of Carnivora and Artiodactyla is described using the gathered data and literature. There is a cadastre list with the place of the records for every species. For the most rare species a map-scheme is given/
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Pskem River basin; Bostandyk region; fauna; rare species; Carnivora; Artiodactyla; number; decline; snow leopard.; 7120; Russian
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Kataevsky V.N. (2002). Specific of fauna of mammals in Besh Aral nature reserve.
Abstract: Diversity of mammals in Besh Aral nature reserve, Kyrgyzstan is presented. Also analysis of the density of mammals in their habitats is given. Totally 31 mammals inhabited in nature reserve: 13 rodents, 11 carnivores, 3 ungulates, 2 hares, 1 insectivore and 1 bat. Number of snow leopard assessed as 8 individuals, Turkestan lynx 10, wild boar 100 and ibex 400 individuals. Snow leopard and Menzbier's marmot included in national Red data Book as well as in Global Red List.
Keywords: Kyrgyzstan; Besh Aral nature reserve; mammals; number; snow leopard; Lynx; ibex; wild boar.; 7140; Russian
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Kataevsky V.N. (2002). Mammals of Sary Chelek nature reserve.
Abstract: The 30 species of mammals are presented in Sary Chelek nature reserve, Kyrgyzstan. Comparison of status of mammal's diversity in Soviet period and present time is made. Number decrease for some mammals is noted. Number of snow leopard in Sary Chelek is 2 individuals, Turkestan lynx 3, wolf 10, bear 20, badger 20, fox 25, jackal 25, wild boar 100 individuals. Snow leopard included in national Red data Book and Global Red List.
Keywords: Kyrgyzstan; Sary Chelek nature reserve; mammals; number decrease; snow leopard; Lynx; bear; wolf; badger; fox; jackal; wild boar.; 7150; Russian
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Kogan M.I. (1931). The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR.
Abstract: It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely.
Keywords: Central Asia; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 7160; Russian
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