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| Author | Suryawanshi, K. R., Khanyari, M., Sharma, K., Lkhagvajav, P., Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication  |
Population Eccology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-9 | ||
| Keywords | camera trap, Central Asia, Himalaya, meta-analysis, monitoring, Panthera uncia, population ecology | ||||
| Abstract | Accurate assessments of the status of threatened species and their conservation planning require reliable estimation of their global populations and robust monitoring of local population trends. We assessed the adequacy and suitability of studies in reliably estimating the global snow leopard (Panthera uncia) population. We compiled a dataset of all the peer-reviewed published literature on snow leopard population estimation. Metadata analysis showed estimates of snow leopard density to be a negative exponential function of area, suggesting that study areas have generally been too small for accurate density estimation, and sampling has often been biased towards the best habitats. Published studies are restricted to six of the 12 range countries, covering only 0.3�0.9% of the presumed global range of the species. Re-sampling of camera trap data from a relatively large study site (c.1684 km2) showed that small-sized study areas together with a bias towards good quality habitats in existing studies may have overestimated densities by up to five times. We conclude that current information is biased and inadequate for generating a reliable global population estimate of snow leopards. To develop a rigorous and useful baseline and to avoid pitfalls, there is an urgent need for (a) refinement of sampling and analytical protocols for population estimation of snow leopards (b) agreement and coordinated use of standardized sampling protocols amongst researchers and governments across the range, and (c) sampling larger and under-represented areas of the snow leopard's global range. |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1477 | ||
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| Author | Aruge, S., Batool, H., Khan, F. M., Abbas, F. I., Janjua, S | ||||
| Title | A pilot study�genetic diversity and population structure of snow leopards of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, using molecular techniques. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication |
PeerJ | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | 7672 | Pages | 1-14 | |
| Keywords | Population, Genetics, Panthera uncia, Pakistan, Molecular markers | ||||
| Abstract | Background: The Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountain ranges in Pakistan�s northern areas are a natural habitat of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia syn. Uncia uncia) but the ecological studies on this animal are scarce since it is human shy by nature and lives in dif!cult mountainous tracts. The pilot study is conducted to exploit the genetic diversity and population structure of the snow leopard in this selected natural habitat of the member of the wildcat family in Pakistan. Method: About 50 putative scat samples of snow leopard from !ve localities of Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) along with a control sample of zoo maintained male snow leopard were collected for comparison. Signi!cant quality and quantity of genomic DNA was extracted from scat samples using combined Zhang�phenol�chloroform method and successful ampli!cation of cytochrome c oxidase I gene (190 bp) using mini-barcode primers, seven simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers and Y-linked AMELY gene (200 bp) was done. Results: Cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequencing suggested that 33/50 (66%) scat samples were of snow leopard. AMELY primer suggested that out of 33 ampli!ed samples, 21 (63.63%) scats were from male and 12 (36.36%) from female leopards. Through successful ampli!cation of DNA of 25 out of 33 (75.75%) scat samples using SSR markers, a total of 68 alleles on seven SSR loci were identi!ed, showing low heterozygosity, while high gene "ow between population. Discussion: The low gene flow rate among the population results in low genetic diversity causing decreased diversi!cation. This affects the adaptability to climatic changes, thus ultimately resulting in decreased population size of the species. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1491 | ||
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| Author | Reading, R.P.; Amgalanbaatar, S.; Mix, H.; Lhagvasuren, B. | ||||
| Title | Argali Ovis ammon surveys in Mongolia's South Gobi | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication |
Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 31 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 285-294 |
| Keywords | Mongolia; argali; gobi; livestock; population; status; 5220 | ||||
| Abstract | Claims poaching and competition with domestic livestock are threatening the argali's survival in Mongolia. The author's conducted aerial and ground surveys in the South Gobi and estimated a populaton size of approximately 3,900 argali. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available at URL. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 507 | Serial | 811 | ||
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| Author | Mallon, D. P., Jackson, R. M. | ||||
| Title | A downlist is not a demotion: Red List status and reality | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication |
Oryx | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-5 | ||
| Keywords | Cryptic, IUCN Red List, Panthera uncia, population estimate, snow leopard, species assessment | ||||
| Abstract | Assessments of biodiversity status are needed to track trends, and the IUCN Red List has become the accepted global standard for documenting the extinction risk of species. Obtaining robust data on population size is an essential component of any assessment of a species� status, including assessments for the IUCN Red List. Obtaining such estimates is complicated by methodological and logistical issues, which are more pronounced in the case of cryptic species, such as the snow leopard Panthera uncia. Estimates of the total population size of this species have, to date, been based on little more than guesstimates, but a comprehensive summary of recent field research indicates that the conservation status of the snow leopard may be less dire than previously thought. A revised categorization, from Endangered to Vulnerable, on the IUCN Red List was proposed but met some opposition, as did a recent, similar recategorization of the giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Possible factors motivating such attitudes are discussed. Downlisting on the IUCN Red List indicates that the species concerned is further from extinction, and is always to be welcomed, whether resulting from successful conservation intervention or improved knowledge of status and trends. Celebrating success is important to reinforce the message that conservation works, and to incentivize donors. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1460 | ||
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| Author | Suryawanshi, K.R.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Mishra, C. | ||||
| Title | Why should a grazer browse? Livestock impact on winter resource use by bharal Pseudois nayaur | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication |
Oecologia | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-10 | ||
| Keywords | browse; livestock; impact; winter; resource; use; bharal; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; diet; variation; diets; conservation; Media; study; decline; areas; area; grazing; Pressure; plants; plant; sign; feeding; location; population; structure; populations; using; young; Female; times; High; Competition; species; predators; predator; endangered; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya | ||||
| Abstract | Many mammalian herbivores show a temporal diet variation between graminoid-dominated and browse dominated diets. We determined the causes of such a diet shift and its implications for conservation of a medium sized ungulate-the bharal Pseudois nayaur. Past studies show that the bharal diet is dominated by graminoids (>80%) during summer, but the contribution of graminoids declines to about 50% in winter. We tested the predictions generated by two alternative hypotheses explaining the decline: low graminoid availability during winter causes bharal to include browse in their diet; bharal include browse, with relatively higher nutritional quality, in their diet to compensate for the poor quality of graminoids during winter. We measured winter graminoid availability in areas with no livestock grazing, areas with relatively moderate livestock grazing, and those with intense livestock grazing pressures. The chemical composition of plants contributing to the bharal diet was analysed. The bharal diet was quantiWed through signs of feeding on vegetation at feeding locations. Population structures of bharal populations were recorded using a total count method. Graminoid availability was highest in areas without livestock grazing, followed by areas with moderate and intense livestock grazing. The bharal diet was dominated by graminoids (73%) in areas with highest graminoid availability. Graminoid contribution to the bharal diet declined monotonically (50, 36%) with a decline in graminoid availability. Bharal young to female ratio was 3 times higher in areas with high graminoid availability than areas with low graminoid availability. The composition of the bharal winter diet was governed predominantly by the availability of graminoids in the rangelands. Our results suggest that bharal include more browse in their diet during winter due to competition from livestock for graminoids. Since livestock grazing reduces graminoid availability, creation of livestock-free areas is necessary for the conservation of grazing species such as the bharal and its predators including the endangered snow leopard in the Trans-Himalaya. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer-Verlag | Place of Publication | Online | Editor | |
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| Notes | This study was made possible by a grant from the Snow Leopard Network. Additional support was given by the Wildlife Conservation Society-India Program and Nature Conservation Foundation, the Whitley Fund for Nature, the Ford Foundation, and the Nadathur Conservation Trust. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1062 | Serial | 951 | ||
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| Author | Durbach, I., Borchers, D., Sutherland, C., Sharma, K. | ||||
| Title | Fast, flexible alternatives to regular grid designs for spatial capture–recapture. | Type | Research Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication |
Methods in Ecology and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-13 | ||
| Keywords | camera trap, population ecology,sampling, spatial capture-recapture, surveys | ||||
| Abstract | Spatial capture–recapture (SCR) methods use the location of detectors (camera traps, hair snares and live-capture traps) and the locations at which animals were detected (their spatial capture histories) to estimate animal density. Despite the often large expense and effort involved in placing detectors in a landscape, there has been relatively little work on how detectors should be located. A natural criterion is to place traps so as to maximize the precision of density estimators, but the lack of a closed-form expression for precision has made optimizing this criterion computationally demanding. 2. Recent results by Efford and Boulanger (2019) show that precision can be well approximated by a function of the expected number of detected individuals and expected number of recapture events, both of which can be evaluated at low computational cost. We use these results to develop a method for obtaining survey designs that optimize this approximate precision for SCR studies using count or binary proximity detectors, or multi-catch traps. 3. We show how the basic design protocol can be extended to incorporate spatially varying distributions of activity centres and animal detectability. We illustrate our approach by simulating from a camera trap study of snow leopards in Mongolia and comparing estimates from our designs to those generated by regular or optimized grid designs. Optimizing detector placement increased the number of detected individuals and recaptures, but this did not always lead to more precise density estimators due to less precise estimation of the effective sampling area. In most cases, the precision of density estimators was comparable to that obtained with grid designs, with improvement in some scenarios where approximate CV(¬D) < 20% and density varied spatially. 4. Designs generated using our approach are transparent and statistically grounded. They can be produced for survey regions of any shape, adapt to known information about animal density and detectability, and are potentially easier and less costly to implement. We recommend their use as good, flexible candidate designs for SCR surveys when reasonable knowledge of model parameters exists. We provide software for researchers to construct their own designs, in the form of updates to design functions in the r package oSCR. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1618 | |||
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| Author | Khanyari, M., Zhumabai uulu, K., Luecke, S., Mishra, C., Suryawanshi, K. | ||||
| Title | Understanding population baselines: status of mountain ungulate populations in the Central Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2020 | Publication |
Mammalia | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-8 | ||
| Keywords | conservation; human-use landscapes; hunting concession; mountain ungulates; population baselines; protected areas. | ||||
| Abstract | We assessed the density of argali (Ovis ammon) and ibex (Capra sibirica) in Sarychat-Ertash Nature Reserve and its neighbouring Koiluu valley. Sarychat is a protected area, while Koiluu is a human-use landscape which is a partly licenced hunting concession for mountain ungulates and has several livestock herders and their permanent residential structures. Population monitoring of mountain ungulates can help in setting measurable conservation targets such as appropriate trophy hunting quotas and to assess habitat suitability for predators like snow leopards (Panthera uncia). We employed the double-observer method to survey 573 km2 of mountain ungulate habitat inside Sarychat and 407 km2 inside Koiluu. The estimated densities of ibex and argali in Sarychat were 2.26 (95% CI 1.47–3.52) individuals km-2 and 1.54 (95% CI 1.01–2.20) individuals km-2, respectively. Total ungulate density in Sarychat was 3.80 (95% CI 2.47–5.72) individuals km-2. We did not record argali in Koiluu, whereas the density of ibex was 0.75 (95% CI 0.50–1.27) individuals km-2. While strictly protected areas can achieve high densities of mountain ungulates, multi-use areas can harbour meaningful though suppressed populations. Conservation of mountain ungulates and their predators can be enhanced by maintaining Sarychat-like “pristine” areas interspersed within a matrix of multi-use areas like Koiluu. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1610 | |||
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| Author | Blomqvist, L. | ||||
| Title | The 1978 register for the captive population of snow leopards, Panthera uncia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1979 | Publication |
International Zoo News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 26 | Issue | 7-8 | Pages | 17-23 |
| Keywords | captive; captive-population; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; population; snow leopard | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 955 | Serial | 147 | ||
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| Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard, today and yesterday | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 2 | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 37-43 | |
| Keywords | captive; captive populations; captivity; International; pedigree; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; zoo | ||||
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| Publisher | Helsinki Zoo | Place of Publication | Helsinki | Editor | Blomqvist, L. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1049 | Serial | 316 | ||
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| Author | Blomqvist, L. | ||||
| Title | The 1979 world register for the captive population of snow leopards, Panthera uncia | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication |
International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 62-75 | ||
| Keywords | captive; captive-population; panthera uncia; snow leopard | ||||
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| Publisher | Helsinki Zoo | Place of Publication | Helsinki | Editor | Blomqvist, L. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 997 | Serial | 150 | ||
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