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Author Matyushkin, E.N. url 
  Title Tracks and tracking techniques in studies of large carnivorous mammals Type Journal Article
  Year 2000 Publication (down) Zoologichesky Zhurnal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 79 Issue (4) Pages 412-429  
  Keywords Lynx; Scent-Marking; Organization; population; behavior; Felidae; Forest; Russia; tracking; pug marks; scent; marking; browse; 60; Russian  
  Abstract In Russia, traditions of track observations and the use of tracking techniques in studying the ecology and behavior of mammals were founded by A.N. Formozov. An analytic review of his data on large carnivorous mammals (tiger, snow leopard, wolf, brown bear, wolverine, and others) is given. A special detailed observation of animals' tracks as a source of information on their life is shown only to start. The efficiency of track observations in various fields of studies, including counting animals, is estimated. The values of day and night distances for various animal species, given in literature, have never been properly substantiated methodically. The tracking method is the most effective in studying the use of the home range by animals, drawing the network of their movements and scent-marking behavior. The hunting behavior of large predators in dense forests is can only be deduced by observing their tracks. In some cases, the use of tracking has a distinct advantage over radio tracking. The main propositions are illustrated by the materials of the author obtained in various Russian regions (in forests of the northern Russian Plain and southern Far east) for 1958-1998.  
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  Notes Document Type: Russian Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 391 Serial 652  
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Author Freeman, H., Braden, K. url 
  Title Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia Type Journal Article
  Year 1977 Publication (down) Zoological Garten J.F. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 47 Issue 3/4 Pages 280-288  
  Keywords snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1256  
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Author Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M. url 
  Title Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication (down) Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 223-237  
  Keywords Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390  
  Abstract An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 279 Serial 345  
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Author Freeman, H. url 
  Title Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication (down) Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 1-22  
  Keywords behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600  
  Abstract Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 60 Serial 319  
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Author Rieger, I.; Peters, G. url 
  Title Observations on the mating and vocal behavior of snow leopards (Uncia-uncia) in zoological garden Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication (down) Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde International Journal of Mamamalian Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 35-48  
  Keywords mating; breeding; vocalization; zoos; zoo; veterinary; behavior; browse; 1570  
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  Notes Publisher:GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG, JENA Document Type: German Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 59 Serial 821  
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Author Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S. pdf 
  Title Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication (down) Wildlife Research Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-9  
  Keywords Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf.  
  Abstract In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard.

Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn.

Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur.

Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves.
 
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  Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1732  
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Author Seidensticker, J.; Lumpkin, S. url 
  Title The adaptable leopard; unfortunately it's no match for modern man Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication (down) Wildlife Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 52  
  Keywords predator; prey; poaching; hunting; behavior; feeding; conflict; habitat; browse; 1130  
  Abstract Abstract: Leopards' adaptability has become the species' vulnerability. The animals do not hesitate to eat rotting flesh and will come back repeatedly to their meal, if disturbed. People have taken advantage of this by lacing carcasses with poison. Leopards are moderate in size compared to other cats, are stealthy and can live in areas as diverse as rain forests and deserts.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 291 Serial 876  
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Author Dang, H. url 
  Title The snow leopard and its prey Type Journal Article
  Year 1967 Publication (down) The Cheetal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 47-58  
  Keywords India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330  
  Abstract Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 17 Serial 231  
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Author Hunter, D. url 
  Title Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1996 Publication (down) Snow Line Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume xiv Issue Pages 4-5  
  Keywords behavior; collars; desert; gobi; home-range; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; Mongolia; Munkhtsog; radio-collars; Satellite; Slims; telemetry; Wcs  
  Abstract  
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  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 442 Serial 391  
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Author Dzhanyspaev, A.D. url 
  Title Hunting Behavior of the Snow Leopard at the Alma-Atinski Nature Reserve Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1991 Publication (down) Snow Line Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume ix Issue 2 Pages 4-6  
  Keywords hunting; behavior; Ussr; Russia; stalking; browse; 4730  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
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  Notes Translated by Marina Proutkina Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 460 Serial 249  
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