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| Author | Ying-xiang, W. | ||||
| Title | A complete checklist of mammal species and subspecies in China, a taxonomic and geographic reference | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication  |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | 5610; species; China; taxonomic | ||||
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| Publisher | China Forestry Publishing House | Place of Publication | Beijing | Editor | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 545 | Serial | 1059 | ||
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| Author | The Snow Leopard Conservancy | ||||
| Title | Local People's Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in the Hemis National Park, with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 1-29 | |
| Keywords | local; local people; people; attitudes; attitude; wildlife; conservation; Hemis; national; national park; National-park; park; large; large predators; predators; predator; field; Jackson | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Sonoma, California | Editor | ||
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Notes | SLC Field Series Document No 7. Prepared by R. Jackson, R. Wangchuk, and J. Dadul. Sonoma, California. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1012 | Serial | 964 | ||
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| Author | Raghavan, B.; Bhatnagar, Y.; Qureshi, Q. | ||||
| Title | Interactions between livestock and Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei); final report | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-46 | ||
| Keywords | Interactions; interaction; livestock; Ladakh; urial; ovis; endangered; Animal; Iucn; 2000; Cites; indian; wildlife; protection; number; 1960; 70; hunting; meat; fox; Chundawat; population; range; species; recent; humans; Human; Pressure; habitat; areas; area; human activity; activity; activities; agriculture; pastoralism; development; dam; Base; threats; threat; poaching; grazing; trans-himalaya; transhimalaya; Competition; resource; presence; India; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; trust; program | ||||
| Abstract | The Ladakh urial (Ovis vignei vignei) is a highly endangered animal (IUCN Red List 2000) listed in the Appendix 1 of CITES and Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Its numbers had been reduced to a few hundred individuals in the 1960s and 70s through hunting for trophies and meat (Fox et al. 1991, Mallon 1983, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, IUCN Red List 2000). However, with the protection bestowed by the IWPA 1972, and resultant decrease in hunting, the population seems to have shown a marginal increase to about 1000-1500 individuals in its range in Ladakh (Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, IUCN Red List 2000). Although the species had in the past, been able to coexist with the predominantly Buddhist society of Ladakh, the recent increase in the population of both humans and their livestock has placed immense pressures on its habitat (Shackleton 1997, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). This is especially important considering that the Ladakh urial habitat coincides with the areas of maximum human activity in terms of settlements, agriculture, pastoralism and development, in Ladakh (Fox et al. 1991, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). Increased developmental activities such as construction of roads, dams, and military bases in these areas have also increased the access to their habitat. This has consequently made the species more vulnerable to the threats of poaching and habitat destruction (Fox et al. 1991, Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2002). Pressure from increased livestock grazing is one of the major threats faced by the species today (Shackleton 1997, Fox et al. 1991, Mallon 1983, IUCN Red List 2000 Chundawat and Qureshi 1999, Raghavan and Bhatnagar 2003). In the impoverished habitat provided by the Trans-Himalayas, there is great competition for the scarce resources between various animal species surviving here (Fox 1996, Mishra 2001). The presence of livestock intensifies this competition and can either force the species out of its niche (competitive exclusion) by displacing it from that area or resource, or lead to partitioning of resources between the species, spatially or temporally, for coexistence (Begon et al. 1986, Gause 1934). | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. Wildlife Institute of India. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1075 | Serial | 802 | ||
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| Author | O'Brien, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Tears of the Cheetah: And Other Tales from the Genetic Frontier | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-287 | ||
| Keywords | 5540 | ||||
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| Publisher | Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press | Place of Publication | New York | Editor | |
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| Notes | Book | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 538 | Serial | 732 | ||
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| Author | Jain, N.; Wangchuk, R.; Jackson, R. | ||||
| Title | An Assessment of CBT and Homestay Sites in Spiti District, Himachal Pradesh | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-14 | ||
| Keywords | assessment; Himachal; himachal pradesh; Himachal-Pradesh; United; Organization; survey; Report; activities; activity; mountain; Tmi; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; Snow Leopard Conservancy; leopard; Ladakh; States; India; Himalayan; program; conservation; local; livelihood; asia | ||||
| Abstract | The survey described in this report builds upon prior CBT activities undertaken by The Mountain Institute (TMI) in partnership with the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC) in Ladakh, supported by a grant from UNESCO (with co-financing from SLC). Under the evolving concept of “Himalayan Homestays”, initially developed and tested in Ladakh, it is proposed that activities be expanded to selected states in India in a strategic and effective way. Himalayan Homestays are part of a larger integrated program to link snow leopard conservation with local livelihoods in Asia. | ||||
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| Notes | Supported by: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1019 | Serial | 483 | ||
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| Author | Kreuzberg-Mukhina, E.; Esipov A.V.; Bykova, E.A.; Vashetko, E.V.; Aromov, B. | ||||
| Title | Development of the national Action Plan for the conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan. Report: 1-51 | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 1-51 | Issue | Pages | 1-52 | |
| Keywords | development; national; action; plan; conservation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Uzbekistan; Report; Chatkal nature reserve; nature; reserve; Hissar nature reserve; Islt; project; strategy; biology; status; factor; conservation measures; conservation measure | ||||
| Abstract | This document is the final report on the ISLT Project “Development of national Action plan for the conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan” and a Conservation Strategy for the Snow leopard in Uzbekistan. It includes biology and current status, limiting factors, existing and necessary conservation measures. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Uzbekistan | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Institute of Zoology, Chatkal nature reserve, Hissar nature reserve. Final Report on the ISLT project. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 969 | Serial | 594 | ||
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| Author | Kyes, R.; Chalise, M.K. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Study Summary 2003, Langtang National Park, Nepal | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-7 | ||
| Keywords | snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; study; Langtang; national; national park; National-park; park; Nepal; project; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program | ||||
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| Notes | Project funded by International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 1071 | Serial | 606 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Abdunazarov B.B. | ||||
| Title | Number of some species of rare mammals of Uzbekistan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 11 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; rare mammals; number; snow leopard.; 5790; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It gives expert assessment of number for the rare mammals from Uzbekistan: Tien Shan brown bear (600), Central Asian otter (100), Turkestan lynx (100-150), snow leopard (30), Severtzov's argali (2500), Bukhara urial (200), markhor (300), Menzbier's marmot (22,000). All species included in Uzbek Red Data book. | ||||
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| Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 559 | Serial | 25 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Jackson, R., Hillard, D. | ||||
| Title | Non-invasive Monitoring to Support Local Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Annual progress report summary | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-6 | ||
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| Abstract | Under this grant awarded by The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Foundation through the auspices of Cat Action Treasury, SLC set out to accomplish the following outcomes in our Stewardship Program: As of July 1, 2003 we completed the following major activities: * Tested and compared different remote sensor and camera configurations to determine which is most reliable at “capturing” passing snow leopards; * Investigated sampling strategies and camera trap placement with respect to snow leopard travel patterns and marking behavior; * Compared different survey methods: direct (non-invasive capture of photos and DNA material contained in hairs), and indirect (sign transects and presence/absence surveys under the standard SLIMS protocol); * Assessed the attitude of local people toward snow leopards, wolves and other wildlife as well as their perceptions of benefits and costs associated with the Hemis National Park, in order to craft more effective conservation and park management measures. These activities mesh with SLC’s ongoing program of predator-proofing livestock corrals in settlements of the Hemis National Park, as well as outside protected areas (including Zanskar, Lingshed and Kanji. For each village’s corrals that are improved, we estimate that five or more snow leopards are saved from retaliatory killing by shepherds who lose valuable livestock. Our program in assisting villagers to gain supplementary income from tourism-related activities is gaining strength, with trainings in 10 settlements this spring. SLC brought staff of KCC, the Khangchenjunga Conservation Committee, a local NGO based in Sikkim to assist in the skills training and to exchange ideas and experiences from other areas. Following on from the groundwork laid during the first Bosack-Kruger grant to SLC, we launched a major initiative in collaboration with the Mountain Institute, the Himalayan Homestay program. Funding for this is being provided by UNESCO. For further information on these and other snow leopard conservation efforts, see our newly designed web-page. The following paragraphs summarize our accomplishments to date, supported by this grant. For detailed information, please consult the following reports, which are being mailed under separate cover: 1) “Local People’s Attitudes toward Wildlife Conservation in Hemis National Park with Special Reference to the Conservation of Large Predators” (prepared by Rodney Jackson, Rinchen Wangchuk and Jigmet Dadul) 2) “Non-Invasive Monitoring to Support Stewardship of Snow Leopards and Their Prey: Evaluation of Remote Camera Traps for Censusing Snow Leopards” (prepared by Rodney Jackson and Jerry Roe). |
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Submitted to: The Leonard X. Bosack and Bette M. Kruger Charitable Foundation; submitted by the Snow Leopard Conservancy | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1337 | ||
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| Author | Tursunov Kh. | ||||
| Title | The Ugam-Chatkal national park. The Chatkal state biosphere nature reserve | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 7-10 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; Ugam Chatkal national park; Chatkal nature reserve; flora; fauna; endangered species; snow leopard.; 8430; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Established in 1990, the Ugam-Chatkal national park occupies an area of 668,350 ha and is the largest protected natural area in Uzbekistan. This area is famous for its rich species diversity. A number of rare and endangered plant and animal species, including among the others snow leopard, is found here. Being a core zone (strictly protected natural area), the Chatkal nature reserve is an integral part of the park. Snow leopard is periodically observed in the Tereksay river valley in the Maidantal area. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecologic problems of the West Tien Shan. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 820 | Serial | 976 | ||
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| Author | Theile, S. | ||||
| Title | Fading Footprints: The Killing and Trade of Snow Leopards | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow; leopard; poaching; trade; traffic; Cites; endangered; hunting; 5130 | ||||
| Abstract | Snow Leopards, in a genus of their own, are endangered big cats. They inhabit rugged, mountainous terrain, in 12 range States – Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There are regional differences in prey, but the cats' natural prey includes ungulates and rodents. The global population of Snow Leopards is estimated to be between about 4000 and 7000, but sharp declines in populations have been reported over the past decade from parts of the species's range. High levels of hunting for the animals' skins and for live animals, for zoos, during the last century contributed to the species's endangered status and, from the 1970s, legal measures were taken for its protection. In 1975, the species was listed in Appendix I of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora) and in 1985 it became an Appendix-I species of the Convention of Migratory Species. It has been accorded nation-wide legal protection in almost every range State, in some cases since the 1970s. In spite of such provision, Snow Leopards have been hunted during the 1990s in numbers as high as at any time in the past and this killing continues in the present century. This report details the status of illegal poaching and trade in snow leopards in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. |
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| Publisher | Traffic International | Place of Publication | Caimbridge, UK | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 499 | Serial | 965 | ||
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| Author | Sokolov G.A. | ||||
| Title | Predatory mammals of Central Siberia, status of populations, influence of anthropogenic factors | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 329-330 | ||
| Keywords | Russia; siberia; predators; status; snow leopard.; 8260; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | The species resources of Siberia's fauna decrease from south to north. The highest diversity of species is observed in the mountain systems, the lowest in sub-zones of south and central taiga and steppe zone, where the cat family species are absent. During the last 50 150 years number of species has decreased two- to tenfold. Imperfect hunting management, farming, and mining operations resulted in transformation of the animal habitats. Population of fox, polecat, and sable has reduced; snow leopard and dhole becoming endangered species. If current tendencies continue to develop some species will disappear in the region in decades to come. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammal fauna of Russia and adjacent areas. Materials of conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 804 | Serial | 906 | ||
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| Author | Prokopov K.P. | ||||
| Title | The Red Data Book of vertebrate animals in eastern Kazakhstan | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 26-28 | ||
| Keywords | Kazakhstan; Eastern Kazakhstan; Red Data book; categories of threat; rare species; snow leopard; nature conservation; nature reserves.; 8000; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | After the inventory of all rare and endangered species the categories of threat in the Red Data Book of eastern Kazakhstan has changed for most of the species: 24 species were referred to category 1 (endangered species) (in Kazakhstan's Red Data Book 14 species); 26 (14) species to category 2 (decreasing species); 11 (24) to category 3 (rare); and 1 (3) to category 5 (rehabilitated). There are three nature reserves in the region: Markakol, West Alatai, and Alakol to protect wild vertebrate animals. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecosphere: Eastern Kazakhstan information and analytical journal. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 778 | Serial | 795 | ||
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| Author | Medvedev D.G. | ||||
| Title | Distribution and migration of the snow leopard in Baikal region | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 218 | ||
| Keywords | Russia; Baikal region; distribution; Migration; snow leopard.; 7630; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It provided description of snow leopard distribution in Eastern Sayan, South Transbaikalia and mountains of Baikal lake as well as its migratory ways within the region. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of the Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 741 | Serial | 670 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T.M.; Chapron, G. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Survival Strategy | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow leopard; survival; threats; conservation; action; research; 5350 | ||||
| Abstract | I. SNOW LEOPARD: REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND STATUS This Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) was undertaken to provide comprehensive conservation and research guidelines to ensure a range-wide coordinated effort in the fi ght to save the endangered snow leopard and had the following specific goals: Assess and prioritize threats to snow leopard survival on a geographic basis. Defi ne and prioritize conservation, education, and policy measures appropriate to alleviate threats. Prioritize subjects for snow leopard research and identify viable or preferred research methods. Build a network of concerned scientists and conservationists to facilitate open dialogue and cross-border cooperation. Gain consensus on a fundamental Snow Leopard Survival Strategy document that will be made available to the range states to aid conservation planning at national and local levels. The highly participatory process started with a survey of specialists designed to gather information on perceived threats to snow leopards, appropriate actions to address threats, knowledge gaps, protected area status, policy and law issues, impediments to achieving conservation of snow leopards, and cultural relevance of snow leopards. Drafts of a Strategy were circulated and then the Snow Leopard Survival Summit was convened in Seattle, USA from 21-26 May 2002 and was attended by 58 of the specialists to debate issues and refi ne the Strategy. This SLSS document is the end product of that process. Background on the snow leopard The snow leopard (Uncia uncia) is a member of the Felidae subfamily Pantherinae and on the basis of morphology and behavior it is placed alone in a separate genus. They are found in 12 countries across Central Asia (China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia). China contains as much as 60% of the snow leopard's potential habitat. Inaccessible and difficult terrain, along with the secretive nature of this rare cat helps account for the fact that large parts of its range have yet to be surveyed. Between 4,500 and 7,350 snow leopards are thought to occur within a total potential habitat area of 1,835,000 km2. Snow leopards are generally solitary and mating usually occurs between late January and midMarch, and one to five cubs are born after a gestation period of 93 to 110 days, generally in June or July. Snow leopards are closely associated with the alpine and subalpine ecological zones, preferring broken, rocky terrain with vegetation that is dominated by shrubs or grasses. Home range size and shape is not well known. The home range size of five snow leopards in prime habitat in Nepal ranged from 12 to 39 km2, with substantial overlap between individuals and sexes. In Mongolia, where food resources may be scarcer, home ranges of both males and females exceeded 400 km2. Snow leopards are opportunistic predators capable of killing prey up to three times their own weight. They will also take small prey such as marmot or chukar partridge. In general, their most commonly taken prey consists of wild sheep and goats (including blue sheep, Asian ibex, markhor, and argali). Adult snow leopards kill a large prey animal every 10-15 days, and remained on the kill for an average of 3-4 days, and sometimes up to a week. Predation on livestock can be significant, which often results in retribution killing by herders. Snow Leopards are listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List in that they do not meet the standards of Critically Endangered but are projected to decline by 50% or more over next 3 generations due to potential levels of exploitation (trade in pelts/bones and conflict with livestock), and due to declining: 1) area of occupancy, 2) extent of occurrence, and 3) quality of habitat (prey depletion). They appear in Appendix I of both CITES and the Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Snow Leopards are protected nationally over most of its range, with the probable exception of Afghanistan. However, in some countries the relevant legislation may not always be very effective, e.g. because penalties are too low to function as deterrent, or they contain some significant loopholes. II. THREATS AND CONSERVATION ACTIONS Regional Assessment This document attempts to list and discuss the threats, conservation actions and information needs pertinent to snow leopard survival. However, these vary substantially across the vast extent of snow leopard range, so no prescription will be universally applicable. We used a regional approach and for purposes of grouping areas where conditions may be similar, we looked at geography, political boundaries, cultural/religious influences, and rural livelihoods. Within that framework we defined four broad regions: Himalaya (HIMLY), Karakorum/Hindu Kush (KK/HK), Commonwealth of Independent States and W. China (CISWC), The Northern Range of Russia, Mongolia and N. China (NRANG) SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY Threats to Snow Leopard Survival A key component of the SLSS process was to identify threats to long-term snow leopard survival across their range. The following list is the result of extensive consultations with stakeholders in Asia and the expert group at the SLSS Summit. Threats are grouped into four broad categories 1) Habitat and Prey related, 2) Direct Killing of Snow Leopards, 3) Policy and Awareness, and 4) Other Issues. List of Threats Category 1: Habitat and Prey Related 1.1 Habitat Degradation and Fragmentation 1.2 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Illegal Hunting 1.3 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Legal Hunting 1.4 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Competition with Livestock 1.5 Reduction of Natural Prey due to Disease 1.6 Fencing that Disrupts Natural Migration Category 2: Direct Killing or Removal of Snow Leopards 2.1 Killing of Snow Leopards in Retribution for Livestock depredation 2.2 Poaching Snow Leopards for Trade in Hides or Bones 2.3 Museum Collection of Live Animals 2.4 Traditional Hunting of Snow Leopards 2.5 Secondary Poisoning and Trapping of Snow Leopards 2.6 Diseases of Snow Leopards Category 3: Policy and Awareness 3.1 Lack of Appropriate Policy 3.2 Lack of Effective Enforcement 3.3 Lack of Trans-boundary Cooperation 3.4 Lack of Institutional Capacity 3.5 Lack of Awareness among Local People 3.6 Lack of Awareness among Policy Makers Category 4: Other Issues 4.1 War and Related Military Activities 4.2 Climate Change 4.3 Human Population Growth and Poverty (indirect threat) Potential Actions to Address Threats Several methods are identified and elaborated in this document and they include: Grazing Management: Promote livestock grazing practices that reduce impacts on native wildlife, in particular snow leopard prey species. Wildlife-based Ecotourism: Establishing wildlife based tourism that provides jobs and financial benefits to local people will add economic value to wildlife and create incentives to protect the resource. Cottage Industry: Provide income generation opportunities for communities in snow leopard habitat through handicraft manufacture and marketing opportunities with direct and transparent linkages to wildlife conservation via contracts that provides positive incentives for compliance. Ungulate Trophy Hunting Programs: Establish or restructure trophy hunting programs that are sustainable, well monitored and provide return to local people as an incentive to protect ungulates. Community co-management of hunting program should be encouraged where ever appropriate. Reducing Poaching and Trade in Snow Leopard Parts: Determine location, nature and extent of snow leopard poaching for trade and bring pressure, both legal and educational, to limit same. Reducing Livestock Depredation by Snow Leopards: Encourage livestock husbandry practices that reduce depredation by snow leopards and other predators. Animal Husbandry: Provide training in animal husbandry and veterinary care to improve monetary return at lower stock levels, limit exposure to predation, and reduce impacts on pasture and rangelands. Conservation Education and Awareness: Raise awareness of snow leopard conservation issues, concerns, need for action, legal matters, etc, through variety of media among different audiences. III. RESEARCH AND INFORMATION NEEDS During the process of listing the threats to snow leopards and the required conservation actions, a set of information needs was also identified. Hence, the list below encompasses the knowledge required to carry-out urgent conservation actions. Master List of Information Needs R.1 Snow leopard distribution and “hot spots” R.2 Snow leopard migration and dispersal routes R.3 Snow leopard population size R.4 Snow leopard population trends and factor responsible for changes R.5 Protected Area coverage extent and representation of habitats (gap analysis) R.6 Agents of habitat degradation and relative impacts R.7 Snow leopard prey relationships R.8 Prey species distribution and “hot spots” R.9 Prey population baseline and trends R.10 Dynamics of illegal ungulate hunting (sources, local need, uses, trade, etc.) R.11 Dynamics of legal ungulate harvest and baseline statistics (sex/age, effort, trophy size, etc.) R.12 Wild ungulate livestock interactions (competition) R.13 Ungulate disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment R.14 Snow leopard poaching levels R.15 Illegal trade in wildlife parts market demand, sources and routes, value, etc. R.16 Livestock depredation rates SNOW LEOPARD SURVIVAL STRATEGY | xi R.17 Livestock depredation causes R.18 Grazing pressure and range conditions R.19 Snow leopard disease type, areas of occurrence, prevalence, virulence, treatment R.20 Snow leopard home-range size and habitat use R.21 Snow leopard social structure and behavior R.22 Snow leopard population genetics R.23 Snow leopard food habits R.24 Snow leopard relationship to other predators R.25 Economic valuation of snow leopards R.26 Snow leopard monitoring techniques development/improvement R.27 Socio-economic profiling of herder communities in snow leopard habitat R.28 Methods to alleviate impacts of war R.29 Livestock and human population status and trends R.30 Analysis of existing policies and laws R.31 Human attitudes to snow leopards IV. COUNTRY ACTION PLANNING The SLSS should be seen as a tool to aid in the development of country-specifi c Action Plans. In general Action Planning leaders should review the SLSS and then: Analyze the problems and choose the proper scale, Identify the key stakeholders and integrate them into the planning process at the beginning, (i.e. ensure a broadly participatory process), Choose a multi-level approach if the problems and stakeholders are particularly diverse, Seek to identify achievable and appropriate actions, Build monitoring of results into the Plan. The Action Planning process need not be done in a vacuum. The Snow Leopard Network (see below), can provide much needed assistance in terms of expertise and advice during the planning process. Collectively, the SLN membership has experience in nearly every area of snow leopard related conservation, research, education, and policy. They can be approached for assistance through the International Snow Leopard Trust, 4649 Sunnyside Ave. N., Suite 325, Seattle, Washington, 98103, USA, on their website http://www.snowleopard.org/sln/ or via email at <info@snowleopard.org>. V. TAKING THE SLSS FORWARD A key outcome of the SLSS Workshop was the creation of the Snow Leopard Network (SLN). The SLN is a partnership of organizations and individuals from government and private sector who work together for the effective conservation of the snow leopard, its prey, and their natural habitat to the benefi t of people and biodiversity. The initial members of the SLN are the specialist who worked together on the SLSS. Carrying the SLSS forward was the impetus for developing the Network. |
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| Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust and Snow Leopard Network | Place of Publication | Seattle, USA | Editor | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 520 | Serial | 668 | ||
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| Author | Lukarevskiy V.S. | ||||
| Title | Peculiarities of communicative behavior of leopard, irbis, lynx, and caracal | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 200 | ||
| Keywords | Felidae; communicative behavioral; leopard; snow leopard; Lynx; caracal.; 7600; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | It gives the description of communicative behavioral system (visual, olfactory and vocal elements) for two groups of large Felidae species such as leopard-irbis and lynx-caracal. General and specific behavioral regularities are given. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Mammals of Russia and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the conference. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 738 | Serial | 627 | ||
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| Author | Lui, C.-guang; Zheng, C.-wu; Ren, J.-rang | ||||
| Title | Research Foods and Food Sources About Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 31 | Issue | Pages | 154-159 | |
| Keywords | research; foods; food; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; Chinese; deer; kiang; argali; Qinghai; gansu; Sichuan; Comparative; congruence; species; distribution; variation | ||||
| Abstract | During 1984-1987, 1992-1995, and 1998-2001, the author researched snow leopard, white lipped deer, kiang, and argali in Qinghai, Gansu, Xingiang, and Sichuan. He collected 644 snow leopard droppings, and analyzed kinds of foods and sources from perch. Snow leopard's foods include most main foods, main foods, comparative foods and lesser foods. Studied one another index of faunistic congruence of foods species that from various distribution and variation both perch vertical variety and foods of snow leopard. |
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| Notes | Full text available in Chinese. Periodical: Journal of Shaanxi Normal University (Natural Science Edition) | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 877 | Serial | 626 | ||
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| Author | McCarthy, T. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard Survival Strategy | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | snow; leopard; strategy; survival; conservation; network; poaching; community; community-based; Pra; participatory; rural; assessment; threat; threats; leopards; trafficking; Slss; 5150 | ||||
| Abstract | The Snow Leopard Survival Strategy (SLSS) is a blueprint to guide the work of organizations and individuals working to conserve the endangered snow leopard. The SLSS was drafted in a collaborative fashion and includes the input of more than 65 of the world's leaders in snow leopard research and conservation. Implementation of the SLSS is overseen by the Snow Leopard Network (SLN), a partnership of organizations and individuals from government and private sectors who work together for the effective conservation of the snow leopard, its prey, and its natural habitat to the benefit of people and biodiversity | ||||
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| Publisher | International Snow Leopard Trust; Snow Leopard Network | Place of Publication | Seattle, WA | Editor | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | McCarthy, T. and C.G. | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | ||
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| Notes | Author, Subsidiary: Allen, P.; Chapron, G.; Fox, J.; Jackson, R.; Mishra, C.; Theile, S.Date of Copyright: 2003 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 500 | Serial | 664 | ||
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| Author | Abdunazarov B.B. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 6 | ||
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; Cites; snow leopard.; 5780; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) listed in Red Data Book of Republic of Uzbekistan (2003) and Appendix II CITES. | ||||
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| Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guide of Animals listed in CITES. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 558 | Serial | 24 | ||
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| Author | Henschel, P.; Ray, J. | ||||
| Title | Leopards in African Rainforests: Survey and Monitoring Techniques | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | forest leopards; african rainforests; survey; monitoring techniques; lope reserve; gabon; central africa; congo; zaire; field testing; populations; wild meat; relative abundance; density; live-trapping; presence and absense surveys; ad-hoc survey; bushmeat; systematic survey; monitoring; individual identification; tracks; Discriminant Function Analysis; genotyping; scat; Hair; Dna; remote photography; camera trapping; capture rates; Trailmaster; Camtrakker; bait; duikers; pigs; elephant; bongo; okapi; human hunters; 5300 | ||||
| Abstract | Monitoring Techniques Forest leopards have never been systematically surveyed in African forests, in spite of their potentially vital ecological role as the sole large mammalian predators in these systems. Because leopards are rarely seen in this habitat, and are difficult to survey using the most common techniques for assessing relative abundances of forest mammals, baseline knowledge of leopard ecology and responses to human disturbance in African forests remain largely unknown. This technical handbook sums up the experience gained during a two-year study of leopards by Philipp Henschel in the Lop‚ Reserve in Gabon, Central Africa, in 2001/2002, supplemented by additional experience from carnivore studies conducted by Justina Ray in southwestern Central African Republic and eastern Congo (Zaire) . The main focus of this effort has been to develop a protocol that can be used by fieldworkers across west and central Africa to estimate leopard densities in various forest types. In developing this manual, Henschel tested several indirect methods to assess leopard numbers in both logged and unlogged forests, with the main effort devoted to testing remote photography survey methods developed for tigers by Karanth (e.g., Karanth 1995, Karanth & Nichols 1998; 2000; 2002), and modifying them for the specific conditions characterizing African forest environments. This handbook summarizes the results of the field testing, and provides recommendations for techniques to assess leopard presence/absence, relative abundance, and densities in African forest sites. We briefly review the suitability of various methods for different study objectives and go into particular detail on remote photography survey methodology, adapting previously developed methods and sampling considerations specifically to the African forest environment. Finally, we briefly discuss how camera trapping may be used as a tool to survey other forest mammals. Developing a survey protocol for African leopards is a necessary first step towards a regional assessment and priority setting exercise targeted at forest leopards, similar to those carried out on large carnivores in Asian and South American forests. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | Wildlife Conservation Society | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 515 | Serial | 382 | ||
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| Author | Esipov A.V. | ||||
| Title | Snow Leopard (Irbis) | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Vol. II. Animals. | Issue | Pages | 218-219 | |
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; Red Data book; category of threat; number; distribution; threats; snow leopard.; 6650; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Critically Endangered l (CR C2a(i); D), locally distributed western subspecies of Central Asian species. It occurs in Western Tien Shan and Western Pamir Alay. It inhabits middle and high belts of the mountains. It prefers watersheds and rocky talus slopes. It never was numerous; last decades the numbers have been decreasing. In 1980's-1990's in Hissar nature reserve 5-11 individuals were counted, in 1970's-1980's in Chatkal nature reserve the 1-3 specimens were observed. Perhaps, total number is 20-30 individuals. The threats are development of high mountain pastures, decreasing of prey numbers, human persecution and poaching. Included in the IUCN Red List [EN] and in Appendix I of CITES. | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of Republic of Uzbekistan. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 643 | Serial | 259 | ||
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| Author | Esipov A.V. | ||||
| Title | The 56th anniversary of the Chatkal reserve | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | 15 | Issue | Pages | 15 | |
| Keywords | Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; fauna; rare species; snow leopard.; 6610; Russian | ||||
| Abstract | Being one of nine nature reserves in Uzbekistan, Chatkal was established in 1947. Its area changed its size and administrative jurisdiction. Foothills adjacent to the nature reserve were long ago inhabited and developed by people. In Middle Ages, the area of juniperous forest reduced considerably because of mining operations. There are rare mammal species in the nature reserve, such as snow leopard, bear, Menzbier's marmot, and six rare bird species | ||||
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| Notes | Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Guliston Journal | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 639 | Serial | 256 | ||
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| Author | Blomqvist, L. | ||||
| Title | The Global Studbook Report 2002 for Snow Leopards: Decline of a Pedigree Species | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
| Keywords | global; studbook; Report; snow leopard; captivity; zoo; 5720 | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Helsinki | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Journal Title: Helsinki Zoo, Annual Report 2003 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 93 | Serial | 169 | ||
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| Author | Karanth, K.U., Nichols, J.D., Seidensticker, J., Dinerstein, E., David Smith, J.L., McDougal, C., Johnsingh, A.J.T., Chundawat, R.S., Thapar, V. | ||||
| Title | Science deficiency in conservation practice: the monitoring of tiger populations in India | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Animal Conservation | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 6 | Issue | Pages | 141-146 | |
| Keywords | population monitoring, sampling, tiger, pugmark, census, pugmark census | ||||
| Abstract | Conservation practices are supposed to get refined by advancing scientific knowledge. We study this phenomenon in the context of monitoring tiger populations in India, by evaluating the ‘pugmark census method’ employed by wildlife managers for three decades. We use an analytical framework of modern animal population sampling to test the efficacy of the pugmark censuses using scientific data on tigers and our field observations. We identify three critical goals for monitoring tiger populations, in order of increasing sophistication: (1) distribution mapping, (2) tracking relative abundance, (3) estimation of absolute abundance. We demonstrate that the present census-based paradigm does not work because it ignores the first two simpler goals, and targets, but fails to achieve, the most difficult third goal. We point out the utility and ready availability of alternative monitoring paradigms that deal with the central problems of spatial sampling and observability. We propose an alternative sampling-based approach that can be tailored to meet practical needs of tiger monitoring at different levels of refinement. | ||||
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| Publisher | The Zoological Society of London | Place of Publication | United Kingdom | Editor | |
| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1307 | ||
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| Author | Mallon, D. | ||||
| Title | An early record of snow leopard in Myanmar | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication |
Cat News | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 39 | Issue | Autumn | Pages | 24 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, Myanmar | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1253 | ||
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