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Panwar, H.S.; Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S. |
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Title |
Ecology of the Snow Loepard and Associated Prey in Central Ladakh |
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1986 |
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18 |
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Ladakh; research; field-study; study; India; home-range; movement; habitat; prey; behavior; Himalaya; Human; ineraction; conflisct; Landsat; browse; 4180 |
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Full text at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 406 |
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758 |
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Xu, F.; Ming, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Chundawat R.S.; Marden; Nui, Y. |
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Title |
Preliminary Study on the Habitat Selection of Uncia uncia |
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Miscellaneous |
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2006 |
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23 |
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471-473 |
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study; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; Chinese; research; large; species; extinction; Felidae; central; mountains; mountain; Xinjiang; Tianshan Mountains; Altay; national; nature; reserve; fieldwork; sign; grazing; status; Test; analysis; primary; factor; topography; valley |
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Uncia uncia is one of the rare large species on the brink of extinction in Felidae in the world, and inhabit only the Central Asian mountains. It is said that there are currently only 4500-7300 Uncia uncia surviving. During the period from September 2004 to July 2005, the habitat selection of Uncia uncia was investigated in some mountains in Xinjiang, including the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Beita Mountains, Altay Mounts and Mount Tumor National Nature Reserve. In several months of fieldwork, we got 171 sign samples of Uncia uncia and 123 random samples in total. Five habitat features, i.e., the elevation, topographic features, vegetation type, grazing status and ruggedness, are selected to compare the difference of selectivity of the Uncia uncia habitat selection. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and the binomial test are used to check the significance of Uncia uncia habitat selection, and the principal component analysis is used to find the primary factors in in the selection. The result s are as follows : (1) Uncia uncia selected all kinds of the habitat types , especially the elevation , topography , vegetation types and ruggedness ; (2) Ruggedness and the vegetation types are the preliminary factors for the habitat selection. Topography is the secondary factor ; (3) Uncia uncia prefer to inhabit in the rugged habitat s with moderate shrubberies , and they also like to leave signs in valley bottoms rather than hillsides. |
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Full text available in ChineseName of periodical: Arid Zone Research |
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SLN @ rana @ 871 |
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1036 |
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Ming, M.; Munkhtsog, B.; Xu, F.; Turghan, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Wei, S.-D. |
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Title |
Markings as Indicator of Snow Leopard in Field Survey, in Xinjiang |
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Miscellaneous |
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2005 |
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Chinese Journal of Zoology |
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34-39 |
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markings; marking; snow leopard; leopard; field survey; Xinjiang; Chinese; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; China; Tianshan Mountains; conservation; field work; length; snow leopards; snow-leopards; density; densities; pug; pug marks; marks; scrapes; scrape; feces; scent; spray; Hair; fur; prey; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; distribution; region; relative abundance; abundance; study; areas; knowledge; potential; conservation problems; Human; attitudes; attitude; 200 |
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The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) was a very rare species in China. The survey on the markings of Snow Leopard in Ahay and Tianshan Mountains is the major activity of the Project of Snow Leopard in Xinjiang, supported by International Snow Leopard Trust(ISLT)and Xinjiang Conservation Fund(XCF). During the field work from Sep to Nov 2004 the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group(XSLG) set 67 transects of a total length of 47 776 m with mean transect length is 7 1 3 m at 9 locations.Total of 1 l 8 markings of Snow Leopards were found in 27 transects the mean density is 247km. The markings of Snow Leopard included the pug marks or footprints, scrapes, feces, bloodstain, scent spray, urine, hair or fur, claw rake, remains of prey corpse, sleep site, roar and others. From the quantity and locations of marks the XSLG got the information on habitat selection distribution region and relative abundance of the Snow Leopard in the study areas. The survey also provided knowledge on distribution and abundance of major prey potential conservation problems and human attitudes to Snow Leopards by taking 200 questionnaires in the study areas. |
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Full text available in Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 875 |
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681 |
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McCarthy, T. |
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Snow leopard conservation project, Mongolia: WWF Project Summary of Field Work |
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1999 |
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irbis-enterprises; Mongolia; gobi; Altai; Altay; habitat; status; distribution; Uvs; conservation; parks; preserves; refuge; protected-area; herders; livestock; predator; prey; field-work; field-study; field-studies; training; Slims; transects; sign; sprays; scrapes; markings; population; browse; irbis; enterprises; protected; area; field work; field; work; field study; study; 3870 |
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Full Text at URL: Project No. MN0004.01, reporting period 1998-1999 |
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SLN @ rana @ 367 |
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658 |
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Lama, T.T. |
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Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report |
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2001 |
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Nepal; conservation; Iunc; Wwf; management; Islt; field-study; field; study; Kanchenjunga; annapurna; parks; preserves; reserves; protected-area; habitat; workshops; monitoring; browse; 4170; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; status; Report |
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Full text available at URLAuthor Role: Program OfficerAuthor Affiliation: WWF Nepal ProgramTitle, Analytic: Snow Leopard Conservation Annual Progress Report.ProCite field [12]: (2000-20001) |
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SLN @ rana @ 405 |
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608 |
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Ale S. |
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Have snow leopards made a comeback to the Everest region of Nepal? |
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2005 |
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1-21 |
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snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; region; Nepal; Report; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust; program; 1960; endangered; Sagarmatha; High; Himalaya; tourism; impact; establishment; national; national park; National-park; park; 1980; area; Tibet; surveys; survey; status; Cats; cat; prey; research; project; sign; transects; transect; length; valley; Response; hunting; recovery; Himalayan; tahr; density; densities; range; pugmarks; sighting; 60; study; population; predators; predator; structure; prey species; prey-species; species; populations; mortality; effects; predation; population dynamics |
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In the 1960s, the endangered snow leopard was locally extirpated from the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) region of Nepal. In this Sherpa-inhabited high Himalaya, the flourishing tourism since the ascent of Mt Everest in 1953, has caused both prosperity and adverse impacts, the concern that catalyzed the establishment of Mt. Everest National Park in the region in 1976. In the late 1980s, there were reports that some transient snow leopards may have visited the area from adjoining Tibet, but no biological surveys exist to confirm the status of the cats and their prey. Have snow leopards finally returned to the top of the world? Exploring this question was the main purpose of this research project. We systematically walked altogether 24 sign transects covering over 13 km in length in three valleys, i.e. Namche, Phortse and Gokyo, of the park, and counted several snow leopard signs. The results indicated that snow leopards have made a comeback in the park in response to decades of protective measures, the virtual cessation of hunting and the recovery of the Himalayan tahr which is snow leopard's prey. The average sign density (4.2 signs/km and 2.5 sign sites/km) was comparable to that reported from other parts of the cats' range in the Himalaya. On this basis, we estimated the cat density in the Everest region between 1 to 3 cats per 100 sq km, a figure that was supported by different sets of pugmarks and actual sightings of snow leopards in the 60 km2 sample survey area. In the study area, tahr population had a low reproductive rate (e.g. kids-to-females ratio, 0.1, in Namche). Since predators can influence the size and the structure of prey species populations through mortality and through non-lethal effects or predation risk, snow leopards could have been the cause of the population dynamics of tahr in Sagarmtha, but this study could not confirm this speculation for which further probing may be required. |
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Progress report for the International Snow Leopard Trust Small Grants Program. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1063 |
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50 |
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Hung, L.; Talipu; Hua, L.; Mingjiang, Q.; Schaller, G.B. |
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A Snow Leopard Survey in the Taxkorgan Region, XInjiang, China |
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1985 |
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Taxkorgan; China; Xinjiang; field; study; browse; survey; K2; pamirs; prey; habitat; herders; scat; analysis; 4190 |
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Full text available at URL |
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SLN @ rana @ 407 |
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390 |
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Schaffer, E.; Wiesner, H.; Von Hegel, G. |
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Multiple ocular coloboma (MOC) with persistent pupillary membrane in the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) |
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1988 |
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Tierarztl Prax |
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16 |
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1 |
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87-91 |
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Animal; Carnivora; Case; Report; Coloboma; etiology; pathology; veterinary; Comparative; study; Eyelids; abnormalities; Male; Optic; Nerve; Syndrome; browse; 270; german |
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In a litter of three snow leopards, bilateral colobomata of the upper temporal eyelids, bilateral persistent pupillary membranes and a unilateral coloboma of the optic nerve entrance are described as “Multiple Ocular Colobomata” (MOC). The causal pathogenesis of each of the colobomata is discussed comparatively. The colobomata of the eyelids, essential feature of the MOC syndrome in snow leopards, are most probably not of hereditary, but rather of intrauterine infectious viral origin. |
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0303-6286 |
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Document Type: German |
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SLN @ rana @ 112 |
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851 |
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Aryal, A. |
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Final Report On Demography and Causes of Mortality of Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve in Nepal |
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2009 |
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1-53 |
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Report; mortality; blue; blue sheep; blue-sheep; sheep; Pseudois; pseudois nayaur; Pseudois-nayaur; nayaur; Dhorpatan; hunting; reserve; Nepal; biodiversity; research; training; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; conservation; program; population; Population-Density; density; densities; change; Sex; study; area; High; poaching; Pressure; reducing; number; predators; predator; poison; wolf; wolves; canis; Canis-lupus; lupus; wild; wild boar; prey; prey species; prey-species; species; scats; scat; value; fox; cover; deer; diet; leopards; pika; snow leopards; snow-leopards; soil; Relationship |
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A total of 206 individual Blue sheep Pseudois nayaur were estimated in Barse and Phagune blocks of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve (DHR) and population density was 1.8 Blue sheep/sq.km. There was not significant change in population density from last 4 decades. An average 7 animals/herd (SD-5.5) were classified from twenty nine herds, sheep per herds varying from 1 to 37. Blue sheep has classified into sex ratio on an average 75 male/100females was recorded in study area. The sex ratio was slightly lower but not significantly different from the previous study. Population of Blue sheep was seen stable or not decrease even there was high poaching pressure, the reason may be reducing the number of predators by poison and poaching which has
supported to increase blue sheep population. Because of reducing the predators Wolf Canis lupus, Wild boar population was increasing drastically in high rate and we can observed wild boar above the tree line of DHR. The frequency of occurrence of different prey species in scats of different predators shows that, excluding zero values, the frequencies of different prey species were no significantly different (ö2= 10.3, df = 49, p > 0.05). Most of the scats samples (74%) of Snow leopard, Wolf, Common Leopard, Red fox's cover one prey species while two and three species were present in 18% and 8%, respectively. Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak was the most frequent (18%) of total diet composition of common leopards. Pika Ochotona roylei was the most frequent (28%), and Blue sheep was in second position for diet of snow leopards which cover 21% of total diet composition. 13% of diet covered non-food item such as soil, stones, and vegetable. Pika was most frequent on Wolf and Red fox diet which covered 32% and 30% respectively. There was good positive relationship between the scat density and Blue sheep consumption rate, increasing the scat density, increasing the Blue sheep consumption rate. Blue sheep preference by different predators such as Snow leopard, Common leopard, Wolf and Red fox were 20%, 6%, 13% and 2% of total prey species respectively. |
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The Biodiversity Research and Training Forum (BRTF) Nepal. Email: savefauna@yahoo.com
Submitted to Snow Leopard Conservation Grants Program, USA. |
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SLN @ rana @ 1064 |
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104 |
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Brown, J.L.; Wasser, S.K.; Wildt, D.E.; Graham, L.H. |
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Comparative Aspects of Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Ovarian Activity in Felids, Measured Noninvasively in Feces |
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1994 |
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Biol Reprod |
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51 |
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4 |
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776-786 |
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Animal; Carbon; Radioisotopes; Carnivora; Cats; Chromatography; High; Pressure; Liquid; Comparative Study; Estradiol; metabolism; Estrone; feces; chemistry; Female; Ovary; physiology; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Pseudopregnancy; Support; Non-U.S.Gov't; browse; non; government; gov't; us; 170 |
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Noninvasive fecal assays were used to study steroid metabolism and ovarian activity in several felid species. Using the domestic cat (Felis catus) as model, the excretory products of injected [14C]estradiol (E2) and [14C]progesterone (P4) were determined. Within 2 days, 97.0 +/- 0.6% and 96.7 +/- 0.5% of recovered E2 and P4 radioactivity, respectively, was found in feces. E2 was excreted as unconjugated estradiol and estrone (40%) and as a non-enzyme- hydrolyzable conjugate (60%). P4 was excreted primarily as non-enzyme- hydrolyzable, conjugated metabolites (78%) and as unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. A simple method for extracting fecal steroid metabolites optimized extraction efficiencies of the E2 and P4 excretion products (90.1 +/- 0.8% and 87.2 +/- 1.4%, respectively). Analysis of HPLC fractions of extracted fecal samples from the radiolabel-injected domestic cats revealed that E2 immunoreactivity coincided primarily with the unconjugated metabolized [14C]E2 peak, whereas progestogen immunoreactivity coincided with a single conjugated epimer and multiple unconjugated pregnenolone epimers. After HPLC separation, similar immunoreactive E2 and P4 metabolite profiles were observed in the leopard cat (F. bengalensis), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that changes in fecal E2 and P4 metabolite concentrations reflected natural or artificially induced ovarian activity. For example, severalfold increases in E2 excretion were associated with overt estrus or exogenous gonadotropin treatment, and elevated fecal P4 metabolite concentrations occurred during pregnant and nonpregnant (pseudopregnant) luteal phases. Although overall concentrations were similar, the duration of elevated fecal P4 metabolites during pseudopregnancy was approximately half that observed during pregnancy. In summary, steroid metabolism mechanisms appear to be conserved among these physically diverse, taxonomically related species. Results indicate that this hormone-monitoring approach will be extremely useful for elucidating the hormonal regulatory mechanism associated with the reproductive cycle, pregnancy, and parturition of intractable and endangered felid species. |
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0006-3363 |
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Document Type: eng |
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SLN @ rana @ 251 |
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198 |
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