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Author Jumabay, K., Wegge, P., Mishra, C., Sharma, K
Title Large carnivores and low diversity of optimal prey: a comparison of the diets of snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus in Sarychat-Ertash Reserve in Kyrgyzstan Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-7
Keywords Canis lupus, Central Asia, food habits, intraguild competition, Panthera uncia, scat analysis
Abstract In the cold and arid mountains of Central Asia, where the diversity and abundance of wild ungulates

are generally low, resource partitioning among coexisting carnivores is probably less distinct than in prey-rich areas. Thus, similar-sized carnivores are likely to compete for food. We compared the summer diets of snow leopards Panthera uncia and wolves Canis lupus in Sarychat-Ertash Reserve in the Tien-Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan, based on analysis of genetically confirmed scats. Abundances of

the principal prey species, argali Ovis ammon and Siberian ibex Capra sibirica, were estimated from field surveys. The diets consisted of few species, with high interspecific overlap (Pianka’s index50.91). Argali was the predominant prey, with .50% frequency of occurrence in both snow leopard and wolf scats. This was followed by Siberian ibex and marmots Marmota baibacina. Being largely unavailable, remains of livestock were not detected in any of the scats. In the snow leopard diet, proportions of argali and ibex were in

line with the relative availabilities of these animals in the Reserve. This was in contrast to the diet of wolf, where argali occurred according to availability and ibex was significantly underrepresented. The high diet overlap indicates that the two predators might compete for food when the diversity of profitable, large prey is low. Competition may be more intense in winter, when marmots are not available. Hunting of argali and ibex outside the Reserve may be unsustainable and therefore reduce their abundances over time. This will

affect both predators negatively and intensify competition for food. Reduction in ibex populations will directly affect the snow leopard, and the wolf is likely to be indirectly affected as a result of increased snow leopard predation of argali.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1397
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Author Namgail, T.
Title Eurasian lynx in Ladakh Type Journal Article
Year 2004 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 40 Issue Pages 21-22
Keywords Eurasian lynx, Lynx l. isabellina
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1314
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Author Singh, N., Milner-Gulland, E.J.
Title Monitoring ungulates in Central Asia: current constraints and future potential Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-12
Keywords Central Asia, confidence intervals, cost, participatory monitoring, saiga, sampling effort, stratified random sampling, ungulate
Abstract Asia’s rangelands and mountains are strongholds for several endemic ungulate species. Little is known about the ecology of these species because of the region’s remoteness and the lack of robust scientific studies. Hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development are the major threats to the species. There is an urgent need for better monitoring to identify the size, distribution and dynamics of the populations of these species, and the threats to them, for effective conservation. The feasibility of standard scientific monitoring is greatly influenced by the remoteness of the region, the pre-existing scientific ideology, lack of expertise in the latest monitoring

methods and awareness of biases and errors, and low capacity and logistical and financial constraints. We review the existing methods used for monitoring ungulates, identify the practical and institutional challenges to effective monitoring in Central Asia and categorize the methods based on various criteria so that researchers can plan better monitoring studies suited to particular species. We illustrate these issues using examples from several contrasting ungulate species. We recommend that scientific surveys should be complemented by increases in participatory monitoring, involving local people. The future of ungulate monitoring in Central Asia lies in a better recognition of the existing errors and biases in monitoring programmes and methods, allocation of more monitoring effort in terms of manpower, finances and logistics, understanding of robust scientific

methods and sampling theory and changing the scientific culture, as well as a commitment to ensuring that we monitor the things that matter.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1291
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Author Darehshuri, B.F.
Title Threatened cats of Asia Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Wildlife Abbreviated Journal
Volume 20 Issue 9 Pages 396-400
Keywords Asia, Acinonyx jubatus, Asiatic cheetah, cheetah, Siberian tiger, snow leopard
Abstract Man's hand is turned against the wild cats wherever they occur, often due to the value of their fur, but also because of the danger they sometimes pose to domestic stock and even human beings. All the larger Asian cats are threatened, and on this and the following pages we look at three of them – the Asiatic cheetah, the Siberian tiger, and the snow leopard.
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1116
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Author Hellstrom, M., Kruger, E., Naslund, J., Bisther, M., Edlund, A., Hernvall, P., Birgersson, V., Augusto, R., Lancaster, M. L.
Title Capturing environmental DNA in snow tracks of polar bear, Eurasian lynx and snow leopard towards individual identification Type Journal Article
Year 2023 Publication Frontiers in Conservation Science Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue 1250996 Pages 1-9
Keywords nuclear eDNA, snow, snow track, individual, polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), sampling protocol
Abstract Polar bears (Ursus maritimus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive large carnivores inhabiting snow-covered and remote areas. Their effective conservation and management are challenged by inadequate population information, necessitating development of novel data collection methods. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from snow tracks (footprints in snow) has identified species based on mitochondrial DNA, yet its utility for individual-based analyses remains unsolved due to challenges accessing the nuclear genome. We present a protocol for capturing nuclear eDNA from polar bear, Eurasian lynx and snow leopard snow tracks and verify it through genotyping at a selection of microsatellite markers. We successfully retrieved nuclear eDNA from 87.5% (21/24) of wild polar bear snow tracks, 59.1% (26/44) of wild Eurasian lynx snow tracks, and the single snow leopard sampled. We genotyped over half of all wild polar bear samples (54.2%, 13/24) at five loci, and 11% (9/44) of wild lynx samples and the snow leopard at three loci. Genotyping success from Eurasian lynx snow tracks increased to 24% when tracks were collected by trained rather than untrained personnel. Thirteen wild polar bear samples comprised 11 unique genotypes and two identical genotypes; likely representing 12 individual bears, one of which was sampled twice. Snow tracks show promise for use alongside other non-invasive and conventional methods as a reliable source of nuclear DNA for genetic mark-recapture of elusive and threatened mammals. The detailed protocol we present has utility for broadening end user groups and engaging Indigenous and local communities in species monitoring.
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Call Number SLN @ rakhee @ Serial 1738
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Author McCarthy, T.; Allen, P.
Title Knitting for snow leopards Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal
Volume 30 Issue Pages 24-25
Keywords conservation-programs; endangered; threatened-species; human-dimensions; management; conservation; asia; Mongolia; herder; herding; herders; browse; threatened; species; programs; Human; dimensions.; 1040
Abstract The authors describe an innovative conservation program for the endangered snow leopard. A program was established in which herding families in Mongolia knit scarves, gloves, and hats from camel, sheep, and cashmere wool for sale as eco-friendly products. The program increases family incomes, brings in revenue for conservation programs, and educates the herders on the leopards. klf.
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Notes Full Text at URL. Author Contact: 4649 Sunnyside Ave N. ,Suite 325, Seattle Wa 98103Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 368 Serial 659
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Author Bobrinskiy N.A.
Title The mountains of Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1951 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 382
Keywords Central Asia; zoogeography; mountain fauna; snow leopard.; 6320; Russian
Abstract Given is a general characteristic of fauna complexes in the mountains of Central Asia (Jungar Ala-Tau, Tien Shan, Hissar Alai, Kopet-Dag), peculiarities of animal distribution in association with folded mountain relief, vertical zoning, anthropogenic influence and importance of mountain fauna for human beings. It provides a description of main animal groups and is an effort of zoning fauna of the mountains of Central Asia.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geography of animals (a course of zoogeography). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 610 Serial 179
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Author Bobrinskiy N.A.
Title Mountains of Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1967 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 296-321
Keywords Middle Asia; mountain; tien shan; Pamir; Hissar ridge; Turkestan ridge; Kopet-Dag ridge; Animals; plants; Issyk-Kul lake; Sary-Chelek; spiders; birds; lizards; marmots; wild sheep; ibex; snow leopard.; 6330; Russian
Abstract It provides a zoogeographical description of Central Asia mountains: Tien Shan (west and east), Pamir, the Turkestan and Hissar ridges, and ruinous mountains in Kyzylkum. Distribution of various animal species over the area under study is described. Data concerning Central Asia sheep, ibex, and snow leopard in the alpine meadow zone, and data concerning the otter (in the Tupalang river basin) and grey partridge is presented. The author noted that generally fauna of Tien Shan, Hissar, and Pamir is similar to that of Inner Asia. The other type of fauna more similar to that of Transcaucasia is typical for Kopet-Dag.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna and nature of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 611 Serial 180
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Author Bobrinskiy N.A.
Title Mountains of Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1946 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 417-427
Keywords Central Asia; mountains; hauna; snow leopard.; 6350; Russian
Abstract A general description of fauna complexes of Central Asia's mountains (Djungar Ala-Tau, Tien-Shan, Gissar, Pamir, Kopet-Dag, Greater Balkhans) is given. A review of main animal groups and an attempt to zone fauna of Central Asia's mountains are made. Fauna of Central Asia's highlands with its specific variety of species (snow leopard, ibex, argali, snow cock and others) is western outpost of Inner Asia's mountain fauna. Snow leopard inhabits highlands of Djungar Ala-Tau, East and West Tien Shan, Bukhara and East Pamir.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geography of animals. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 613 Serial 182
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Author Chumakova A.V.
Title The Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves Type Miscellaneous
Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 153-155
Keywords Central Asia; nature reserves; Kysylsu nature reserve; Miraki nature reserve; Markakol nature reserve; establishment; soil; climate; physiographic factors; researching; plants; Animals; snow leopard.; 6470; Russian
Abstract A description of the Kyzylsu, Miraki, and Markakol nature reserves is given and includes as follows: data of establishment, location, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, vegetation, altitude zones, and fauna. In the Kyzylsu nature reserve there are 28 mammal species; in Miraki 23, and in Mirkakol 39. Snow leopard can be found in all the three nature reserves.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 625 Serial 220
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Author Dementiev G.P.
Title Quadrupeds inhabitants of the mountains Type Miscellaneous
Year 1967 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 110-116
Keywords asia; mountain fauna; endemics; species range; rodents; ungulates; carnivores; marmots; pikas; voles; ibex; mountain sheep; snow leopard.; 6480; Russian
Abstract All species inhabiting the highlands of Asia are normally referred to as herbivorous or predators. A majority of alpine land species (rodents and ungulates) feeds upon leaves, stalks, and roots of plants. Among widely distributed highland species the most interesting are marmots, red pica, grey vole, argali, and ibex. Argali and ibex are preyed on by snow leopards. There are reasons to believe that these mountain animal species are more ancient than their cognates in a plain. All the way from Central Asia to Europe, species belonging to the eastern and western fauna complexes are observed to interpenetrate.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: In severe cold and heat. (Animal and landscape). Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 626 Serial 235
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Author Flora and Fauna International
Title Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop Type Miscellaneous
Year 2006 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Central Asia; Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop; June 2006; Report; snow leopard; workshop; central; asia; snow; snow-leopard; leopard
Abstract Meeting report for the Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop, held in Bishkek in June 2006.
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Publisher Flora and Fauna International Place of Publication (up) Editor
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Notes BISHKEK, 19-21 JUNE 2006. Meeting Report Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 878 Serial 275
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Author Fox, J.L.; Sinha, S.P.; Chundawat, R.S.; Das, P.K.
Title Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Northwest India Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication Biological Conservation Abbreviated Journal
Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 283-298
Keywords ibex; leopard; snow-leopard; blue-sheep; Asiatic-ibex; asia; Himalayas; India; Himalaya; Jammu; Kashmir; Ladakh; panthera; uncia; Pseudois; nayaur; Capra-ibex; parks; reserves; conservation; capra ibex; snow leopard; blue; sheep; browse; pseudois nayaur; capra; Asiatic; 790
Abstract Evidence of snow leopard presence was most abundant in C Ladakh, decreased southward toward the crest of the Himalaya, and was least on the S side of the main Himalaya. Prey populations, primarily blue sheep Pseudois nayaur and Asiatic ibex Capra ibex, were also more plentiful in the areas surveyed to the N of the main Himalaya. Perhaps 400 snow leopard occur throughout NW India. The stronghold of this species in India is apparently the trans- Himalayan ranges in Ladakh where new parks and reserves are being established, some in association with a snow leopard recovery programme of the state of Jammu and Kashmir and a 'Project Snow Leopard' of the central Indian government. Because of the generally low density of snow leopard, conservation measures must also be considered within the large areas of its range lying outside parks and reserves. -from Authors
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Notes Full text at URLDocument Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 174 Serial 297
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Author Green, M.J.B.
Title Protecting the mountains of Central Asia and their snow leopard populations Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 223-239
Keywords asia; conservation; distribution; status; habitat; predator; prey; herders; herder; livestock; management; protected- area; parks; park; reserve; refuge; Afghanistan; Bhutan; China; gansu; Qinghai; Sichuan; India; Sikkim; Nepal; Pakistan; Ussr; Russia; Soviet-Union; Kazakhstan; Kirghizia; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; protected-area; kazakstan; Kirgizia; browse; protected; area; soviet; union; 2060
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Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust and Chicago Zoological Society Place of Publication (up) Editor J.L.Fox; Du Jizeng
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Notes Full Text at URLTitle, Monographic: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium. Place of Meeting: Xining, Qinghai, ChinaDate of Copyright: 1994 Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 218 Serial 350
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Author Gvozdetskiy N.A.
Title Altitudal landscape zones Type Miscellaneous
Year 1970 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 142-151
Keywords Central Asia; geobotany; zoogeography; mountain zones; Animals; snow leopard.; 6840; Russian
Abstract It provides geobotanic and zoogeographic description of vertical landscape zoning. Particularly, in alpine meadows and meadow steppes and partially zone of mountain plateau (“syrt”) of highland, the common species are argali (Ovis ammon poloi), ibex (Capra sibirica sakeen), snow leopard (Felis uncia), Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos leuconyx), and red pica; very numerous are marmots and vole (Microtus gregalis). The bird fauna includes Himalayan snow-cock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Alpine chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus), chough (P. pyrrhocorax), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), rosefinch species. There are many waterfowl birds on the lakes. There are many Central Asian, particularly Tibetan species among the animals inhabiting highlands of the Tien Shan.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Physical geography of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 662 Serial 364
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Author Berg L.S.
Title Fauna Type Miscellaneous
Year 1938 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 161-164
Keywords Central Asia; mountains; fauna; snow leopard.; 6270; Russian
Abstract It provides description of fauna of the Central Asia mountains. Ibex (Capra sibirica) was noticed to keep to the alpine and sub-alpine zone and never descends bellow 2,500 m. Hunting for ibex and wild sheep, snow leopard (Leopardus uncia) keeps at the same elevation.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 605 Serial 133
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Author Bannikov A.G.
Title Mountains of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan Type Miscellaneous
Year 1966 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 222-223
Keywords Middle Asia; Kazakhstan; nature reserves; plants; Animals; snow leopard; preys.; 6130
Abstract The data on geographical location, plants and animals of mountain nature reserves of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan are given. Snow leopard and its preys (wild ibexes and sheep) were recorded in both Almaty and Aksu Jabagly nature reserves.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Visiting of Soviet Union nature reserves. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 591 Serial 112
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Author Anonymous
Title Central Asian Republic Snow Leopard Specialists Plan Joint Conservation Strategy Type Miscellaneous
Year Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; Russia; Asia-Irbis; protected-areas; parks; reserves; refuge; Tajikistan; poaching; habitat; habitat-degradation; trade; skins; pelts; coat; fur; bones; medicine; status; hunting; ibex; marmots; Islt; Gyssar; Nabu; Wwf; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; degradation; world wildlife fund; international snow leopard trust; asia; irbis; 3950
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Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1 Serial 75
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Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G.
Title Snow leopards (Panthera- uncia) in Nepal – home range and movements Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication National Geographic Research Abbreviated Journal
Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 161-175
Keywords Nepal; asia; home-range; movements; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; browse; home; range; home range; panthera; panthera uncia; uncia; 840
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Notes Addresses:JACKSON R, CALIF INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,SNOW LEOPARD PROJECT,910 K ST,DAVIS,CA 95616 Publisher:NATL GEOGRAPHIC SOC, WASHINGTON Document Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 128 Serial 441
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Author Jackson, R.M.; Ahlborn, G.; Gurung, M.; Ale, S.
Title Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese Himalaya Type Journal Article
Year 1996 Publication Proc.Vertebr.Pest Conf Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue Pages 241-247
Keywords damage; damage-by-wildlife; endangered; threatened species; livestock; mammals; management; predator-control; public-relations; wildlife; livestock-relationships; Nepal; asia; herders; conservation; Manang; Khangshar; depredation; conflict; predator; prey; browse; public; threatened; species; control; Relations; 700
Abstract The authors investigated livestock depredation patterns of snow leopards on the northern slopes of the Himalayans near the villages of Manang and Khangshar, Nepal. Information is discussed on the relationships among livestock loss, endangered species management, public relations/conservation issues, and cooperative efforts among institutions involved in the decision making process. A plan is devised for alleviating livestock loss and protecting endangered species in the area. pcp
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Notes Full Text at URL: ADDRESS: Mountain Inst., Main & Dogwood St., Franklin, WV 26807//“Proceedings Seventeenth Vertebrate Pest Conference-March 5-7, 1996, Rohnert Park, California”; Timm, Robert M.; Crabb, A. Charles, editorsDocument Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 271 Serial 480
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Author Kogan M.I.
Title The Kazakh SSR. The Kyrgyz SSR. The Uzbek and Tajik SSR. The Turkmen SSR Type Miscellaneous
Year 1931 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 47, 51-52,55-57, 59, 61-62.
Keywords Central Asia; game species; fur-trade; snow leopard.; 7160; Russian
Abstract It describes geographical, soil, climatic and hydrological features of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Types of economic activities including fur-trade are described, too. Game preserves are classified, and list of game fauna species inhabiting these republics is given. Snow leopard lives in rocky mountains and is hunted very rarely.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Soviet Asia as a fur-trade region. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 694 Serial 540
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Author Mallon, D.
Title The Snow Leopard, Panthera uncia, in Mongolia Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal
Volume 4 Issue Pages 3-9
Keywords Mongolia; snow-leopard; gobi; distribution; status; asia; herders; snow leopard; browse; 950
Abstract In the International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards 3, Blomqvist and Sten notes (1982) that no information had been recieved on the snow leopard in Mongolia. The present paper sets out to repair that omission by summarising the information in print on snow leopards in Mongolia and giving a brief account of its distribution in the country. This is essentially a review paper and it is hoped that more precise data may be obtained from fieldwork carried out in the future by Mongolian zoologist. The author worked in Mongolia for two years 1975-1977, and during that time collected information on mammals of Mongolia. Information on the snow leopard was obtained from colleagues at the State University of Mongolia; from zoologists and hunters; from herdsmen and local informants from all parts of the country and from three journeys made by the author: to the eastern Gobi Altai; the Khangai mountains, and a 2000 km journey through western Altai. In this paper, the term “Mongolia” refers to the territory of the Mongolian peoples Republic
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Notes Full text available at URLDocument Type: English Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 114 Serial 643
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Author Ammosov, B.
Title Central Asia mountains. Snow leopard or irbis Type Miscellaneous
Year 1973 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 92-93
Keywords Central Asia; natural zones; snow leopard; distribution; habitats; number; trade.; 6010; Russian
Abstract All natural zones are represented in the mountains of Central Asia: deserts, semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forests and shrubs, sub-alpine zones, alpine zones. Irbis (snow leopard) is a typical inhabitant of highlands. In the USSR, snow leopard is distributed in the mountains of Central Asia and southern Siberia. Outside the country this species is met in the Himalayas, Tibet, mountains of Mongolia. It is rare everywhere. The annual world trade is less than 1,000 animals. Being a non-numerous species, it causes negligible damage to farming and hunting industry.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting industry of the USSR. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 580 Serial 69
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Author Kolosov A.M.
Title Central Asia Type Miscellaneous
Year 1975 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 93-104
Keywords Central Asia; mountain system; species composition; distribution; number; habitats; rare species; endemics; game species; mammals; snow leopard.; 7190; Russian
Abstract It describes a mammal species composition in the mountain ecosystems of Central Asia Kopetdag, Hissaro-Alai and Pamir, Tien Shan, and Tarbagatai ridge. Data on distribution and population number is presented.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Protection and enrichment of the USSR fauna. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 697 Serial 546
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Author Koshkarev E.
Title Critical Ranges as Centres of Biodiversity Type Miscellaneous
Year 1998 Publication Abbreviated Journal
Volume N 14 Issue Pages 37-38
Keywords Central Asia; biodiversity; rare species; species survival; snow leopard.; 7270; Russian
Abstract A high percentage of rare species in Central Asia experience limited conditions for distribution. Geographic centers with higher species diversity are generally constrained in terms of territory: they are formed when ranges overlap. But in Central Asia and along its borders with Russia, centers of biodiversity overlap at the very marginal edges of ranges. Central Asian species cross into Russian territory, where desert and steppe are replaced by thick forest. Here the northern borders of their ranges are sharply fragmented and isolated. Typical examples for Central Asia are the ranges of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Asian leopard (Panthera pardus caucasica), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Bukhara deer (Census elaphus bactrianus), markhor (Capra falconeri), blue sheep (Pseudois nayauf) and argali (Ovis ammon). In Russia are the Altai subspecies of argali, the Siberian argali (O.a.ammon), the mountain goat (Capra sibirica), Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), Pallas' cat (Felis manul), dhole (Cuon alpinus), grey marmot (Marmota baibacina), Mongolian marmot (M. sibirica) and tolai hare (Lepus tolai). Where the numbers o f individuals has fallen to extreme lows, the most effective mechanism for species survival may be supporting the integrity of ranges, in order to preserve population exchanges between neighboring groups. The geographic location of reserves and other protected territories is vitally important for the survival of Central Asian species, given the acute fragmentation of their ranges. These reserves should include significant, viable centers of population the key places. Wherever the creation of permanent protected territories is impossible, a new tactic must be found, such as introducing temporary limitations on the use of land for agriculture and hunting. But all protected territories, whether temporary or permanent, should be connected, forming a core and periphery. The marginal range areas must not be forgotten, if total protection of endangered populations is to be accomplished.
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Notes Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Russian Conservation News. Approved no
Call Number SLN @ rana @ 705 Serial 555
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