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Author Lanier, D.L.; Dewsbury, D.A. url 
  Title A quantitative study of copulatory behaviour of large Felidae Type Journal Article
  Year 1976 Publication Behavioural-Processes Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue 4 Pages 327-333  
  Keywords behavior; breeding; mating; copulation; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; reproduction; browse; 1590  
  Abstract Observed a total of 109 copulations in 6 male-female pairs from 4 species of large Felidae. The mean intromission durations were 3.0 sec for Asian leopards (Panthera pardus), 3.3 sec for African leopards (P. pardus), 12.9 sec for snow leopards (Uncia uncia), 2.3 sec for spotted jaguars (P. onca), 3.3 sec for black jaguars (P. onca), and 12.4 sec for Siberian tigers (P. tigris). Behavioral patterns were qualitatively similar across species; all displayed a copulatory pattern with no lock, no intravaginal thrusting, ejaculation on a single insertion, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas domestic cats are reported to assume a neck grip and to tread prior to insertion, these larger Felidae generally did so after intromission had been achieved. After copulation, females of some pairs swiped at the male and displayed a rolling after-reaction. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned)  
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  Notes Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers BV. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 32 Serial 610  
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Author McVittie, R. url 
  Title Nursing behavior of snow leopard cubs Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Applied-Animal-Ethology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 4 Issue 2 Pages 159-168  
  Keywords suckling; behavior; veterinary; zoo; zoos; medical; browse; 1580  
  Abstract Reports that a preliminary project on nursing behavior in 3 young snow leopards revealed 2 phases in suckling pattern: nonnutritive and nutritive. The latter was distinguished by stereotypic rhythmical movements of the ears associated with swallowing. The cubs also demonstrated a teat preference, but the adaptive significance of such preferences and the accompanying agonistic behavior were unclear. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned)  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 37 Serial 669  
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Author Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N.   
  Title Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Adv.Etho Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 33 Issue Pages 43  
  Keywords abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management  
  Abstract Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management.  
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  Notes WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 349 Serial 897  
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Author Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. url 
  Title Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 10 Pages 386-391  
  Keywords behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300  
  Abstract The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 340 Serial 814  
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Author Rieger, I. url 
  Title Management techniques of captive ounces, (Uncia uncia) Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 50-70  
  Keywords husbandry; rearing; captivity; zoos; zoo; housing; breeding; mating; browse; 3660  
  Abstract Presents a comparison of housing and techniques for care and breeding at 16 zoos. Includes comments on factors which may influence breeding  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 46 Serial 817  
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Author Rieger, I. url 
  Title Some difficulty breeding ounces, (Uncia uncia) at zoological gardens Type Journal Article
  Year 1980 Publication Int.Ped Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2 Issue Pages 76-95  
  Keywords breeding; captivity; zoo; zoos; monagamy; behavior; browse; 3670  
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  Notes discusses monagamy in snow leopards Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 54 Serial 819  
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Author Rieger, I.; Peters, G. url 
  Title Observations on the mating and vocal behavior of snow leopards (Uncia-uncia) in zoological garden Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication Zeitschrift Fur Saugetierkunde International Journal of Mamamalian Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 46 Issue 1 Pages 35-48  
  Keywords mating; breeding; vocalization; zoos; zoo; veterinary; behavior; browse; 1570  
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  Notes Publisher:GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG, JENA Document Type: German Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 59 Serial 821  
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Author Ryan, J.A.; Roudebush, P.; Shores, J.   
  Title Laryngeal obstruction associated with cuterebrosis in a snow leopard (Felis-uncia) Type Journal Article
  Year 1990 Publication Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 346-352  
  Keywords Cuterebrosis; medecine; veterinary; medical; zoo; zoos; medicine; browse; 1480  
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  Notes Publisher:AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS, MEDIA Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 160 Serial 837  
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Author Guerrero, D. url 
  Title Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 56-58  
  Keywords aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310  
  Abstract The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh.  
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  Notes Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 338 Serial 358  
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Author Blomqvist, L. url 
  Title Captive Snow Leopard Report for 1989 Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication International Zoo News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 265 Issue Pages 5-14  
  Keywords browse; captivity; distribution; status; zoo; zoos  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 141 Serial 162  
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