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Author Reed-Smith, J.; Kumpf, M. url 
  Title Snow leopards (Uncia uncia): family group management alternatives Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 10 Pages 386-391  
  Keywords behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; intraspecies-relationships; mammals; techniques; zoos; snow leopard; husbandry; browse; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; intraspecies; relationships; 1300  
  Abstract The authors offer insights into creating family groups of snow leopards in zoos. The programs at the Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado, and at John Ball Zoological Gardens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, are highlighted. lgh.  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 340 Serial 814  
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Author Freeman, H. url 
  Title A preliminary study of the behaviour of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) Type Book Chapter
  Year 1974 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 15 Issue Pages 217-222  
  Keywords study; behaviour; captive; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; uncia; International; zoo  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1010 Serial 313  
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Author Freeman, H. url 
  Title Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
  Year 1983 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2 Issue 1 Pages 1-22  
  Keywords behavior; zoo; zoos; captive; captivity; estrus; breeding; mating; veterinary; browse; 1600  
  Abstract Eight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved  
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  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 60 Serial 319  
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Author Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M. url 
  Title Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 223-237  
  Keywords Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390  
  Abstract An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 279 Serial 345  
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Author Guerrero, D. url 
  Title Animal behavior concerns & solutions: snow leopard (Uncia uncia) evaluation, zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Anim.Keepers' Forum Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 25 Issue 2 Pages 56-58  
  Keywords aggressive-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; diets; endangered; threatened-species; genetics; handling-methods; intraspecies-relationships; social-behavior; husbandry; zoos; snow leopard; aggressive; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; handling; methods; intraspecies; relationships; social; browse; 1310  
  Abstract The author offers advice on how a captive-raised snow leopard cub could be acclimated to humans so it could be used as a zoo “ambassador”. The cub had negative experiences with humans and lacked socialization with other animals and conspecifics. Methods of avoiding and redirecting the cub's aggressive behavior are suggested. lgh.  
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  Notes Ark Anim., Inc., P.O. Box 1154, Escondido, CA 92033-1154. e-mail: arkabc@arkanimals.com Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 338 Serial 358  
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Author Joslin, J.O.; Garner, M.; Collins, D.; Kamaka, E.; Sinabaldi, K.; Meleo, K.; Montali, R.; Sundberg, J.; Jenson, A.B.; Ghim, S.; Davidow, B.; Hargis, A.; West, K.; Clark, T.; Haines, D. url 
  Title Viral papilloma and squamous cell carcinomas in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) Type Conference Article
  Year 2000 Publication 2000 Proceedings AAZV & IAAAM Joint Conference Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 155-158  
  Keywords captive; snow leopard; squamous cell carcinoma; Uncia uncia; viral papilloma  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title AAZV & IAAAM Joint Conference  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 932 Serial 506  
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Author Kazensky, C.A.; Munson, L.; Seal, U.S.   
  Title The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages 1-5  
  Keywords Mga; zoo; felids; contraception; Melengestrol-acetate; ovaries; snow-leopard; Panthera-uncia; snow leopard; browse; uncia; panthera; melengestrol; acetate; 1260; effects; study; ovarian; Ovary; captive; wild; wild felid; Wild-Felid; species; Follicle; Cats; cat; recent; Ovulation; doses; Dose; action; Progestin; Disease; veterinary  
  Abstract Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is the most widely used contraceptive in zoo felids, but the mechanism of contraception and the pathologic effects have not been investigated. For this study, the effects of MGA on folliculogenesis were assessed, and the association of MGA with ovarian lesions was evaluated. Comparisons were made among the histopathologic findings in the ovaries from 88 captive wild felids (representing 15 species) divided into three groups: 37 currently contracepted with MGA, eight previously exposed to MGA, and 43 never contracepted. Ninety-one percent of the felids evaluated had tertiary follicles, and no differences were noted between contracepted and uncontracepted cats. Some MGA-contracepted cats also had corpora lutea indicating recent ovulation. These results indicate that folliculogenesis is not suppressed by current doses of MGA and ovulation occurred in some cats. Therefore, the contraceptive actions of MGA do not occur by suppressing folliculogenesis, and MGA-contracepted felids likely have endogenous estrogens that may confound progestin effects on the uterus. Cystic rete ovarii was the most common pathologic finding, but they were not more prevalent in MGA-contracepted cats. These findings indicate that MGA is not associated with ovarian disease, including ovarian cancer, in contrast to the uterine lesions noted in MGA-treated cats.  
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  Notes Document Type: English. Affiliation: Taylor Veterinary Hospital, Turlock , California 95382, USA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 348 Serial 527  
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Author Meiers, S.T. url 
  Title Habitat use by captive puma (Felis concolor) and snow leopards (Pathera uncia) at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois Type Book Whole
  Year 1992 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-74  
  Keywords habitat; habitat use; use; captive; felis; Felis-concolor; concolor; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; uncia; park; zoo; 1990; observations; panthera; panthera uncia; Panthera-uncia; zoological; zoological gardens; zoological-gardens; gardens; behavior; species; Time budget; dens; Identity; Animals; Animal; non; Cats; cat; location; relief  
  Abstract Between May 1990 and January 1991, behavioral observations were made of two captive pumas (Felis concolor Linnaeus), and two captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia Schreber) in their outdoor exhibits at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens, Chicago, Illinois. Behaviors compared within and between species included: 1) time spend in the different habitat types; 2) time budgets for the different behaviors: laying, moving, sitting, standing, crouching, in the tree, drinking, urinating, defecating, within their inside dens, and “behavior not determined” when the identity or behavior of the individuals could not be determined; and 3) mobility of the animals within their exhibits. Also examined were: 4) preferences for different habitat types; 5) recommendations for future exhibit designs. Both species located themselves within their exhibits in a non-random manner. The majority of cats' time was spent in elevated locations (i.e., gunite ledges approximately 1-5.5 m above ground-level). Snow leopards exhibited this tendency to a greater extent than did the pumas. Both species also spent the majority of their time in the lying-down behavior; again snow leopards displayed this tendency significantly more than the pumas. Pumas were highly mobile and changed locations and behaviors in their exhibit significantly more than the snow leopards. No significant differences were noted between conspecifics in regard to habitat type preference, or mobility within the exhibit. Suggestions for future exhibit design include elevated locations for the cats to lay and look around within and outside their exhibits, caves for access to shade or relief from inclement weather, and ground surfaces to move about on. Features for exhibit design should take into consideration the natural habitat of the cat to occupy the exhibit.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis  
  Publisher DePaul University Place of Publication (up) Editor  
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  Notes A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements for the degree of Master of Science at DePaul University. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1008 Serial 673  
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Author Nishine, Y. url 
  Title Development of the captive breeding programme (SSCJ) in Japan 1997-2001 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2003 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 8 Issue Pages 25-26  
  Keywords captive; captive breeding; Japan  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 925 Serial 722  
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Author Pfeil, A.; Lucker, H.; Pfeil, I.   
  Title Leiomyoma in the urinary bladder of a female snow leopard (Uncia uncia, Schreber, 1776) Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Tier„rztliche Praxis Kleintiere Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 40-44  
  Keywords Bladder; captive; diagnostic; Female; german; leopard; origin; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; surgery; therapy; uncia; Uncia-uncia; Uncia uncia; urinary; veterinary; zoo  
  Abstract Summary

A leiomyoma of the urinary bladder in a 14-year-old female snow leopard exhibiting bloody vaginal discharge was removed by partial cystectomy. Gravel (struvite) was found in the urine of the inflammatory bladder. Additionally ovario-hysterectomy was performed. Histological findings showed a glandular-cystic hyperplasia. Tumors of the bladder are very rare in cats. Specifically the benign tumors of the bladder very often have no clinical relevance and rarely result in bladder dysfunction. Therefore they might remain undiagnosed in many cases, particularly since the diagnostic procedure in big cats is very extensive. Leiomyoma of the bladder in snow leopards have not been described yet. The present paper describes the surgery performed, the succeeding therapy, the struvit prophylaxis, and discusses the aetiology of the leiomyoma's origin on the basis of current literature. Zusammenfassung

Bei einer 14-j„hrigen Schneeleopardin mit blutigem Vaginalausfluss wurde ein Leiomyom der Blase durch partielle Zystektomie entfernt. Im Urin und in der entzndeten Blase konnte Grieá (Struvit) nachgewiesen werden. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Ovariohysterektomie durchgefhrt. Der histologische Befund ergab eine glandul„r-zystische Hyperplasie des Endometriums. Tumoren der Harnblase sind bei Katzen sehr selten. Vor allem benigne Blasentumoren haben oft keine klinische Relevanz und fhren selten zu Blasenfunktionsst”rungen. Es ist daher m”glich, dass sie insbesondere bei Groákatzen wegen der aufwendigen Diagnostik bersehen werden. Leiomyome in der Blase sind beim Schneeleoparden bisher nicht beschrieben. In diesem Artikel werden die durchgefhrte Operation, die folgende Therapie und Struvitprophylaxe beschrieben sowie m”gliche Žtiologien der Entstehung des Leiomyoms anhand der Literatur diskutiert.		  
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  Notes In German. Title: Leiomyom in der Blase bei einem weiblichen Schneeleoparden (Uncia uncia, Schreber, 1776). Aus dem Zoologischen Garten Dresden (Direktor: Dr. H. Lcker) und der Tier„rztlichen Klinik Dr. I. Pfeil, Dresden. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1055 Serial 772  
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Author Barnett, K.C.; Lewis, J.C.M. url 
  Title Multiple ocular colobomas in the snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2002 Publication Veterinary Ophthalmology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 197-199  
  Keywords captive; Coloboma; cub; eyelid; ocular fundus; snow leopard; Uncia uncia  
  Abstract Two singleton female snow leopard cubs are reported with bilateral central upper lid colobomas. In addition, one cub had a coloboma of the fundus in one eye extending from the lower optic disc region. Surgical treatment by wedge resection was successful in both cases. Details of ocular colobomas in the other snow leopards reported in the literature are described and it is suggested that the exact etiology of the condition in this species may be discovered by further study of similar colobomas in the domestic cat.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 913 Serial 119  
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Author Riordan, P. url 
  Title Unsupervised recognition of individual tigers and snow leopards from their footprints Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1998 Publication Animal Conservation Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 253-262  
  Keywords captive; panthera tigris; panthera uncia; snow leopard; techniques; tiger  
  Abstract This study presents the testing of two unsupervised classification methods for their ability to accurately identify unknown individual tigers, Panthera tigris, and snow leopards, Panthera uncia, from their footprints. A neural-network based method, the Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), and a Bayesian method, AutoClass, were assessed using hind footprints taken from captive animals under standardized conditions. AutoClass successfully discriminated individuals of both species from their footprints. Classification accuracy was greatest for tigers, with more misclassification of individuals occurring for snow leopards. Examination of variable influence on class formations failed to identify consistently influential measurements for either species. The self-organizing map did not provide accurate classification of individuals for either species. Results were not substantially improved by altering map dimensions nor by using principal components derived from the original data. The interpretation of resulting classifications and the importance of using such techniques in the study of wild animal populations are discussed. The need for further testing in the field is highlighted.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 896 Serial 823  
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Author Schmidt, A.M.; Hess, D.L.; Schmidt, M.J.; Smith, R.C.; Lewis, C.R. url 
  Title Serum concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone, and sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the leopard (Panthera pardus) Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1988 Publication Journal of Reproductive Fertility Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 82 Issue Pages 43-49  
  Keywords captive; Ovulation; Panthera pardus; Progesterone; Serum; sexual behaviour  
  Abstract Three mature nulliparous female leopards were studied for 5 years. During three separate 6-month periods serum oestradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured at weekly intervals. Oestradiol was elevated over 21 pg/ml for 54 weeks during these 3 periods, and 36 oestradiol peaks (65\m=.\8\m=+-\6\m=.\3pg/ml (mean \m=+-\s.e.m.), range 21\p=n-\172pg/ml) were identified. Daily frequency of feline reproductive behaviours averaged over each week increased from 1\m=.\9\m=+-\0\m=.\2(n = 93) during weeks with low serum oestradiol concentrations (<21 pg/ml) to 5\m=.\3\m=+-\0\m=.\6(n = 54) during weeks when serum oestradiol concentrations (>21 pg/ml) were high. Increased serum progesterone concentrations (13\p=n-\98n/gml) were observed on 5 occasions in 2 leopards housed together. These presumptive luteal phases lasted from 1 to 5 weeks. Baseline progesterone values were 1\m=.\6\m=+-\0\m=.\4 ng/m(nl= 131). No progesterone increments were observed in isolated animals, and serum concentrations remained at baseline levels. These limited observations suggest that female leopards do not require intromission to induce ovulation and luteal function. The average interval between oestradiol peaks for cycles with no progesterone increment was 3\m=.\4weeks (range 1\p=n-\6weeks). The interval for the 3 complete cycles associated with elevated progesterone concentrations was 7\m=.\3weeks. Analysis of sexual behaviours over the 5-year study period revealed no evidence of seasonality in these

captive leopards.		  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 923 Serial 873  
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Author Slifka, K.; Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, S.M.; Bowen, P.; Crissey, S. url 
  Title A Survey of Serum and Dietary Carotenoids in Captive Wild Animals Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication The Journal of Nutrition Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 129 Issue Pages 380-390  
  Keywords captive; carotenoids; dietary; Serum; snow leopard; survey; wild; Animals; Animal  
  Abstract Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized.

Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management.

Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation

categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically

from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for a- and b-carotene,

lutein 1 zeaxanthin, lycopene, b-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated

from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as

low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were

classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total

serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely,

from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration

of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation

of b-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls,

lutein 1 zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had

negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only

b-carotene despite moderately high lutein 1 zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety

of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid

metabolism and function.		  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 257 Serial 896  
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Author Sloane, A.; Kelly, C.; McDavitt, S.; Marples, N.   
  Title Big cats in captivity: a quantitative analysis of enrichment Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Adv.Etho Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 33 Issue Pages 43  
  Keywords abnormal-behavior; behavior; captive-animal-care; endangered; threatened-species; zoos; enrichment; abnormal; captive; Animal; care; threatened; species; browse; 1280; study; big; big cats; Cats; cat; zoo; effects; Lions; lion; jaguar; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; behaviour; using; activity; activities; change; presence; enclosures; range; scent; cage; horse; hides; management  
  Abstract Studies on three species of big cats at Dublin Zoo have led to firm conclusions about the effects of certain forms of enrichment, some of which will be presented here. Lions, jaguars, and snow leopards were studied over two years and their behaviours quantified using focal animal sampling during selected hours during daylight. By comparison of these activity budgets with and without the enrichments being present, it was possible to identify the exact behavioural changes caused by each enrichment method, and to quantify these changes. In this contribution we present results showing that the presence of a platform in both lion and jaguar enclosures dramatically reduced stereotypic pacing behaviour. We will demonstrate that the effects of short term enrichment devices may have a wide range of effects on behaviours which outlast the presence of the stimulus. For instance scents added to the cage, or food/play items such as horse hides, hidden fish or ice-blocks often reduce pacing and increase resting later in the day, even after the cats have ceased using the enrichment items. This reduction in pacing and increase in resting time often meant that the amount of the enclosure used per hour was actually reduced with the presence of new stimuli, as result opposite to what might have been expected. The results of these studies will be discussed in relation to effective animal management.  
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  Notes WILDLIFE REVIEW ABSTRACTS (“Contributions to the International Symposium on Physiology and Ethology of Wild and Zoo Animals, Berlin, Germany, 7-10 October 1998”; Hofer, Heribert; Pitra, Christian; Hofmann, Reinhold R., editors). Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 349 Serial 897  
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Author Stidworthy, M.F.; Lewis, J.C.M.; Penderis, J.; Palmer, A.C. url 
  Title Progressive encephalomyelopathy and cerebellar degeneration in a captive-bred snow leopard (Uncia uncia) Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2009 Publication The Veterinary Record Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 162 Issue Pages 522-524  
  Keywords captive; snow leopard; Uncia uncia  
  Abstract PROGRESSIVE encephalomyelopathy with cerebellar degeneration has been described in captive cheetahs (Palmer and others 2001) and in young domestic cats (Palmer and Cavanagh 1995). This case report describes the clinical and histopathological findings in a very similar condition affecting a young snow leopard (Uncia uncia) that had been born in a zoological park in eastern England as part of the globally coordinated breeding programme for this critically endangered species.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 922 Serial 937  
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Author Sulser, C.E.; Steck, B.L.; Baur, B. url 
  Title Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 42 Issue Pages 199-205  
  Keywords behaviour; captive; construction noise; exhibit use; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo  
  Abstract Noise caused by human activities can cause stress in animals. We examined whether noise from construction sites affects the behaviour of and exhibit use by three Snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel zoo. The behaviour and location of the animals were recorded at 1 minute intervals, using the instantaneous scan sampling method over a period of 216 hours (104 hours on noisy days and 112 hours on quiet days). The animals differed individually in their responses to the construction noise. On noisy days, the Snow leopards generally spent less time in locomotion and more time resting, but even on quiet days, resting was the predominant behaviour performed. Under noisy conditions, they increased social resting and decreased resting alone. Walking and social walking were also reduced on noisy days. Furthermore, the Snow leopards spent considerably more time in the remote offexhibit enclosure under noisy conditions. Independent of background noise, they stayed more than half of the time in the caves and the forecourts of the outdoor enclosure. On quiet days, the Snow leopards used more sectors of their exhibit than on noisy days. The results indicate that the Snow leopards responded to construction noise by increasing the amount of time spent resting and by withdrawing to the remote parts of their exhibit.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 910 Serial 943  
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Author Waits, L.P.; Buckley-Beason, V.A.; Johnson, W.E.; Onorato, D.; McCarthy, T. url 
  Title A select panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for individual identification of snow leopards (Panthera uncia)  Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2006 Publication Molecular Ecology Notes Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 7 Issue Pages 311-314  
  Keywords identification; leopard; leopards; microsatellites,noninvasive genetic sampling,Panthera uncia,snow leopard; panthera; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; snow; snow-leopard; snow-leopards; snow leopard; snow leopards; uncia; endangered; carnivores; carnivore; mountain; region; central; Central Asia; asia; methods; conservation; management; Molecular; individual identification; Hair; domestic; cat; felis; captive; number; probability; using; wild  
  Abstract Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) are elusive endangered carnivores found in remote mountain regions of Central Asia. New methods for identifying and counting snow leopards are needed for conservation and management efforts. To develop molecular genetic tools for individual identification of hair and faecal samples, we screened 50 microsatellite loci developed for the domestic cat (Felis catus) in 19 captive snow leopards. Forty-eight loci were polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from two to 11. The probability of observing matching genotypes for unrelated individuals (2.1 x10-11) and siblings (7.5x10-5) using the 10 most polymorphic loci was low, suggesting that this panel would easily discriminate among individuals in the wild.  
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  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 865 Serial 1001  
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Author Wharton, D.; Mainka, S.A. url 
  Title Management and husbandry of the snow leopard Uncia uncia Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 35 Issue Pages 139-147  
  Keywords breeding; captive-management; diet; enclosures; housing; husbandry; nutrition; veterinary-care; zoo; browse; veterinary; care; captive; management; 1290  
  Abstract The international studbook for the Snow leopard Uncia uncia was established in 1976. The species has been the focus of intensive captive management and as at 1 January 1992, 541 animals were maintained at 160 collections. This paper gives an overview of the diet, housing, breeding and captive management of the species with specific reference to animals maintained in North American collections. A summary of veterinary care reported in the Snow leopard captive-management survey is also given.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 331 Serial 1018  
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Author Blomqvist, L. url 
  Title The 1978 register for the captive population of snow leopards, Panthera uncia Type Journal Article
  Year 1979 Publication International Zoo News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 26 Issue 7-8 Pages 17-23  
  Keywords captive; captive-population; Panthera-uncia; panthera uncia; population; snow leopard  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 955 Serial 147  
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Author Blomqvist, L. url 
  Title Status of the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in 1987 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1989 Publication International Zoo News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 3-11  
  Keywords captive; panthera uncia; snow leopard; status  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 917 Serial 163  
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Author Blomqvist, L. url 
  Title Three decades of Snow Leopards Panthera uncia in Captivity Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Int.Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 34 Issue Pages 178-185  
  Keywords zoo; population; status; genetics; captive-animal-care; propogation; captivity; fertility; recruitment; mortality; browse; captive; Animal; care; 1360  
  Abstract The author reports the status of the captive population of snow leopards over the last three decades. Genetic and demographic information is also provided. The captive population as of 1992 was 541 leopards. klf. I  
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  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 256 Serial 165  
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Author Blomqvist, L. url 
  Title The 1982 international captive snow leopard report Type Magazine Article
  Year 1983 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 2 Issue Pages 1-1  
  Keywords captive; International; Report; snow leopard  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 957 Serial 159  
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Author Blomqvist, L. url 
  Title Captive status of the snow leopard in Europe 2001 Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2003 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 8 Issue Pages 27-30  
  Keywords captive; status; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 918 Serial 170  
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Author Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. url 
  Title Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 74-83  
  Keywords behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo  
  Abstract This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication (up) Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 915 Serial 202  
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