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Dementiev G.P. (1967). Quadrupeds inhabitants of the mountains.
Abstract: All species inhabiting the highlands of Asia are normally referred to as herbivorous or predators. A majority of alpine land species (rodents and ungulates) feeds upon leaves, stalks, and roots of plants. Among widely distributed highland species the most interesting are marmots, red pica, grey vole, argali, and ibex. Argali and ibex are preyed on by snow leopards. There are reasons to believe that these mountain animal species are more ancient than their cognates in a plain. All the way from Central Asia to Europe, species belonging to the eastern and western fauna complexes are observed to interpenetrate.
Keywords: asia; mountain fauna; endemics; species range; rodents; ungulates; carnivores; marmots; pikas; voles; ibex; mountain sheep; snow leopard.; 6480; Russian
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Devyatkin G.V. (1999). Snow leopard (Uncia uncia Schr.) in the Altai-Sayans ecologic region.
Abstract: Though snow leopard is widely distributed in the Altai-Sayans ecologic region (the Krasnoyarsk region, Khakasia, Tuva, the Altai), it is still a rare and understudied species. Its total population in Khakasia is 10-12 animals, in the Altai 60-70 animals.
Keywords: Russia; Altai; snow leopard; distribution; number.; 6500; Russian
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Dustov J. (2002). Evaluation of current status of large mammals in the Chatkal nature reserve.
Abstract: The counts of species populations such as Menzbier's marmot, roe-deer, ibex, wild boar, wolf, Tien Shan brown bear, and snow leopard has been made on permanent transects in the Chatkal reserve for 18 years. Data on of the population numbers is provided. 11 encounters with snow leopard were registered during a period of 1975 through 1979. Two encounters were recorded in 2000.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; distribution; number; snow leopard.; 6510; Russian
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Egorov O.V. (1955). Enemies, infections, parasites and mortality rate of ibex (Vol. Vol. 42.).
Abstract: Reasons for ibex and argali mortality from natural enemies, parasites, infections, accidents, and hunters are analyzed. Snow leopard is one of the most dangerous enemies of ibex and argali, preying equally on both young and mature animals (mostly males). Snow leopard feeds upon ibex all year round. Unlike wolf, snow leopard would never kill several animals at a time, but only one selected victim. The food remains left by these predators are different in terms of the skull gnawing. Nasal bones and eye-sockets on the skull of ibex killed by snow leopard remain undamaged, while wolf gnaws off nasal part of the skull, breaks eye-sockets, eats lower jaw, widens occipital hole and pulls out brains. Snow leopard leaves large pieces of skin around the skeleton of the victim, whereas wolf tears it to shreds or eats up fully. Sometimes parts of the victim left by snow leopard are eaten by wolf. It is easy to mix the remains of snow leopard's or griffon vulture's food. The remains differ in skin being turned inside out rather than torn to large pieces.
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Elkin K.F. (1979). Predatory mammals in the Eastern Kazakhstan.
Abstract: There are 20 predatory mammal species in eastern Kazakhstan, three of which disappeared (tiger, dhole, raccoon), five are endangered (snow leopard, wild cat, manul, marbled polecat, and stone marten). Snow leopard is not met in the South Altai and Tarbagatai each year.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; carnivores; snow leopard.; 6530; Russian
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Epifanov V.M. (1968). Fauna.
Abstract: There are three fish species, two amphibian species, nine reptile, 97 bird species, and 23 mammal species, including snow leopard, in the Chatkal reserve. A list of animals and their brief description is provided.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; fishes; amphibians; reptiles; birds; mammals; snow leopard.; 6540; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (1995). Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: There are two isolated snow leopard populations in Uzbekistan, both of which are located along the fringe of the species' distribution. These groups are the Pamir-Alai and the Tien-Shan, of which are united to snow leopard range in neighboring Tadjikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Apart from animals inhabiting the Hissar Nature Reserve, the Pamir-Alai population consists of animals inhabiting the upper portion of the Tupalang River basin and the mountains around Baisuntau. This population is currently estimated at about 30 individuals, from which as many as 10 individuals are reported to be killed or captured annually. However, we suspect the loss rate is more like five to eight individuals, with the entire Pamir-Alai group in Uzbekistan numbering 22 – 25 animals. The Tien-Shan snow leopard sub-population group of Uzbekistan occupies the high-mountain portions of practically all of the large ridges in the area, including Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam and Talass Alatau. The number of snow leopards harvested from this sub-population appears to be five or seven individuals, with the total number placed at 27-32 individuals. The major factors restricting snow leopard numbers in Uzbekistan appears to be poaching of both snow leopard and its large prey species like ibex, as well as disturbance associated with the intensive development of the alpine lands for pasturing livestock. In order to preserve the snow leopard in Uzbekistan it will be necessary to control and eliminate poaching. Additional habitat could be provided by expanding the Chatkal Nature Reserve by adding lands in the Shavassai River basin as well as Akbulak River basin.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; 6600; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (2003). The 56th anniversary of the Chatkal reserve (Vol. 15).
Abstract: Being one of nine nature reserves in Uzbekistan, Chatkal was established in 1947. Its area changed its size and administrative jurisdiction. Foothills adjacent to the nature reserve were long ago inhabited and developed by people. In Middle Ages, the area of juniperous forest reduced considerably because of mining operations. There are rare mammal species in the nature reserve, such as snow leopard, bear, Menzbier's marmot, and six rare bird species
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; fauna; rare species; snow leopard.; 6610; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (2000). Current state of snow leopard and its main preys in Hissar nature reserve.
Abstract: An expert evaluation of the numbers of snow leopard and its preys, Siberian ibex and long-tailed marmot, was made on the basis of surveys conducted in Hissar nature reserve in 1999. The total number of the snow leopard is estimated at 12-16 individuals, whereas that of the Siberian ibex at 1000 individuals. An average density of the population of the long tailed marmot ranges at 4,8 individuals per ha. The ratio of the numbers between the snow leopard, Siberian ibex and long tailed marmot is 1:68:450. The major threats for the snow leopard are poaching on the borders of the nature reserve, a decrease in of preys, shrinking of the range in areas adjoining the nature reserve as a result of intensification of industrial activities and disturbing factors. For the Siberian ibex and long tailed marmot the major limiting factors are the shrinking of the areas and deterioration of the forage value of the high-mountain pastures, as well as the direct competition for forage with domestic animals at the sites adjoining the territory of the nature, as well as disturbing factors.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; snow leopard; Siberian ibex; long-tailed marmot.; 6630; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (2002). Distribution and Numbers of the Siberian Ibex in the Hissar Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It describes distribution and number of ibex in four parts of the Hissar nature reserve in Uzbekistan. The total number of ibex is estimated to be 1,500 animals. The natural enemies of ibex are snow leopard, wolf, and lynx. Data about ibex's food, seasonal migrations, and threats are given. Decreasing forage reserve and poaching are considered as the most serious threats. A buffer zone is suggested to be established in the areas adjacent to Tajikistan and the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Hisssar nature reserve; wild ibex; distribution; number; predators; snow leopard.; 6640; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (2003). Snow Leopard (Irbis) (Vol. Vol. II. Animals.).
Abstract: Critically Endangered l (CR C2a(i); D), locally distributed western subspecies of Central Asian species. It occurs in Western Tien Shan and Western Pamir Alay. It inhabits middle and high belts of the mountains. It prefers watersheds and rocky talus slopes. It never was numerous; last decades the numbers have been decreasing. In 1980's-1990's in Hissar nature reserve 5-11 individuals were counted, in 1970's-1980's in Chatkal nature reserve the 1-3 specimens were observed. Perhaps, total number is 20-30 individuals. The threats are development of high mountain pastures, decreasing of prey numbers, human persecution and poaching. Included in the IUCN Red List [EN] and in Appendix I of CITES.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Red Data book; category of threat; number; distribution; threats; snow leopard.; 6650; Russian
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Esipov A.V. (2004). Ugam Chatkal State Nature Park (Vol. N1).
Abstract: There are endangered species as bear, snow leopard and Menzbier's marmot recorded in Western Tien Shan mountains. Wild boar, Siberian ibex, roe deer, wolf, badger, porcupine and red fox are rather numerous species on this area.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Ugam Chatkal Nature Park; mammals; endangered species; snow leopard; numerous species; ibex.; 6660; Russian
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Esipov V.M. (1969). Chatkal nature reserve.
Abstract: Presented is history of the Chatkal nature reserve's establishment, physic and geographic description, types of soils, climate, altitude zones, flora and fauna, historical monuments. Snow leopard is quiet rare species in nature reserve. Last years irbis's tracks and voice have been recorded in highly mountain sites of Maidantal part of Chatkal nature reserve.
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Esipov V.M. (1978). The nature reserve in the spurs of Tien Shan (Vol. Vol.8.).
Abstract: The Chatkal state mountain forest nature reserve is located in western spurs of the Chatkal ridge. The permanent inhabitants of the nature reserve are ibex, wild boar, roe-deer, bear, badger, porcupine, stone marten, fox, ermine, Menzbier's marmot, and relict suslik (gopher), and bird species such as gray partridge, snow-cock, black vulture, griffon vulture, etc. Under special protection are rare animal and bird species such as snow leopard, Menzbier's marmot, bearded vulture, golden eagle, etc.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; location; Animals; snow leopard.; 6560; Russian
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Esipov V.M. (1979). Chatkal mountain-forest nature reserve.
Abstract: It described history of the Chatkal nature, flora and fauna, scientific and conservation activities. Snow leopard, brown bear, Menzbier's marmot, golden eagle, snake-eagle and lammergeyer inhabited in nature reserve. These species included in Red data book.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; establishment; flora; fauna; researching; rare species; snow leopard.; 6570; Russian
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Esipov V.M. (1986). The status and perspective protection and rehabilitation of natural ecosystems in the Chatkal state biosphere nature reserve under the State Committee for Agriculture and Industry of the USSR.
Abstract: The area of the Chatkal nature reserve reduced as part of its territory (a land plot in the Shavasay river basin) was assigned to a military game preserve. As regime of protection worsened, number of animals such as Menzbier's marmot, snow leopard, ibex, snow cock, and black stork began to reduce.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; establishment; conservation regime; Animals; snow leopard.; 6580; Russian
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Esipov V.M. (1990). Chatkal biosphere nature reserve. Buffer zones needed badly (Vol. Vol.1.).
Abstract: Briefly presented is history of the Chatkal nature reserve's establishment, protected flora and fauna, and intense economic activity impact on wildlife of the protected area.
Keywords: Uzbekistan; Western Tien Shan; Chatkal nature reserve; fauna; snow leopard; poaching; human influence; protection.; 6590; Russian
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Farrington, J. (2005). A Report on Protected Areas, Biodiversity, and Conservation in the Kyrgyzstan Tian Shan with Brief Notes on the Kyrgyzstan Pamir-Alai and the Tian Shan Mountains of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and China. Ph.D. thesis, , Kyrgyzstan.
Abstract: Kyrgyzstan is a land of towering mountains, glaciers, rushing streams, wildflowercovered meadows, forests, snow leopards, soaring eagles, and yurt-dwelling nomads. The entire nation lies astride the Tian Shan1, Chinese for “Heavenly Mountains”, one of the world's highest mountain ranges, which is 7439 m (24,400 ft) in elevation at its highest point. The nation is the second smallest of the former Soviet Central Asian republics. In
spite of Kyrgyzstan's diverse wildlife and stunning natural beauty, the nation remains little known, and, as yet, still on the frontier of international conservation efforts. The following report is the product of 12 months of research into the state of conservation and land-use in Kyrgyzstan. This effort was funded by the Fulbright Commission of the U.S. State Department, and represents the most recent findings of the author's personal environmental journey through Inner Asia, which began in 1999. When I first started my preliminary research for this project, I was extremely surprised to learn that, even though the Tian Shan Range has tremendous ecological significance for conservation efforts in middle Asia, there wasn't a single major international conservation organization with an office in the former Soviet Central Asian republics. Even more surprising was how little awareness there is of conservation issues in the Tian Shan region amongst conservation workers in neighboring areas who are attempting to preserve similar species assemblages and ecosystems to those found in the Tian Shan. Given this lack of awareness, and the great potential for the international community to make a positive contribution towards improving the current state of biodiversity conservation in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia, I have summarized my findings on protected areas and conservation in Kyrgyzstan and the Tian Shan of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Xinjiang in the chapters below. The report begins with some brief background information on geography and society in the Kyrgyz Republic, followed by an overview of biodiversity and the state of conservation in the nation, which at the present time closely parallels the state of conservation in the other former Soviet Central Asian republics. Part IV of the report provides a catalog of all major protected areas in Kyrgyzstan and the other Tian Shan nations, followed by a list of sites in Kyrgyzstan that are as yet unprotected but merit protection. In the appendices the reader will find fairly comprehensive species lists of flora and fauna found in the Kyrgyz Republic, including lists of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, trees and shrubs, wildflowers, and endemic plants. In addition, a draft paper on the history and current practice of pastoral nomadism in Kyrgyzstan has been included in Appendix A. While the research emphasis for this study was on eastern Kyrgyzstan, over the course of the study the author did have the opportunity to make brief journeys to southern Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang. While falling short of being a definitive survey of protected areas of the Tian Shan, the informational review which follows is the first attempt at bringing the details of conservation efforts throughout the entire Tian Shan Range together in one place. It is hoped that this summary of biodiversity and conservation in the Tian Shan will generate interest in the region amongst conservationists, and help increase efforts to protect this surprisingly unknown range that forms an island of meadows, rivers, lakes, and forests in the arid heart of Asia. Keywords: Report; protected; protected areas; protected area; protected-areas; protected-area; areas; area; biodiversity; conservation; Kyrgyzstan; Tian; Tian-Shan; shan; Pamir-Alai; mountains; mountain; Kazakhstan; Uzbekistan; China; environmental; study; former; soviet; central; Central Asia; asia; land; Forest; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; Chinese; range; republic; wildlife; International; research; land-use; land use; recent; inner; project; ecological; Middle; Middle Asia; Organization; awareness; region; preserve; species; ecosystems; ecosystem; potential; community; Biodiversity conservation; Xinjiang; information; Kyrgyz; Kyrgyz-Republic; protection; flora; fauna; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; endemic; plants; plant; history; Southern; survey; protect; river; heart
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Fedosenko A.K. (1979). Relationship between the predators and wild ungulates in North Tien Shan and Jungar Alatau.
Abstract: Ibex is a main prey for snow leopards. The role of marmots and snow cocks in snow leopard's consumption is negligent. It can prey on morals in the fir-wood. A case of snow leopard's attacking a dog is also known.
Keywords: Kazakhstan; predators-preys relationship; snow leopard; preys.; 6670; Russian
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Ferguson, D. A. (1997). International Cooperation for Snow Leopard and Biodiversity Conservation: The Government Perspective. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 178–193). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
Keywords: snow leopard; biodiversity; management; development; India; Pakistan; conservation; hunting; poaching; hunter; pelt; skin; fur; coat; livestock; habitat; herder; herders; Ussr; park; parks; reserves; reserve; refuge; Slims; field study; survey; surveys; transects; transect; Khunjerab; protected area; browse; U.S.S.R.; 2990
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Flora and Fauna International. (2006). Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop. Author.
Abstract: Meeting report for the Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop, held in Bishkek in June 2006.
Keywords: Central Asia; Central Asia Snow Leopard Workshop; June 2006; Report; snow leopard; workshop; central; asia; snow; snow-leopard; leopard
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Filonov K.F. (1996). Large terrestrial mammals in the reserves of Russia: their status and prospects of conservation.
Abstract: The authors make an analysis of fauna of large mammals in 68 nature reserves. There are 10 carnivores and 17 ungulates. Wolf, brown bear, wolverine and lynx appeared to be more widely spread. Dhole, snow leopard, tiger, Himalayan bear have limited distribution and low density. Hey have recorded in a few nature reserves. Among the ungulates wild boar, musk deer, red deer, roe deer, moose, reindeer and aurochs are more widely spread.
Keywords: Russia; nature reserves; large mammals; carnivores; ungulates; distribution; number; snow leopard.; 6680; Russian
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Flerov K.K. (1935). Capra sibirica, Uncia uncia uncia Erxleben.
Abstract: It describes identification signs of ibex and snow leopard; provides data concerning taxonomy, distribution and behavioral patterns of the both species. Snow leopard inhibits the mountains of Central Asia, Tarbagatai, Altai, Sayans and southward to the Humalayas. In Tajikistan snow leopard is distributed in Pamir, and probably, along alpine strip of the ridges in northern Tajikistan. The sub-species status is not defined. It is known that the same type inhabits the area from the Sayans to Himalayas. Only in Tibet and highlands of Sychuan and Gansu lives a well-marked sub-species Uncia uncia uncioides Hodgson.
Keywords: Tajikistan; wild ibex; snow leopard; taxonomy; distribution; behavior.; 6690; Russian
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Flint V.E. (1970). The cats – Felidae.
Abstract: Description of 12 cats species from USSR (Felis silvestris, Felis libyca, Felis euptilura, Felis chaus, Felis lynx, Felis caracal, Felis •…‹u1, Felis margarita, Felis tigris, Felis pardus, Felis uncia, Aci‹Œ‹¢o jub…tus) is given. Snow leopard inhabited in mountain ridges of Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Altai and Sayan.
Keywords: Ussr; Felidae; taxonomy; distribution; snow leopard.; 6700; Russian
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Formozov A.N. (1952). Tiger and snow leopard.
Abstract: Over the last decades tiger, leopard and snow leopard were fully exterminated in many areas, where they formerly were common species and now became very rare ones. Few leopards can still be found in Caucasus, Copet-Dag (Turkmenistan) and south of Primorskiy krai. Irbis is remaining a common species only in the difficult-of-access highland areas of Tien Shan and very rare in the Altai. Tiger traces are sometimes found in the Amudarya river valley and in the taiga Sihote-Alinya in the Far East.
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