Jackson, R. (2000). Community Participation: Tools and Examples. (pp. 1–9). Management Planning Workshop for the Trans-Himalayan Protected Areas, 25-29 August, 2000, Leh, Ladak.
Abstract: In response to dwindling wildlife populations and habitat, governments established national parks and protected areas, often with little input from people living in the immediate area. In some cases communities were relocated, but in most they are left to pursue traditional agricultural and pastoral livelihoods under a new set of rules. Important questions of land tenure remained unresolved, with a “fences and fines” approach to protected area management (Stolton and Dudley 1999).
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Ahmad, I., Hunter, D. O., & Jackson, R. (1997). A Snow Leopard and Prey Species Survey in Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 92–95). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Jackson, R., Nepali, H. S., & Sherpa, A. R. (1990). Aspects of wildlife protection and utilization in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area.
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Green, M. J. B. (1987). Protected areas and snow leopards: their distribution and status. Tiger Paper, 14(4), 1–10.
Abstract: Considerable efforts have been devoted to conserving the snow leopard Panthera uncia in recent years, but progress has inevitably been slow due to the difficulties of studying a sparsely distributed, secretive and endangered species in often isolated mountainous terrain. Although knowledge about the species overall distribution in the highlands of Central Asia still remains fragmenatry, it is important to briefly examine all the available information in order to review measures taken to date to conserve the species through the protected areas network. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution and status of protected areas inhabited or visited by snow leopard in relation to the species' distribution and highlight deficiences in the present network.
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Ming, M. (2001). The Problems About Conservation of Wildlife Animals In Xinjiang. Arid Land Geography, 24(1), 47–51.
Abstract: As an important part of the ecosystem in the world, the wild are highly sensitive to impel the public to pay an increasing attention to the vertebrates and their habitats. The region from Xinjiang to Central Asian countries and from north China to Mongolia, explored less by zoologists. The region is mainly consisted of deserts and high mountain ranges many lakes and rivers that provide the suitable habitats for wildlife. These are actually unknown. Conservation in the modern sense is a very important part of development, especially in the Western Development of China. This paper deals with the species diversity and vertebrates' conservation in Xinjiang. Since 1980, over 20 Iocal nature reserves and 4 nationaI nature reserves have been established in Xinjiang. There are about 700 vertebrate species (in 5 classesœª37 ordersœr97 familiesœª196 genera) in Xinjiang. These cover about 134 species of mammalsœª392® 430 species of birdsœr40® 45 species of reptilesœª6® 7 species of amphibians and 93® 120 fishes. With the rapid economic development, some protected areas exist only in name. The areas are not only havens for wild species, but also maintain ecological benefits. Xinjiang is a very special region in China. The wild animals are different from those in other provinces along the east coast and in the interior. There are many questions about the conservation of wild animals in Xinjiang, e.g. the threatened species distinguishing, distribution and management, etc. So the paper is for reference only to the Great Development of Western China.
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Anonymous. (1999). Protection Funded for Himalayan Snow Leopards, Bears.
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Abdunazarov B.B. (1990). Composition, structure and population of rare terrene vertebrate animals and their conservation perspectives in the nature reserves of Uzbekistan.
Abstract: An attempt of analyzing the role of Uzbekistan' nature reserves in conservation of gene pool of the rare and endangered terrene vertebrate fauna is done. Of 21 rare vertebrate species, 11 mammal species, eight nesting bird species and two reptile species were detected to inhabit seven nature reserves. This makes up 36.2 percent within the total number of species included in the Red Data Book of the Uzbek SSR or 3.7 percent of the country's fauna. Single snow leopards were found in the Chatkal and Hissar nature reserves. Data of the species inhabiting the Zaamin nature reserve needs to be verified.
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Kovshar A.F. (1984). The conservation of gene pool of rare and endangered animal species in nature reserves of the Kazakh SSR.
Abstract: Five endangered predatory mammal species are protected in nature reserves of Kazakhstan. Of which snow leopard and stone marten can be met in all mountain nature reserves, while Tien Shan bear and Turkistan lynx in the Alma-Ata and Aksu-Djabagly nature reserves.
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Pokrovskiy V.S. (1967). Special protected areas (zakazniks) in areas of existence of rare and especially useful species of animals.
Abstract: The description of nature reserves of USSR is given. The key species living within these reserves are specified. The snow leopard is recorded for zakaznik located in Koksu River upper, Kazakhstan.
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Abzalov A.A. (1976). Principles of the nature reserve establishment in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It provides a brief description of nature reserves network in Uzbekistan: Karakul and Vardanza (in desert); Chatkal, Zaamin, Nurata, and Kyzylsu (in mountains); Aralpaigambar, Kyzylkum, Badaitugai, Zeravshan (riverine forests). Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Zaamin, and Kizilsu nature reserves.
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Strautman Ye.I.Bekenov A. (1978). Rare and endangered vertebrate animas of Kazakhstan, and their protection.
Abstract: In Kazakhstan, there are 158 mammal species, 485 bird species, 52 reptile and 12 amphibian species, and about 150 fish species, of which 31 mammal species, 43 bird species, eight reptile, one amphibian and four fish species need protection. Snow leopard is referred to endangered species. Six nature reserves and 43 preserves have been established to protect rare and endangered animal and plant species in Kazakhstan.
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Novikov L.K. (1972). Mammals.
Abstract: History of establishment of the nature reserves in Uzbekistan, climate, flora and fauna are described. Status of mammals in Chatkal nature reserve is described. Here inhabited marten, weasel, ermine, badger, brown bear, wild ibex and snow leopard.
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Kovshar A.F. (1982). A problem of conservation of rare and endangered vertebrate animals in the mountains of southeast Kazakhstan.
Abstract: Of 27 vertebrate animal species inhabiting the mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan and included in the Red Data Book of the USSR (1978) and Red Data Book of Kazakhstan (1978), 11 are mammals (free-toiled bat, Menzbier's marmot, dhole, Tien Shan brown bear, stone marten, otter, Turkistan lynx, snow leopard, manul, and argali). Snow leopard is met in the nature reserves Aksu Jabagly and Almaty. In the Almaty nature reserve snow leopard migrates outside the protected area following the ungulates. The extension of the nature reserve would improve the protection.
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Loginov O. (1995). Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported
from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock.
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Abdusalamov I.A. (2001). Required protection measures for rare and endangered vertebrate species in Tajikistan (Vol. N 2 (143)).
Abstract: The network of Tajikistan's protected areas (four nature reserves, 14 national and 18 regional sanctuaries, one national park) is described. The establishment of `Shakhristan state complex nature reserve' and `Sarykamish state complex reserve', and interstate nature complex park on northern slope of the Turkestan ridge is recommended to improve conservation practices for a number of endangered vertebrate animal species in Northern Tajikistan (such as brown bear, snow leopard, wild sheep, and others).
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Ishunin G.I. (1979). Protected areas and waters of Uzbekistan.
Abstract: In Uzbekistan, there is a network of protected areas of land and water, consisting of 11 nature reserves (163,780 ha) and nine sanctuaries (217,837 ha). Five or six new protected natural areas with a total area of 220,000 250,000 ha are recommended to be established. The further development of the network will help preserve typical natural complexes, having scientific, practical and cultural value. When selecting an area for protection it is needed to cover overall diversity of natural landscapes including relief, soils, waters, vegetation and animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Zaamin, Kizilsu, and Miraka nature reserves.
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Satimbekov R. (1979). Nature reserves of Kazakhstan and protection of rare predatory animal species.
Abstract: There are 20 snow leopards in the Aksu-Djabagly nature reserve, and three four families in the Alma-Ata nature reserve. Single snow leopards are known to be met in the Markakol nature reserve.
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Ishunin G.I. (1978). Nature reserves and sanctuaries in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: The protected area network in Uzbekistan is represented by 12 nature reserves (with total area of 254,000 ha) and nine sanctuaries (with total area of 217,837 ha). Protected territories and waters are divided into three types: desert, mountain, and floodplain lakes. Snow leopard is met in the Chatkal, Kizilsu, Miraka, and Zaamin nature reserves and Akbulak sanctuary.
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Krever V. (1998). Ecosystems of the High Mountains Species of Special Interest in Uzbekistan.
Abstract: It gives description complexes of mountain ecosystems fauna of Central Asia, endangered vertebrates, main threats to biodiversity and existing protected areas network. Among the rare animal species of the alpine and subalpine meadows first of all should be listed the West Tien Shan endemic, the Menzbier's marmot (Marmota menzbien); the markhor wild goat which still inhabits the Vakhsh range in Tadjikistan; the dhole (Cyon alpinus) which is practically extinct; the Tien Shan bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus), and the snow leopard (Uncia uncia); among birds, the wlute-chested dove (Columba leuconota), sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus, snowcocks (Tetraogallus tibetanus, T.altaicus) and bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus).
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(2002). Special protected areas (nature reserves, natural and national parks, zakazniks, natural monuments).
Abstract: The list and brief description of existing protected areas of Uzbekistan are given. The snow leopard recorded in Chatkal and Hissar nature reserves.
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Buzurukov, A., & Muratov, R. (1994). Snow Leopard Conservation Tajikistan. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 29–32). Usa: Inst.
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Koshkarev, E. (1997). Has the Snow Leopard Disappeared from Eastern Sayan and Western Hovsogol? In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 96–107). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Esipov, A. (1997). Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan. In R.Jackson, & A.Ahmad (Eds.), (pp. 48–49). Lahore, Pakistan: Islt.
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Fox, J. L., & Nurbu, C. (1990). Hemis, a national park for snow leopards in India's Trans-Himalaya. Int.Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, 6, 71–84.
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Jackson, R., Zongyi, W., Xuedong, L., & Yun, C. (1994). Snow Leopards in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve of Tibet Autonomous Region. In J.L.Fox, & D.Jizeng (Eds.), (pp. 85–95). Usa: Islt.
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