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Author Graham, L.H.; Goodrowe, K.L.; Raeside, J.I.; Liptrap, R.M. url 
  Title Non-invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestins Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Zoo Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages 223-237  
  Keywords Artificial-Breeding-Program; captive-management; Estradiol-17beta; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Progestin; sexual-behavior; genetics; zoo; medicine; veterinary; snow-leopard; feces; fecal-analysis; snow leopard; artificial; breeding; program; captive; management; Estradiol; 17beta; sexual; behavior; browse; snow; leopard; fecal; analysis; 1390  
  Abstract An extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3-20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol-17-beta antiserum cross-reacted primarily with estradiol-17-beta in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol-17-beta in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol-17-beta peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 +- 13.1; lions, 186.0 +- 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 +- 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 +- 9.0; caracals, 24.5 +- 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 +- 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P lt 0,001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 +- 0.6; lions, 1.9 +- 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 +- 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 +- 0.4 mu-g/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one-half to two-thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol-17-beta and progestin concentrations.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 279 Serial 345  
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Author Kinsel, M.J.; Kovarik, P.; Murnane, R.D.   
  Title Gastric spiral bacteria in small felids Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 214-220  
  Keywords Gastric-spinal-bacteria; snow-leopard; medical; zoo; snow leopard; browse; gastric; spinal; bacteria; 1270  
  Abstract Nine small cats, including one bobcat (Felis rufus), one Pallas cat (F. manul), one Canada lynx (F. lynx canadensis), two fishing cats (F. viverrina), two margays (F. wiedii), and two sand cats (F. margarita), necropsied between June 1995 and March 1997 had large numbers of gastric spiral bacteria, whereas five large cats, including one African lion (Panthera leo), two snow leopards (P. uncia), one Siberian tiger (P. tigris altaica), and one jaguar (P. onca), necropsied during the same period had none. All of the spiral organisms from the nine small cats were histologically and ultrastructurally similar. Histologically, the spiral bacteria were 5-14 mum long with five to nine coils per organism and were located both extracellularly within gastric glands and surface mucus, and intracellularly in parietal cells. Spiral bacteria in gastric mucosal scrapings from the Canada lynx, one fishing cat, and the two sand cats were gram negative and had corkscrew-like to tumbling motility when viewed with phase contrast microscopy. The bacteria were 0.5-0.7 mum wide, with a periodicity of 0.65-1.1 mum in all cats. Bipolar sheathed flagella were occasionally observed, and no periplasmic fibrils were seen. The bacteria were extracellular in parietal cell canaliculi and intracellular within parietal cells. Culture of mucosal scrapings from the Canada lynx and sand cats was unsuccessful. Based on morphology, motility, and cellular tropism, the bacteria were probably Helicobacter-like organisms. Although the two margays had moderate lymphoplasmacytic gastritis, the other cats lacked or had only mild gastric lymphoid infiltrates, suggesting that these organisms are either commensals or opportunistic pathogens.  
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  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 354 Serial 534  
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Author Rothschild, B.M.; Rothschild, C.; Woods, R.J.   
  Title Inflammatory arthritis in large cats: An expanded spectrum of spondyloarthropathy Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages 279-284  
  Keywords Acinonyx-jubatus; cheetah; Felidae; Felis-concolor; mountain-lion; Felis-pardalis; ocelot; Panthera-leo; African-lion; Panthera-onca; jaguar; Panthera-pardus; leopard; Panthera-tigris; tiger; Panthera-uncia; snow-leopard; snow leopard; Acinonyx; jubatus; felis; concolor; mountain; lion; pardalis; panthera; leo; african; onca; pardus; tigris; uncia; browse; 1240  
  Abstract Spondyloarthropathy was documented for the first time in 14 (3.7%) of 386 large cats, affecting eight species belonging to three genera. The limited distribution of joint erosions, associated with spine and sacroiliac joint pathology, was indistinguishable from that occurring in humans with spondyloarthropathy of the reactive type. This form of inflammatory arthritis is almost twice as common as osteoarthritis (for felids as a whole), and animal well-being may be enhanced by its recognition and by initiation of specific treatment.  
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  Notes (up) Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 353 Serial 832  
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Author Schaller, G.B.; Hong, L.; Talipu, J.; Mingjiang, R.Q.   
  Title The snow leopard in Xinjiang, China Type Journal Article
  Year 1988 Publication Oryx Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 22 Issue 4 Pages 197-204  
  Keywords China; Xinjiang; asia; refuges; parks; reserves; snow-leopard; prey; livestock; predators; herders; fur; management; snow leopard; browse; 930  
  Abstract Snow leopards live in the mountains of Central Asia, their range stretching from Afganastan to Lake Baikal in Eastern Tibet. They are endangered throughout their range, being hunted as predators of mains livestock and for their skin. Much of the snow leopards range lies in China, but not enough is known about its staus there for effective conservation. As part of a project to assess China's high altitude wildlife resources the authors conducted a survey in Xinjiang- a vast arid region of deserts and mountains. Although the snow leopard and other wildlife have declined steeply in Xinjiang in recent decades, the cta still persists and one area has the potential to become one of the best refuges for the species in its entire range. Its future in XInjiang, howevere, depends on well protected reserves, enforcement of regulations against killing the animal, and proper managemnt of the prey species.  
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  Notes (up) Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 129 Serial 868  
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Author Smith, G. url 
  Title Mongolia at the crossroads Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Earth Island Journal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 7 Issue 4 Pages 1  
  Keywords Mongolia; hunting; poaching; economy; snow-leopard; ibex; Argal; protection; conservation; snow leopard; browse; 1170  
  Abstract Abstract: Assesses foreign investment laws adopted by the government of Mongolia which have been deemed extremely flexible and favorable for Americans. Economic benefits presented by the big game hunt industry; Consultation with Secretary of State James Baker in the formulation of said laws during his July The Mongolian government is trying its best to make the country attractive to foreign investors. Big game hunts are still Mongolia's primary source of foreign cash. European and American hunters are willing to pay as much as $90,000 for rare game such as the ibex or the snow leopard. However, a recent US Fish and Wildlife Service ruling giving protection to the Argal, a wild sheep, could mean the cutting of cash inflows from foreign hunters.  
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  Notes (up) Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 189 Serial 903  
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Author Wack, R.F.; Kramer, L.W.   
  Title Multifocal osteomyelitis in a young snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Journal Article
  Year 1995 Publication Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 26 Issue 4 Pages 553-563  
  Keywords Antibacterial-Drug; Case-Study; diagnosis; Enrofloxacin; Pathophysiology; snow-leopard; veterinary; medical; osteomyelitis; snow leopard; antibacterial; drug; Case; study; snow; leopard; browse; 1370  
  Abstract A 5-mo-old male snow leopard (Panthera uncia) was presented for mild rear leg lameness. Osteomyelitis was suspected on the basis of radiographic changes and confirmed by histopathology of a biopsy sample from the affected bone. Aerobic cultures of the biopsies repeatedly grew Klebsiella oxytoca. Repeated anaerobic and fungal cultures did not result in growth. The leopard was treated unsuccessfully with cefadroxil, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfadiazine despite apparent in vitro sensitivity to these antibiotics. Successful resolution was eventually achieved with enrofloxacin, 7.5 mg/kg p.o. b.i.d. for 60 days. The number of bones involved (right humerus, right and left ulna, right and left radius, right and left femur, right and left tibia, mandible, right metatarsus) made this an unusual presentation of osteomyelitis.  
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  Notes (up) Document Type: English Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 277 Serial 997  
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Author Kazensky, C.A.; Munson, L.; Seal, U.S.   
  Title The effects of melengestrol acetate on the ovaries of captive wild felids Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages 1-5  
  Keywords Mga; zoo; felids; contraception; Melengestrol-acetate; ovaries; snow-leopard; Panthera-uncia; snow leopard; browse; uncia; panthera; melengestrol; acetate; 1260; effects; study; ovarian; Ovary; captive; wild; wild felid; Wild-Felid; species; Follicle; Cats; cat; recent; Ovulation; doses; Dose; action; Progestin; Disease; veterinary  
  Abstract Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is the most widely used contraceptive in zoo felids, but the mechanism of contraception and the pathologic effects have not been investigated. For this study, the effects of MGA on folliculogenesis were assessed, and the association of MGA with ovarian lesions was evaluated. Comparisons were made among the histopathologic findings in the ovaries from 88 captive wild felids (representing 15 species) divided into three groups: 37 currently contracepted with MGA, eight previously exposed to MGA, and 43 never contracepted. Ninety-one percent of the felids evaluated had tertiary follicles, and no differences were noted between contracepted and uncontracepted cats. Some MGA-contracepted cats also had corpora lutea indicating recent ovulation. These results indicate that folliculogenesis is not suppressed by current doses of MGA and ovulation occurred in some cats. Therefore, the contraceptive actions of MGA do not occur by suppressing folliculogenesis, and MGA-contracepted felids likely have endogenous estrogens that may confound progestin effects on the uterus. Cystic rete ovarii was the most common pathologic finding, but they were not more prevalent in MGA-contracepted cats. These findings indicate that MGA is not associated with ovarian disease, including ovarian cancer, in contrast to the uterine lesions noted in MGA-treated cats.  
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  Notes (up) Document Type: English. Affiliation: Taylor Veterinary Hospital, Turlock , California 95382, USA Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 348 Serial 527  
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Author Mainka, S.A. url 
  Title Snow leopard surgery Type Magazine Article
  Year 1986 Publication Calgary Zoo Newsletter Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 10-10  
  Keywords snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; surgery; zoo; veterinary; veterinary service  
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  Notes (up) Dr. Sue Mainka, Veterinary Services. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 996 Serial 637  
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Author Khan, A.A. url 
  Title Strategic plan for the conservation of the snow leopard in Pakistan Type Report
  Year 2001 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-17  
  Keywords plan; conservation; snow; snow leopard; snow-leopard; leopard; Pakistan; government; Wwf; International; international snow leopard trust; International-Snow-Leopard-Trust; trust  
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  Publisher WWF Pakistan & International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Pakistan Editor  
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  Notes (up) Draft – approved by stakeholders & submitted to government. WWF Pakistan & International Snow Leopard Trust. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1003 Serial 531  
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Author Prakash, I. url 
  Title Asian predators of livestock Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Parasites, pests and predators.World animal science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume B2 Issue Pages 405-410  
  Keywords predators; asia; snow-leopard; livestock; status; prey; Panthera-uncia; distribution; predator; snow leopard; browse; panthera uncia; panthera; uncia; 870  
  Abstract Outlines the distribution, status and predatory behaviour on livestock of Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis, gharial Gavialis gangeticus and several species of Crocodylus and Python; and of wolf Canis lupus, Asiatic jackal C. aureus, dhole (Indian wild dog) Cuon alpinus, brown bear Ursus arctos, Asiatic black bear Selenarctos thibetanus, striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena, clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa, leopard (panther) Panthera pardus, tiger P. tigris, lion P. leo, snow leopard P. uncia, other Felidae and Viverridae. -P.J.Jarvis  
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  Notes (up) ED: Gaafar,-S.M.; et-al. Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 84 Serial 791  
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