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Snow Leopard Bibliography

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Author Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A. url 
  Title A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1981 Publication International Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 21 Issue Pages 193-196  
  Keywords snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1211  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S. url 
  Title Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal Type Journal Article
  Year 2009 Publication Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 55 Issue 4 Pages 315-327  
  Keywords vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest  
  Abstract Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd. Place of Publication Israel Editor  
  Language English Summary Language English Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ Serial 1109  
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Author Freeman, H. url 
  Title Social Behavior in the Snow Leopards and its implications for captive management Type Journal Article
  Year 1978 Publication Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 71-77  
  Keywords social; behavior; captive; management; captivity; zoo; zoos; browse; 3600  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 44 Serial 314  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. url 
  Title Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2008 Publication Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 74-83  
  Keywords behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo  
  Abstract This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 915 Serial 202  
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Author Pokrovski, V.S.   
  Title The Snow Leopard Large Predators Type Book Whole
  Year 1976 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Soviet-Union; Russia; Ussr; behavior; ecology; captivity; zoo; zoos; distribution; conservation; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2590  
  Abstract Detailed review of snow leopard distribution and abundance, behavior, ecology,captive population and conservation measures in the Soviet Union. Estimates a snow leopard population of 300 +/- 150.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Moscow Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 35 Serial 778  
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Author Johansson, O., Ausilio, G., Low, M., Lkhagvajav, P., Weckworth, B., Sharma, K. url 
  Title The timing of breeding and independence for snow leopard females and their cubs. Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Mammalian Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Age of independence; Life-history trade-offs; Panthera uncia; Parental care; Pre-dispersal behavior; Separation; Subadult  
  Abstract Significant knowledge gaps persist on snow leopard demography

and reproductive behavior. From a GPS-collared population in Mongolia,

we estimated the timing of mating, parturition and independence. Based

on three mother–cub pairs, we describe the separation phase of the cub

from its mother as it gains independence. Snow leopards mated from

January–March and gave birth from April–June. Cubs remained with their

mother until their second winter (20–22 months of age) when cubs started

showing movements away from their mother for days at a time. This

initiation of independence appeared to coincide with their mother mating

with the territorial male. Two female cubs remained in their mothers’

territory for several months after initial separation, whereas the male

cub quickly dispersed. By comparing the relationship between body size

and age of independence across 11 solitary, medium-to-large felid

species, it was clear that snow leopards have a delayed timing of

separation compared to other species. We suggest this may be related to

their mating behavior and the difficulty of the habitat and prey capture

for juvenile snow leopards. Our results, while limited, provide

empirical estimates for understanding snow leopard ecology and for

parameterizing population models.		  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1613  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author O'Connor, T.; Freeman, H. url 
  Title Maternal behavior and behavioral development in the captive snow leopard (Panthera uncia) Type Book Chapter
  Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 3 Issue Pages 103-110  
  Keywords behavior; captive; development; International; Panthera-uncia; pedigree; snow leopard; zoo  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1035 Serial 733  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Rieger, I. url 
  Title Scent marking behaviour of ounces, Uncia uncia Type Book Chapter
  Year 1978 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 1 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 1 Issue Pages 78-103  
  Keywords behavior; behaviour; captive; International; marking; ounce; pedigree; scent; Scent-Marking; snow leopard; Uncia uncia; zoo  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1037 Serial 818  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Ming, M. url 
  Title Camera trapping on snow leopards in the Muzat Valley, Reserve, Xinjiang, P.R. China (October-December 2005) Type Report
  Year 2006 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 1-5  
  Keywords behavior; camera trapping; China; feces; ibex; infrared trapping cameras; livestock; population size; snow leopard; Tomur; transect; Xinjiang  
  Abstract The main purpose of this work was to study the use of infrared trapping cameras to estimate Snow Leopard population size in a specific study area. This is the first time a study of this nature has taken place in China. During 71 days of field work, a total of 36 cameras were set up in Muzat Valley adjacent to the Tomur Nature Reserve in Xinjiang Province. We expended approximately 2094 trap days total. At least 32 pictures of Snow Leopards, 22 pictures of other wild species and 72 pictures of livestock were taken in the Muzat Valley. Meanwhile, 20 transects were run and 31 feces sample were collected. We also observed the behavior of ibex for 77.3 hours and found a total of approximately 264 ibexes in the research area.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 970 Serial 682  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author McCarthy, T.; Khan, J.; Ud-Din, J.; McCarthy, K. url 
  Title First study of snow leopards using GPS-satellite collars underway in Pakistan Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 46 Issue Spring Pages 22-23  
  Keywords study; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; using; collars; collar; Pakistan; uncia; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; habitat; Cats; cat; sound; knowledge; ecology; behavior; conserve; information; radio; radio collars; radio collar; radio-collars; radio-collar; Nepal; 1980; Mongolia; 1990; Gps; Report; Data; Satellite  
  Abstract Snow leopards (Uncia uncia) are highly cryptic and occupy remote inaccessible habitat, making studying the cats difficult in the extreme. Yet sound knowledge of the cat's ecology, behavior and habitat needs is required to intelligently conserve them. This information is lacking for snow leopards, and until recently so was the means to fill that knowledge gap. Two long-term studies of snow leopards using VHF radio collars have been undertaken in Nepal (1980s) and Mongolia (1990s) but logistical and technological constraints made the findings of both studies equivocal. Technological advances in the interim, such as GPS collars which report data via satellite, make studies of snow leopards more promising, at least in theory.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1009 Serial 666  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schaller, G.B. url 
  Title On meeting a Snow Leopard Type Journal Article
  Year 1972 Publication Animal Kingdom Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 75 Issue 1 Pages 7-13  
  Keywords Pakistan; ecology; conservation; distribution; livestock; goat; baiting; reserves; reserve; park; parks; refuge; behavior; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2220  
  Abstract Discusses snow leopard distribution, ecology and conservation. Describes baiting (with a domestic goat) of a snow leopard and cub in a game reserve in Northern Pakistan. Incudes a description of the Leopard killing a goat, and observations over a week when the leopards were feeding on the goat baits.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 23 Serial 861  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schaller, G.B. url 
  Title Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior & Ecology) Type Book Whole
  Year 1977 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 146-159  
  Keywords sheep; goats; Pakistan; Nepal; marking; spraying; scrapes; sprays; behavior; predator; prey; browse; 2250; mountain; wild; wild sheep; goat; Himalaya; wildlife; ecology  
  Abstract Describes snow leopard status and field observations from studies in Pakistan and Nepal. Review provides some data on snow leopard marking behavior, social relations, food habits and predator behavior.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher University of Chicago Press Place of Publication Chicago Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 39 Serial 864  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Jackson, R.; Ahlborn, G. url 
  Title Snow Leopards in Nepal-home range and movements Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication National Geographic Res. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 161-175  
  Keywords home-range; behavior; Nepal; browse; home; range; 3190  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 140 Serial 443  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Dang, H. url 
  Title The snow leopard and its prey Type Journal Article
  Year 1967 Publication The Cheetal Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 11 Issue Pages 47-58  
  Keywords India; predator; prey; hunting; status; distribution; kills; behavior; predation; habitat; browse; 2330  
  Abstract Discusses distribution and habitat of snow leopard in India. Estimates population of 200-400 in entire Himalayan region. Reports seventeen occasions of observing snow leopards in the wild, one involving the killing of Himalayan thar. Discusses snow leopard hunting methods and food habits, and provides evidence of predation from examination of 17 snow leopard kills.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 17 Serial 231  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Schaller, G.B.   
  Title Stones of Silence: Journeys in the Himalaya Type Book Whole
  Year 1980 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Himalaya; Pakistan; behavior; browse; 2260  
  Abstract Anecdotal description of wildlife field studies in the Himalaya, including information on snow leopard natural history and an encounter with snow leopards in Pakistan.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Viking Press Place of Publication New York Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 63 Serial 865  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M. url 
  Title Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia Type Journal Article
  Year 1975 Publication Int.Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 15 Issue Pages 212-217  
  Keywords breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park  
  Abstract Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 31 Serial 535  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Freeman, H. url 
  Title Characteristics of the social behavior in the snow leopard Type Book Chapter
  Year 1982 Publication International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Vol. 3 Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 3 Issue Pages 117-120  
  Keywords behavior; International; pedigree; snow leopard; social; social-behavior  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Helsinki Zoo Place of Publication Helsinki Editor Blomqvist, L.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1029 Serial 318  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Frueh, R. url 
  Title A note on breeding snow leopards at the Saint Louis Zoo Type Journal Article
  Year 1968 Publication Int.Zoo Yearbook Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 8 Issue Pages 74-76  
  Keywords zoos; zoo; breeding; cubs; behavior; browse; 3620  
  Abstract Breif comments on physical characteristics of the young, care and reproductive behavior of snow leopards  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 21 Serial 327  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. url 
  Title Camera-Trapping of Snow Leopards Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Cat News Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 42 Issue Spring Pages 19-21  
  Keywords camera trapping; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; felids; tigers; tiger; techniques; surveys; survey; information; factor; marking; behavior; Ahlborn; Jackson; habitat; status; range; census; India; Hemis; High; national; national park; National-park; park; Ladakh; leh  
  Abstract Solitary felids like tigers and snow leopards are notoriously difficult to enumerate, and indirect techniques like pugmark surveys often produce ambiguous information that is difficult to interpret because many factors influence marking behavior and frequency (Ahlborn & Jackson 1988). Considering the snow leopard's rugged habitat, it is not surprising then that information on its current status and occupied range is very limited. We adapted the camera-trapping techniques pioneered by Ullas Karanth and his associates for counting Bengal tigers to the census taking of snow leopards in the Rumbak watershed of the India's Hemis High Altitude National Park (HNP), located in Ladakh near Leh (76ø 50' to 77ø 45' East; 33ø 15' to 34ø 20'North).  
  Address  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 1017 Serial 475  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Hunter, D. url 
  Title Mongolian-American Snow Leopard Project Type Miscellaneous
  Year 1996 Publication Snow Line Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume xiv Issue Pages 4-5  
  Keywords behavior; collars; desert; gobi; home-range; Islt; Macne; McCarthy; Mongolia; Munkhtsog; radio-collars; Satellite; Slims; telemetry; Wcs  
  Abstract  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher International Snow Leopard Trust Place of Publication Seattle Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes (down) Approved no  
  Call Number SLN @ rana @ 442 Serial 391  
Permanent link to this record
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