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| Author | Thapa, K., Rayamajhi, S. | ||||
| Title | Anti-predator strategies of blue sheep (naur) under varied predator compositions: a comparison of snow leopard-inhabited valleys with and without wolves in Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2023 | Publication | Wildlife Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-9 | ||
| Keywords | Annapurna conservation area, antipredator behavior, blue sheep (Naur), predation, prey predator traits, snow leopard, trade-off, wolf. | ||||
| Abstract | In Nepal, naur are usually the staple wild prey for the snow leopard, a solitary stalker hunter, and in some cases, for the wolf who hunts in a pack. We assumed that naur would adapt their anti-predatory responses to the presence of chasing and ambushing predators in the Manang Valley, where there are snow leopards and wolves, and in the Nar Phu valley, an area where there is only the snow leopard. Aims. The aim of this study was to determine if there were differences in anti-predator strategies (vigilance, habitat selection and escape terrain) of naur in two valleys over two seasons, spring and autumn. Methods. In spring 2019, we conducted a reconnaissance survey on the status of the naur and its habitat in the Manang and Nar Phu valleys of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. In spring and autumn 2020 and 2021, we observed 360 focal naur individuals (180 individuals in each valley), using the vigilance behaviour methodology to examine the behaviour of the naur. Key results. There was little difference in the size of the naur groups between the Manang and Nar Phu valleys. The naur were twice as vigilant in Manang (15%), where there are snow leopards and wolves, as they were in Nar Phu (9%), with only snow leopards. The distance from the naur to escape cover was significantly shorter in Manang than in Nar Phu valley. Naur used significantly more rolling terrain in Nar Phu than in Manang. Conclusions. The return of wolves to the Manang valley may have resulted in an increase in the level of naur vigilance. Most likely, the wolves in Manang have already had an effect on the female-to-young-ratio, and this effect will possibly have important consequences for the naur population, as well as at the ecosystem level in the future. Other key determining factors, such as the climate crisis and changes in local resources, could have a significant impact on the naur population, indicating the need for more research. Implications. The findings of this study would provide valuable baseline information for the design of a science-based conservation strategy for conservation managers and scientists on naur, snow leopards and wolves. |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rakhee @ | Serial | 1732 | ||
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| Author | Ali, S.M. | ||||
| Title | The Cats of India | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Myforest | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 26 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 275-291 |
| Keywords | lion; clouded-leopard; cheetah; tiger; leopard; snow-leopard; India; Panthera-leo; Neofelis-nebylosa; Acinonyx-jubatus; Panthera-tigris; Panthera-pardus; Panthera-uncia; behavior; ecology; snow leopard; browse; panthera; uncia; pardus; clouded; leo; neofelis; nebylosa; ancinonyx; jubatus; 820 | ||||
| Abstract | Describes the range, behaviour and ecology of lion Panthera leo, tiger P. tigris, leopard P. pardus, snow leopard P. uncia, clouded leopard Neofelis nebylosa and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. -P.J.Jarvis | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 144 | Serial | 59 | ||
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| Author | Freeman, H., Braden, K. | ||||
| Title | Zoo location as a factopr in the reproductive behavior of captive snow leopards, Uncia uncia | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1977 | Publication | Zoological Garten J.F. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 47 | Issue | 3/4 | Pages | 280-288 |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, behavior, breeding, reproduction | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1256 | ||
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| Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
| Title | Breeding and behavior of the snow leopard | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, breeding, behavior, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1239 | ||
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| Author | Hansen, J. | ||||
| Title | The snow leopard study, part one | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 1980 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 7 | ||
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, Brookfield Zoo, behavior | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1212 | ||
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| Author | Chubykina, H.L., Shilo, R.A. | ||||
| Title | A study of diurnal activity rhythms in snow leopards and lynx (Panthera uncia and Felix lynx) at Novosibirsk Zoo | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1981 | Publication | International Zoo Yearbook | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | Pages | 193-196 | |
| Keywords | snow leopard, captivity, activity, behaviors, Novosibirsk Zoo | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1211 | ||
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| Author | Ale, S.B., Brown, J.S. | ||||
| Title | Prey behavior leads to predator: a case study of the Himalayan tahr and the snow leopard in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 315-327 |
| Keywords | vigilance, fear, behavioral indicator, predator, prey, snow leopard, Himalayan tahr, Mount Everest | ||||
| Abstract | Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores. | ||||
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| Publisher | Science from Israel, a division of LPPLtd. | Place of Publication | Israel | Editor | |
| Language | English | Summary Language | English | Original Title | |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ | Serial | 1109 | ||
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| Author | Freeman, H. | ||||
| Title | Social Behavior in the Snow Leopards and its implications for captive management | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1978 | Publication | Int.Ped.Book of Snow Leopards | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 1 | Issue | Pages | 71-77 | |
| Keywords | social; behavior; captive; management; captivity; zoo; zoos; browse; 3600 | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 44 | Serial | 314 | ||
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| Author | Burgener, N.; Gusset, M.; Schmid, H. | ||||
| Title | Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo | Type | Miscellaneous | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 74-83 | |
| Keywords | behavior; captive; fecal; feeding strategy; physiological; snow leopard; zoo | ||||
| Abstract | This study hypothesized that permanently frustrated, appetitive-foraging behavior caused the stereotypic pacing regularly observed in captive carnivores. Using 2 adult female snow leopards (Uncia uncia), solitarily housed in the Zurich Zoo, the study tested this hypothesis experimentally with a novel feeding method: electronically controlled, time-regulated feeding boxes. The expected result of employing this active foraging device as a successful coping strategy was reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress, compared with a control-feeding regime without feeding boxes. The study assessed this through behavioral observations and by evaluating glucocorticoid levels noninvasively from feces. Results indicated that the 2 snow leopards did not perform successful coping behavior through exercising active foraging behavior or through displaying the stereotypic pacing. The data support a possible explanation: The box-feeding method did not provide the 2 snow leopards with the external stimuli to satisfy their appetitive behavioral needs. Moreover, numerous other factors not necessarily or exclusively related to appetitive behavior could have caused and influenced the stereotypic pacing. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 915 | Serial | 202 | ||
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| Author | Pokrovski, V.S. | ||||
| Title | The Snow Leopard Large Predators | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1976 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Keywords | Soviet-Union; Russia; Ussr; behavior; ecology; captivity; zoo; zoos; distribution; conservation; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; 2590 | ||||
| Abstract | Detailed review of snow leopard distribution and abundance, behavior, ecology,captive population and conservation measures in the Soviet Union. Estimates a snow leopard population of 300 +/- 150. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Moscow | Editor | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | SLN @ rana @ 35 | Serial | 778 | ||
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