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Annenkov, B.P. |
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The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) in the Dzungarsky Alatau |
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1990 |
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21-24 |
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Kazakhstan; status; distribution; conservation; parks; park; reserve; reserves; refuge; behavior; protected-area; kazakstan; browse; protected; area; 3010 |
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Full text available at URLTitle, Monographic: Sixth International Snow Leopard SymposiumPlace of Meeting: KazakhstanDate of Copyright: 1990 |
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SLN @ rana @ 163 |
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74 |
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Fox, J.L.; Freeman, H. |
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An Internationally cooperative fiels study of the snow leopard in Northern India |
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1984 |
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4 |
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39-42 |
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India; conservation; ecology; training; Ladakh; Jammu; Himachal-Pradesh; Sikkem; Uttar; Arunachal; livestock; hunting; prey; pelts; browse; 4140 |
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Leif Blomqvist and Helsinki Zoo |
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Helsinki, Finland |
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L.Blomqvist |
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Full text available atTitle, Monographic: International Pedigree Book of Snow Leopards, Panthera UnciaPlace of Meeting: Krefeld Zoo, GFRDate of Copyright: 1984 |
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SLN @ rana @ 76 |
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288 |
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Ming, M.; Munkhtsog, B.; Xu, F.; Turghan, M.; Yin, S.-jing; Wei, S.-D. |
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Title |
Markings as Indicator of Snow Leopard in Field Survey, in Xinjiang |
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Miscellaneous |
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2005 |
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Chinese Journal of Zoology |
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34-39 |
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markings; marking; snow leopard; leopard; field survey; Xinjiang; Chinese; Uncia uncia; Uncia-uncia; China; Tianshan Mountains; conservation; field work; length; snow leopards; snow-leopards; density; densities; pug; pug marks; marks; scrapes; scrape; feces; scent; spray; Hair; fur; prey; habitat; Habitat selection; selection; distribution; region; relative abundance; abundance; study; areas; knowledge; potential; conservation problems; Human; attitudes; attitude; 200 |
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The Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) was a very rare species in China. The survey on the markings of Snow Leopard in Ahay and Tianshan Mountains is the major activity of the Project of Snow Leopard in Xinjiang, supported by International Snow Leopard Trust(ISLT)and Xinjiang Conservation Fund(XCF). During the field work from Sep to Nov 2004 the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group(XSLG) set 67 transects of a total length of 47 776 m with mean transect length is 7 1 3 m at 9 locations.Total of 1 l 8 markings of Snow Leopards were found in 27 transects the mean density is 247km. The markings of Snow Leopard included the pug marks or footprints, scrapes, feces, bloodstain, scent spray, urine, hair or fur, claw rake, remains of prey corpse, sleep site, roar and others. From the quantity and locations of marks the XSLG got the information on habitat selection distribution region and relative abundance of the Snow Leopard in the study areas. The survey also provided knowledge on distribution and abundance of major prey potential conservation problems and human attitudes to Snow Leopards by taking 200 questionnaires in the study areas. |
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Full text available in Chinese |
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SLN @ rana @ 875 |
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681 |
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Biological diversity conservation. National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan |
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Miscellaneous |
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1998 |
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34-35 |
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Uzbekistan; national strategy and action plan; biodiversity; endangered species; snow leopard; distribution; number; conservation measures.; 6280; Russian |
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The National strategy and action plan of the Republic of Uzbekistan was signed on April 1, 1998. Snow leopard was included in the list of rare and endangered animal species and referred to category 2 a rare, not endangered species. It is distributed in highlands of the West Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alay. Its population is 30-50 animals. Snow leopard is protected in the Chatkal, Gissar nature reserve, and Ugam-Chatkal national park. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 606 |
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17 |
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Author |
Bannikov A.G. |
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Title |
We must save them |
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1982 |
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49-50 |
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Ussr; endangered species; Red Data book; snow leopard; biology; distribution; number; captive breeding; conservation.; 6160; Russian |
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It describes the USSR's fauna species included in the Red Data Book and gives an assessment of endangered species conservation practices throughout the world. It says about ways and perspectives of conservation and rehabilitation of rare animals in the USSR. It provides brief information concerning snow leopard's biology, distribution, number, opportunities for captive breeding, and international conservation activities aimed to protect this species. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 594 |
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113 |
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Koshkarev E.P. |
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Snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan. The structure of habitat, ecology, protection |
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Miscellaneous |
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1989 |
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100 p. |
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Kyzgyzstan; snow leopard; life-history; distribution; habitats; number; diet; behavior; conservation measures.; 7240; Russian |
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Habitat, status of population, geographical distribution, number, and ecology of snow leopard in Tien Shan are analyzed based on original realistic material collected 1981 through 1988.Information about irbis in the `foreign' part of its habitat is given for comparison. The reasons for snow leopard habitat shrinkage in Central Asia and Kazakhstan for over 100 years are assessed. Status of ungulate populations snow leopard prey on is given. The predator's behavioral pattern and condition in enclosure are given consideration. Protection measures are proposed. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 702 |
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558 |
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Kreuzberg-Mukhina E.A. |
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The Endangered species and Snow Leopard Conservation problems. Schoolbook |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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27 |
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Uzbekistan; biology; distribution; number; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 7460; Russian |
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The manual contains the information on snow leopard species listed in Red Data book of Uzbekistan. The data on its biology, distribution and number in republic and within the world is given. Snow leopard conservation problems are considered. |
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Full text available in Russian |
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SLN @ rana @ 724 |
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591 |
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Author |
Koshkarev E. |
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About snow leopard |
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Miscellaneous |
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2001 |
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Vol. 8. |
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148-151 |
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Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7290; Russian |
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In 1980-s, in Central Asia there were 1,500-1,700 snow leopards: 800-900 in Kyrgyzstan, 500 in Tajikistan, 200 in Kazakhstan, and 100 in Uzbekistan. During the last century the number of snow leopard was constantly decreasing, though a its drastic reduction was observed after the collapse of the Soviet Union because of increased poaching for snow leopard and its objects of prey. The highest level of poaching was observed to occur in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan's population of snow leopard reduced to 200 animals. A decrease of snow leopard number in other parts of its habitat with less intense hunting (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, south-west Kyrgyzstan) was mostly because of depletion of food resources (population of ungulates reduced five eight times). The reasons are corruption and unemployment. In order to improve the situation it is required to improve regulatory framework and replicate existing positive experience in economic motivation of nature protection activities. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Biological diversity of the West Tien Shan (Kazakhstan part). Proceedings of the Aksu Jabagly state nature reserve. |
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SLN @ rana @ 707 |
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557 |
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Volozheninov N.N. |
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Rare and endangered mammals and birds of Southern Uzbekistan |
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1985 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar ridge; Baisun ridge; snow leopard; number; preys; poaching; conservation measures.; 8500; Russian |
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Snow leopard is a common species for upper part of the Hissar ridge and northern part of the Baisun ridge. There are about 30 snow leopards there. The animals often attack livestock, sometimes even entering into sheltered cattle-pens. In two of four of such cases snow leopards were caught and killed; in two other cases they had gone, having wounded the people. Usually the predators attack sheep and goats, rarer cows. The most frequently snow leopard preys on ibex and often wild boar. Local people catch/shoot no less than 10 snow leopards per year. Protection measures include the prevention of poaching and withdrawal of rifled guns from local communities. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology and protection of rare and endangered vertebrate species in Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 827 |
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989 |
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Prokopov K.P. |
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The Red Data Book of vertebrate animals in eastern Kazakhstan |
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2003 |
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26-28 |
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Kazakhstan; Eastern Kazakhstan; Red Data book; categories of threat; rare species; snow leopard; nature conservation; nature reserves.; 8000; Russian |
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After the inventory of all rare and endangered species the categories of threat in the Red Data Book of eastern Kazakhstan has changed for most of the species: 24 species were referred to category 1 (endangered species) (in Kazakhstan's Red Data Book 14 species); 26 (14) species to category 2 (decreasing species); 11 (24) to category 3 (rare); and 1 (3) to category 5 (rehabilitated). There are three nature reserves in the region: Markakol, West Alatai, and Alakol to protect wild vertebrate animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecosphere: Eastern Kazakhstan information and analytical journal. |
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SLN @ rana @ 778 |
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795 |
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Kovshar A.F. |
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A problem of rare and endangered animal species in Kazakhstan |
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1982 |
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Kazakhstan; rare species; Red Data book; mammals; birds; reptiles; amphibians; fishes; snow leopard; researching; conservation; hunting prohibition; habitat restoration; genome conservation.; 7350; Russian |
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The Red Book of the Kazakh SSR includes 91 rare and endangered vertebrate animal species: 30 mammal, 48 bird, eight reptile, one amphibian, and four fish species. 26 species (Menzbier's marmot, marten species, lynx, snow leopard, and other species) became rare because of a direct anthropogenic pressure. The prohibition of hunting, conservation and rehabilitation of their habitats, reproduction in enclosures and preservation of some species' genomes is a way that would conserve rare species, the authors believe. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Fauna of Kazakhstan and the conservation challenges. |
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SLN @ rana @ 713 |
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580 |
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Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
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Title |
Genus Snow leopard Uncia gray, 1854 |
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1987 |
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Uzbekistan; mammals; game species; biology; distribution; practical use; conservation measures.; 6940; Russian |
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It provides data concerning biology, distribution and use game and commercial mammal species in Uzbekistan, and recommends on ways of hunting and initial fur-skin processing. It also describes the matter of conservation and rehabilitation of rare species' populations. From 1930-s to 1960-s over 20 snow leopard skins were reported to be traded officially. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game animals of Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 672 |
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418 |
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Esipov V.M. |
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The status and perspective protection and rehabilitation of natural ecosystems in the Chatkal state biosphere nature reserve under the State Committee for Agriculture and Industry of the USSR |
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1986 |
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15-17 |
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Uzbekistan; Chatkal nature reserve; establishment; conservation regime; Animals; snow leopard.; 6580; Russian |
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The area of the Chatkal nature reserve reduced as part of its territory (a land plot in the Shavasay river basin) was assigned to a military game preserve. As regime of protection worsened, number of animals such as Menzbier's marmot, snow leopard, ibex, snow cock, and black stork began to reduce. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Geographical problems of wildlife protection development. |
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SLN @ rana @ 636 |
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265 |
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Ishunin G.I. |
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Title |
Hunting and nature conservation in Uzbekistan (history and current status) |
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1984 |
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9-21 |
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Uzbekistan; origin; fauna; fossils; mesolite; late Stone Age; the Bronze Age; hunting; agriculture; stock-raising; natural calamity; conservation; hunting farm; snow leopard.; 6930; Russian |
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Origination of fauna complexes in Uzbekistan from the Mustier period to present time is described. The remains of brown bear, cave hyena, wolf, fox, corsac, stone marten, badger, and snow leopard were found in cave Amankutan (western extremities of the Zaravshan ridge). Cattle breeding and farming has begun since mesolite; cave bear, Stenon horse, Pleistocene donkey, camel and aurochs dropped from the region's fauna, while marchor and striped hyena moved to the Hissar ridge, Babatag and Kugitang mountains from south; jackal, chaus, tiger, and Iranian otter settled along the river valleys. In the Neolith and Bronze Age cattle breeding and farming continued to develop, while hunting was less important. Mass hinting for animals in the time of Alexander the Great, Chingiz Khan, and Babur, the ruler of Fergana, is described. Mass extermination of kulan, goitered gazelle, saiga, and other game species also took place later more than 12,000 saigas were killed during one hunt at the end of 19th century in the Volga region. Animals also die from natural disasters the “djut”. Data concerning a current status of goitered gazelle, saiga, Bukhara deer, marchor, Severtsev's sheep, and urial is given. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Hunting and nature conservation in Uzbekistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 671 |
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417 |
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Author |
Kydyraliev A.K. |
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Title |
Some animal species' habitat alteration in the Central Tien Shan |
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1970 |
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Part 1. |
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46-48 |
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Kyrgyzstan; tien shan; human influence; water conservation activity; decline; range; number; birds; mammals; game species; moral; argali; snow leopard.; 7540; Russian |
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Irrigation and drainage activity in Tien Shan led some bird species to disappear. Number of species to build their nests in tree holes has dropped. Mongolian sandpiper and black-bellied sand grouse disappeared in the steppe areas. Great bustard, formerly nesting in this area, can now be rarely seen only in migration. The direct anthropogenic influence resulted in shrinkage of game animal and bird populations such as moral, goitered gazelle, argali, snow leopard, and stone marten. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Influence of anthropogenic factors on the formation of zoogeographic complexes. The fifth inter-school zoogeographic conference. |
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SLN @ rana @ 732 |
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605 |
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Mitropolskiy O.V. |
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Biodiversity of mammals in Uzbekistan: results of the studies; conservation, use and monitoring projects |
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2004 |
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N 8. |
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18-25 |
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Western Tien Shan; rare species; status; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; brown bear; Tien Shan argali; Karatau argali; Menzbier's marmot.; 7660; Russian |
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The article reviews conservation projects regarding valuable species of the West Tien Shan such as snow leopard, Tien Shan brown bear, Tien Shan and Karatau argali, Menzbier's marmot. The questioning revealed three cases of poaching snow leopard in the West Tien Shan in Kazakhstan, and 11 in Uzbekistan. A necessity to severely suppress any acts of poaching or skin trade is emphasized. A number of measures is suggested to preserve the species. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Information bulletin/digest of Central Asia transboundary biodiversity project. |
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SLN @ rana @ 744 |
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699 |
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Author |
Kaletskiy A. |
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Title |
They must live |
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1978 |
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N 11. |
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Ussr; Red Data book; endangeres species; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7050; Russian |
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Among large predators included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and Red List of IUCN the author describes snow leopard. A population of snow leopard in the USSR is estimated to be 500 animals, and no more than 1,000 in the world. In the past, irbis was believed to be a harmful animal and hunting for this species was encouraged. Today, population of the predator is reducing because of poaching and decreasing number of species it preys on such as ibex, wild sheep, wild boar, and marmots. The situation is exacerbated by biological features of this species first of all its slow rate of reproduction. It is concluded that snow leopard needs urgent protection measures since the species is on the verge of disappearance. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Man and nature. |
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SLN @ rana @ 683 |
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510 |
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Author |
Abzalov A.A. |
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Title |
Game management development |
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1974 |
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20 24 |
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Uzbekistan; hunting farm; zakaznik; nature conservation; game species; snow leopard.; 5860; Russian |
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An issue of wildlife conservation in game preserves, forestries, and sanctuaries is discussed. In some regions of Uzbekistan there are various protected wildlife areas preserving unique and game species: marchor in the Kugitan hunting farm, Bukhara deer the Bukhara region, bear and snow leopard, argali, ibex, wild-boars, snow-cock, partridge, eagle, etc. in the Miraki hunting farm, pheasants in the Karadara forestry. To restore and upgrade the game management level in the country it is required to properly create game preserves, enlarge reproduction activity, strictly follow rules and terms of hunting and cultivate careful and solicitous attitude to wildlife and its resources in all hunters. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and man. |
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SLN @ rana @ 565 |
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32 |
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Sultanov G.S. |
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Animals protection, reproduction and use |
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1974 |
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30-37 |
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Uzbekistan; fauna; extinct; close to extinct; rare species; snow leopard; conservation measures; territorial protection.; 8340; Russian |
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Caspian tiger, cheetah, moral have disappeared from the region's fauna. Species such as hyena, leopard, manul are endangered, honey badger and caracal available only on the south of Karakalpakstan, lynx, snow leopard and saiga are rare species. The implemented protection measures helped Iranian otter, Bukhara red deer, marchor, and Severtsev's sheep escape a total extermination. To preserve many valuable animals in Uzbekistan small investments in their habitats improvement are required. Nature reserves and preserves occupy a total area of more than 220,000 ha in the country. All rare species of Central Asia's fauna are under protection of the state. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature and man. |
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SLN @ rana @ 812 |
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944 |
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Author |
Koshkarev E. |
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Title |
What has happened to the snow leopard after the break-up of Soviet Union? |
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2000 |
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4 (19) |
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72 |
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Central Asia; status; poaching; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7280; Russian |
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It describes status of snow leopard in republics of the former Soviet Union, main reasons for poaching and negative and positive experience on species conservation. The total number of snow leopard in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1980's was at least 1200-1400. In Kazakhstan the snow leopard population totaled 180-200, in Uzbekistan around 100, and in Russia 150-200. The number and natural habitat of the species were in universal decline. Losses in Kyrgyzstan from poaching alone were no less than 30 animals per year in 1960-1980's. During this period the population in this area decreased by half, and the natural habitat by one third. With the break-up of the Soviet Union, poaching of the snow leopard and its pray grew by at least a factor of 3-4. It was estimated that 500-600 animals reduced the Kyrgyz snow leopard population in the 1990's. The population that remains today can barely be more than 150-200 individual snow leopards. The population has been physically decimated. Number of snow leopard in existence today in the former Soviet Union does not exceed 700-900 individual animals. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature conservation Journal. |
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SLN @ rana @ 706 |
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556 |
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Author |
Kovalev A.K. |
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Markhor in the Ramit nature reserve, Tajikistan |
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1990 |
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Vol.3. |
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247-248 |
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Tajikistan; Khazratishok ridge; Darvaza ridge; markhor; number; nature conservation; zakaznik; Ramit nature reserve; captive breeding; prey species; snow leopard.; 7320; Russian |
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The marchor habitat in Tajikistan is fragmented. The animals are reproduced in enclosures of the Ramit nature reserve and released into wildlife in Khel canyon. Two females were killed by snow leopard. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Nature reserves of the USSR present and future. |
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SLN @ rana @ 710 |
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577 |
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Author |
Abramov V.K. |
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Title |
Ecological basis of the conservation of large predators in USSR |
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1974 |
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Vol.I. |
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7-8 |
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Ussr; large predators; conservation problems; snow leopard.; 5850; Russian |
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Problems of conservation of large predators (Felis tigris L., Panthera pardus L., Felis uncia Schreb., Acinonyx jubatus Schreb., Hyaena h¢…†n… L., Cuon alpinus Pall., Ursus maritimus Phipps, U.tibetanus Cuv.) inhabiting territory of USSR are discussed. |
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Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 1st International Congress on mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 564 |
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31 |
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Esipov A.V. |
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Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan |
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1995 |
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48-49 |
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Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; 6600; Russian |
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There are two isolated snow leopard populations in Uzbekistan, both of which are located along the fringe of the species' distribution. These groups are the Pamir-Alai and the Tien-Shan, of which are united to snow leopard range in neighboring Tadjikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Apart from animals inhabiting the Hissar Nature Reserve, the Pamir-Alai population consists of animals inhabiting the upper portion of the Tupalang River basin and the mountains around Baisuntau. This population is currently estimated at about 30 individuals, from which as many as 10 individuals are reported to be killed or captured annually. However, we suspect the loss rate is more like five to eight individuals, with the entire Pamir-Alai group in Uzbekistan numbering 22 – 25 animals. The Tien-Shan snow leopard sub-population group of Uzbekistan occupies the high-mountain portions of practically all of the large ridges in the area, including Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam and Talass Alatau. The number of snow leopards harvested from this sub-population appears to be five or seven individuals, with the total number placed at 27-32 individuals. The major factors restricting snow leopard numbers in Uzbekistan appears to be poaching of both snow leopard and its large prey species like ibex, as well as disturbance associated with the intensive development of the alpine lands for pasturing livestock. In order to preserve the snow leopard in Uzbekistan it will be necessary to control and eliminate poaching. Additional habitat could be provided by expanding the Chatkal Nature Reserve by adding lands in the Shavassai River basin as well as Akbulak River basin. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad |
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SLN @ rana @ 638 |
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255 |
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Loginov O. |
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Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan |
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1995 |
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39-41 |
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Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian |
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Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported
from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad. |
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SLN @ rana @ 737 |
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623 |
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Author |
Ishunin G.I. |
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Game and rare animals of Uzbekistan and their protection |
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1974 |
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1 |
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243-244 |
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Uzbekistan; game species; rare species; conservation; snow leopard.; 6890; Russian |
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Totally in Uzbekistan inhabited about 40 game species, but many of them became rare (Mellivora capensis indica, Lutra lutra seistanica, Hyaena hyaena, Felis pardus ciscaucasicus, Felis uncia, Felis ¤…a…c…l michaelis, F.manul ferrugineus, Cervus elaphus bactrianus, ¥…da… falconeri heptneri, Ovis orientalis bochariensis, I. about severtsovi, About ammon k…a†1ini), from fauna of region have disappeared Cuon alpinus hesperius, D…nthera tigris virgata, Acion¢o jubatus, Cervus elaphus sibiricus, Equus h†mionus, E. dazewalskii, Camelus bactrianus. For protection of valuable species of animals in Uzbekistan 6 nature reserves and 6 zakazniks were established. |
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Notes ![sorted by Notes field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of the First International congress on mammals. |
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SLN @ rana @ 667 |
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413 |
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