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Author |
Jackson, R.; Roe, J.; Wangchuk, R.; Hunter, D. |
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Title |
Estimating Snow Leopard Population Abundance Using Photography and Capture-Recapture Techniques |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Wildlife Society Bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
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34 |
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3 |
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772-781 |
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Keywords |
abundance; camera trapping; capture rates; dentistry; identification; India; photography; snow leopard; Uncia uncia |
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Abstract |
Conservation and management of snow leopards (Uncia uncial) has largely relied on anecdotal evidence and presence-absence data due to their cryptic nature and the difficult terrain they inhabit. These methods generally lack the scientific rigor necessary to accurately estimate population size and monitor trends. We evaluated the use of photography in capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques for estimating snow leopard population abundance and density within Hemis National Park, Ladakh, India. We placed infrared camera traps along actively used travel paths, scent-sprayed rocks, and scrape sites within 16-30 kmý sampling grids in successive winters during January and March 2003-2004. We used head-on, oblique, and side-view camera configurations to obtain snow leopard photographs at varying body orientations. We calculated snow leopard abundance estimates using the program CAPTURE. We obtained a total of 66 and 49 snow leopard captures resulting in 8.91 and 5.63 individuals per 100 trap nights during 2003 and 2004, respectively. We identified snow leopards based on the distinct pelage patters located primarily on the forelimbs, flanks, and dorsal surface of the tail. Capture probabilities ranged from 0.33 to 0.67. Density estimates ranged from 8.49 (SE+0.22) individuals per 100 kmý in 2003 to 4.45 (SE+0.16) in 2004. We believe the density disparity between years is attributable to different trap density and placement rather than to an actual decline in population size. Our results suggest that photographic capture-mark-recapture sampling may be a useful tool for monitoring demographic patterns. However, we believe a larger sample size would be necessary for generating a statistically robust estimate of population density and abundance based on CMR models. |
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SLN @ rana @ 912 |
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476 |
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Jackson, R.M. |
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Title |
Snow Leopard: Imperiled Phantom of Pakistan's High Mountains |
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1992 |
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Natura |
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14 |
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1 |
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4-9 |
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Pakistan; browse; 2170 |
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SLN @ rana @ 193 |
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479 |
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Jalanka, H.H.; Roeken, B. |
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The use of Medetomidine, Medetomidine-Ketamine combinations, and Atipamezole in nondomestic mammals: A review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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Journal-of-Zoo-and-Wildlife-Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
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21 |
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3 |
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259-282 |
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use; medetomidine; atipamezole; mammals |
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The recent development of potent and specifica lphar-adrenoceptoar gonistsa nd antagonists has enhanced their use in nondomestic animal immobilization and reversal. Medetomidine, a new potent alphar-agonist, in combination with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine, has been used to immobilize a variety of nondomestic mammals. Medetomidine alone induces sedation in a dose-dependent way, and complete immobilization has been achieved with high doses in semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and blue foxes (Alopex lagopus). Howbver, we feel that ketamine should be added to the immobilization mixture to ensure complete immobilization and operator safety. In ketamine combinations, medetomidine doses are usually 60-100 pg/kg. The required ketamine doses are remarkably low:0.8-1.6 mglkg in most ruminants,2.5-3.0 mgUgin felids,u rsids,a nd canids,a nd 5.G-8.0m glkgi n primates,w olverines(Gulog ulo),ando therm uitelids. Clinically, the resulting immobilization is characterized by a smooth onset, good to excellent myorelaxation, and areflexia at higher doses. Determinations of hematologic, serum biochemicil, arterial blood gas,a nd acid-bases tatusp arametersi ndicate that the immobilization is physiologically sound. We have had no fatalities attributable to the immobilization mixture ( I ,240 immobilizations). The alphar-adrenoceptora ntagonist,a tipamezole,i s highly efective in reversingt he immobilization induced by medetomidine, medetomidine-ketamine combinations, or xylazine. In ruminants, the medetomidine-ketamine-induced immobilization can be rapidly and persistently reversed by administering 100-l 50 1rg/kg of alipamezole i.v. and the rest s.c., adjusting the total atipamezole dose to an atipamezole: medetomidine ratio of approximately 4-5 (w/w). Becauseth e required ketamine doses are relatively high in carnivores, we prefer to use a lower atipamezole dose (totil atipamezoie: medetomidine ratio approximately 2-3 w/w) and to administer it i.m. or s.c. Using thii regimen, reversals are calm and animals show minimal “residual ketamine effect.” Because atipamezole is a competitive antagonist, its dose should be reduced if it is administered late in the immobilization period when a large part of medetomidine has been endogenously metabolized. Xylazine-induced immobilization is rapidly reversed by I mg of atipamezole for every 8-12 mg of xylazine used. |
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American Association of Zoo Veterinarians |
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SLN @ rana @ 1081 |
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486 |
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Author |
Janovsky, M.; Grone, A.; Ciardo, D.; Vollm, J.; Burnens, A.; Fatzer, R.; Bacciarini, L.N. |
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Title |
Phaeohyphomycosis in a Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) due to Cladophialophora bantiana |
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Miscellaneous |
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2006 |
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Journal of Comparative Pathology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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134 |
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245-248 |
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Cladophialophora bantiana; fungal infection; phaeohyphomycosis; snow leopard; spinal meningitis; Uncia uncia |
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Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladophialophora bantiana was diagnosed in a 5-month-old snow leopard with spastic paralysis of the hind legs and inability to defaecate or urinate. At post-mortem examination, a greenish soft mass resembling an abscess was found on one side of the epidural space at the fourth lumbar vertebral body. Histological examination revealed a purulent meningitis with myelomalacia. Dematiaceous fungal hyphae, present within the inflammatory infiltrate, were identified as C. bantiana by culture and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. This neurotropic fungus rarely affects organs other than the brain in human beings and cats, and has been reported only occasionally in Europe. The case described suggests that phaeohyphomycosis due to C. bantiana infection may be recognized more frequently in the future and the possible involvement of organs other than the brain should be borne in mind. |
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SLN @ rana @ 891 |
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489 |
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Author |
Jie, Z.; Zongwei, W. |
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Qinghai Fauna |
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1963 |
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Journal of Animal |
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15 |
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1 |
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125-137 |
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China; Qinghai; status; distribution; browse; 3420 |
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SLN @ rana @ 20 |
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495 |
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Johnson, D. |
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The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation goes international |
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1994 |
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Endangered Species Update, A |
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11 |
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10 |
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A10 |
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Nfwf; India; asia; siberia; endangered-species; snow-leopard; managemnet; conservation; snow leopard; browse; endangered; species; 1150 |
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Abstract: The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) which is a conservation organization created in 1984 aims to conserve the species on an international context before they are endangered which will enable a more effective conservation procedure. The NFWF has addressed the causes of endangered species in India and South Asia such as the tiger, Indian wolf and the snow leopard and has supported the conservation efforts of the Siberian tiger. It has cooperated with multi-national organizations to evaluate the best strategy that could be adopted to prevent a future extinction of several species and has supported CITES programs |
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SLN @ rana @ 254 |
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500 |
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Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S.J. |
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The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment |
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2006 |
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Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
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311 |
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74-77 |
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carnivore; classification; divergence; Dna; Felidae; fossil; lineages; Miocene; mitochondrial; Molecular; phylogeny; radiation; taxonomic |
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Modern felid species descend from relatively recent (G11 million years ago) divergence and speciation events that produced successful predatory carnivores worldwide but that have confounded taxonomic classifications. A highly resolved molecular phylogeny with divergence dates for all living cat species, derived from autosomal, X-linked, Y-linked, and mitochondrial gene segments (22,789 base pairs) and 16 fossil calibrations define eight principal lineages produced through at least 10 intercontinental migrations facilitated by sea-level fluctuations. A ghost lineage analysis indicates that available felid fossils underestimate (i.e., unrepresented basal branch length) first occurrence by an average of 76%, revealing a low representation of felid lineages in paleontological remains. The phylogenetic performance of distinct gene classes showed that Y-chromosome segments are appreciably more informative than mitochondrial DNA, X-linked, or autosomal genes in resolving the rapid Felidae species radiation. |
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SLN @ rana @ 908 |
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502 |
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Joslin, J.O.; Garner, M.; Collins, D.; Kamaka, E.; Sinabaldi, K.; Meleo, K.; Montali, R.; Sundberg, J.; Jenson, A.B.; Ghim, S.; Davidow, B.; Hargis, A.; West, K.; Clark, T.; Haines, D. |
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Viral papilloma and squamous cell carcinomas in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) |
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2000 |
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2000 Proceedings AAZV & IAAAM Joint Conference |
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155-158 |
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captive; snow leopard; squamous cell carcinoma; Uncia uncia; viral papilloma |
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AAZV & IAAAM Joint Conference |
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SLN @ rana @ 932 |
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506 |
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Keen, B. |
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The snow leopard (illicit furs) |
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1984 |
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New Statesman |
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107 |
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20 |
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fur; coat; poaching; conservation; browse; 1200 |
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SLN @ rana @ 72 |
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528 |
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Kitchener, S.L.; Meritt; Rosenthal, M. |
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Observations on the breeding and husbandry of snow leopards, Panthera uncia |
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1975 |
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Int.Zoo Yearbook |
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15 |
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212-217 |
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breeding; husbandry; behavior; captivity; zoos; zoo; browse; 3640; Adult; care; biology; growth; mortality; factor; young; snow; snow leopards; snow leopard; snow-leopards; snow-leopard; leopards; leopard; program; park |
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Describes adult care and breeding biology, and the care, growth, and mortality factors of young snow leopards in a successful breeding program in the Lincon Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. |
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