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	Author	Esipov A.V.
	Title	Current state of snow leopard and its main preys in Hissar nature reserve		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	61-67
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; snow leopard; Siberian ibex; long-tailed marmot.; 6630; Russian
	Abstract	An expert evaluation of the numbers of snow leopard and its preys, Siberian ibex and long-tailed marmot, was made on the basis of surveys conducted in Hissar nature reserve in 1999. The total number of the snow leopard is estimated at 12-16 individuals, whereas that of the Siberian ibex at 1000 individuals. An average density of the population of the long tailed marmot ranges at 4,8 individuals per ha. The ratio of the numbers between the snow leopard, Siberian ibex and long tailed marmot is 1:68:450. The major threats for the snow leopard are poaching on the borders of the nature reserve, a decrease in of preys, shrinking of the range in areas adjoining the nature reserve as a result of intensification of industrial activities and disturbing factors. For the Siberian ibex and long tailed marmot the major limiting factors are the shrinking of the areas and deterioration of the forage value of the high-mountain pastures, as well as the direct competition for forage with domestic animals at the sites adjoining the territory of the nature, as well as disturbing factors.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Conservation of biodiversity in strictly protected territories of Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 641		Serial	257
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	Author	Esipov A.V.
	Title	Measure for snow leopard protection in Uzbekistan		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1985	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	30-32
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; distribution; number; threats; protection.; 6620; Russian
	Abstract	In Uzbekistan, snow leopard (Uncia uncia Schreber, 1776) is met in the mountain ridges of Tien Shan (Karjantau, Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, and possibly Kurama ridges) and Alay (Turkistan, Zaravshan, Gissar, and Baisuntau ridges). There are about 50 snow leopards there. They are observed to decrease in number for the reasons as follows: extensive use of alpine pastures, tourist activity and poaching. Irbis is under protection in the Chatkal, Zaamin, and Gissar nature reserves and Zaamin people's park. An additional measure to be taken to protect this species is to expand the area of the Chatkal nature reserve, to better fight against poaching activity and advocate snow leopard protection in mass media.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Ecology of rare and endangered mammals in south Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 640		Serial	260
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	Author	Bannikov A.G.
	Title	Snow leopard (irbis). Felis uncia		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1973	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	44
	Keywords	Ussr; snow leopard; distribution; life history; threats.; 6150; Russian
	Abstract	Irbis is distributed in highlands of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Altai. It preys mainly on wild sheep and ibex, marmots, pica, snow-cock, rarer other ungulates, rodents and birds. Sometimes it attacks domestic sheep. At the beginning of spring this species is on heat, gestation period being 90 100 days. Female bears two three (to five) cubs. The litter splits in one year. The animal sheds hair twice a year. It has a low population and therefore hunting for snow leopard is prohibited.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Game animals and birds of the USSR. Reference book and identifier.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 593		Serial	114
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	Author	Mitropolskiy O.V.
	Title	Biodiversity of mammals in Uzbekistan: results of the studies; conservation, use and monitoring projects		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	N 8.	Issue	Pages	18-25
	Keywords	Western Tien Shan; rare species; status; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; brown bear; Tien Shan argali; Karatau argali; Menzbier's marmot.; 7660; Russian
	Abstract	The article reviews conservation projects regarding valuable species of the West Tien Shan such as snow leopard, Tien Shan brown bear, Tien Shan and Karatau argali, Menzbier's marmot. The questioning revealed three cases of poaching snow leopard in the West Tien Shan in Kazakhstan, and 11 in Uzbekistan. A necessity to severely suppress any acts of poaching or skin trade is emphasized. A number of measures is suggested to preserve the species.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Information bulletin/digest of Central Asia transboundary biodiversity project.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 744		Serial	699
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	Author	Kaletskiy A.
	Title	They must live		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1978	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	N 11.	Issue	Pages
	Keywords	Ussr; Red Data book; endangeres species; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard.; 7050; Russian
	Abstract	Among large predators included in the Red Data Book of the USSR and Red List of IUCN the author describes snow leopard. A population of snow leopard in the USSR is estimated to be 500 animals, and no more than 1,000 in the world. In the past, irbis was believed to be a harmful animal and hunting for this species was encouraged. Today, population of the predator is reducing because of poaching and decreasing number of species it preys on such as ibex, wild sheep, wild boar, and marmots. The situation is exacerbated by biological features of this species first of all its slow rate of reproduction. It is concluded that snow leopard needs urgent protection measures since the species is on the verge of disappearance.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Man and nature.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 683		Serial	510
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	Author	Esipov A.V.
	Title	Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Uzbekistan		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	48-49
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Hissar nature reserve; number; distribution; threats; conservation measures; snow leopard; 6600; Russian
	Abstract	There are two isolated snow leopard populations in Uzbekistan, both of which are located along the fringe of the species' distribution. These groups are the Pamir-Alai and the Tien-Shan, of which are united to snow leopard range in neighboring Tadjikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Apart from animals inhabiting the Hissar Nature Reserve, the Pamir-Alai population consists of animals inhabiting the upper portion of the Tupalang River basin and the mountains around Baisuntau. This population is currently estimated at about 30 individuals, from which as many as 10 individuals are reported to be killed or captured annually. However, we suspect the loss rate is more like five to eight individuals, with the entire Pamir-Alai group in Uzbekistan numbering 22 – 25 animals. The Tien-Shan snow leopard sub-population group of Uzbekistan occupies the high-mountain portions of practically all of the large ridges in the area, including Chatkal, Pskem, Ugam and Talass Alatau. The number of snow leopards harvested from this sub-population appears to be five or seven individuals, with the total number placed at 27-32 individuals. The major factors restricting snow leopard numbers in Uzbekistan appears to be poaching of both snow leopard and its large prey species like ibex, as well as disturbance associated with the intensive development of the alpine lands for pasturing livestock. In order to preserve the snow leopard in Uzbekistan it will be necessary to control and eliminate poaching. Additional habitat could be provided by expanding the Chatkal Nature Reserve by adding lands in the Shavassai River basin as well as Akbulak River basin.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 638		Serial	255
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	Author	Loginov O.
	Title	Status and Conservation of Snow Leopard in Kazakhstan		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1995	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	39-41
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; number; distribution; threats; protected areas; conservation activity; snow leopard.; 7590; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopards are to be found in the most extreme eastern, southeastern and southern mountainous regions, including the Altai. Saur, Tarbagatai. Dzhungarian, Alatau, Northern and Western Tian-Shan ranges. The snow leopard or irbis is the most rare in eastern Kazakstan in the ranges of Katunskie Belki, South Altai, Kurchumski, Sarymsakty, Saur and Tarbagatai. Total snow leopard population in Kazakstan is estimated at no more than 100-110 animals, including 20-25 in the central part of the Zailisky-Alatau. Although there are nine protected areas in Kazakstan, snow leopards are only regularly reported from the Aksu-Dzhabagly and Almaty reserves and occasionally in Markakolsky Reserve. The major threats to the species include: Deliberate poaching with the aim of selling the valuable fur of the snow leopard; habitat loss resulting from the expansion of human activity in its mountain habitat, and deliberate or retaliatory killing by shepherds in response to predation upon livestock.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Proceedings of 8th International Snow Leopard Symposium Islamabad.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 737		Serial	623
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	Author	Dementiev G.P.
	Title	Mammals		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1969	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue	Pages	19-27
	Keywords	Ussr; endangered species; snow leopard; distribution; fluctuation; threats.; 6490; Russian
	Abstract	It provides a list and discusses a status of rare and endangered predators and ungulates in the USSR (24 species in total). Snow leopard inhabits the mountain ridges of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, in the Altai and Tuva. The habitat of snow leopard had not changed significantly since recently, though its population had been reducing (according to materials of the year 1967). Such reduction of its population is because of the common assumption of its harmfulness and high demand for its fur-skin and high prices that zoos would readily pay for the animals.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Rare and endangered mammal and bird species in the USSR.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 627		Serial	234
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	Author	Esipov A.V.
	Title	Snow Leopard (Irbis)		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2003	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. II. Animals.	Issue	Pages	218-219
	Keywords	Uzbekistan; Red Data book; category of threat; number; distribution; threats; snow leopard.; 6650; Russian
	Abstract	Critically Endangered l (CR C2a(i); D), locally distributed western subspecies of Central Asian species. It occurs in Western Tien Shan and Western Pamir Alay. It inhabits middle and high belts of the mountains. It prefers watersheds and rocky talus slopes. It never was numerous; last decades the numbers have been decreasing. In 1980's-1990's in Hissar nature reserve 5-11 individuals were counted, in 1970's-1980's in Chatkal nature reserve the 1-3 specimens were observed. Perhaps, total number is 20-30 individuals. The threats are development of high mountain pastures, decreasing of prey numbers, human persecution and poaching. Included in the IUCN Red List [EN] and in Appendix I of CITES.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of Republic of Uzbekistan.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 643		Serial	259
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	Author	Grachev Yu.A.
	Title	Snow leopard Uncia uncia Sch. 1775		Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1991	Publication	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	Vol. 1. Animals.	Issue	Pages	73-75
	Keywords	Kazakhstan; Red Data boo; category of threat; distribution; number; biology; threats; conservation measures.; 6800; Russian
	Abstract	Snow leopard is a rare species with shrinking habitat and decreasing population (category III). It is distributed in Tien Shan (the ridges of Karjantau, Ugam, Talas, Kyrgyz, Zailiyskiy, Kunghey, Terskey, Ketmen), Djungar Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur, and South Altai. This species has disappeared in the Syrdarya Karatau and the mountains of North Tien Shan. Its total number in Kazakhstan is estimated to be 180-200 animals. The threats are reduction of mountain ungulates and poaching. Snow leopard is protected in the Aksu-Djabagly, Alma-Ata, and Markakol nature reserves and the Alma-Ata, Lepsin, and Tokhta sanctuaries. The Djungar nature reserve needs to be established.
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	Notes	Full text available in RussianJournal Title: Red Data Book of the Kazakh SSR.		Approved	no
	Call Number	SLN @ rana @ 658		Serial	342
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