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Author |
Baral N.; Stern, M.; Heinen, J.T. |
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Title |
Integrated conservation and development project life cycles in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Is development overpowering conservation? |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Biodiversity Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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16 |
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10 |
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2903-2917 |
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annapurna; Biodiversity conservation; community-based; conservation; Gender; management; Nepal; protected area; development; project; annapurna conservation area; Annapurna-Conservation-Area; area |
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The merits of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), which aim to provide development incentives to citizens in return for conservation behaviors, have long been debated in the literature. Some of the most common critiques suggest that conservation activities tend to be strongly overpowered by development activities. We studied this assertion through participant observation and archival analysis of five Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMCs) in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA), Nepal. Committee activities were categorized as conservation activities (policy development and conservation implementation), development activities (infrastructure, health care, education, economic development, and sanitation), or activities related to institutional strengthening (administrative development and capacity building activities). Greater longevity of each ICDP was associated with greater conservation activity in relation to development activities. Project life cycles progressed from a focus on development activities in their early stages, through a transitional period of institutional strengthening, and toward a longer-term focus that roughly balanced conservation and development activities. Results suggest that the ICDP concept, as practiced in ACA, has been successful at building capacity for and interest in conservation amongst local communities. However, success has come over a period of nearly a decade, suggesting that prior conclusions about ICDP failures may have been based on unrealistic expectations of the time needed to influence behavioral changes in target populations. |
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SLN @ rana @ 938 |
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117 |
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Author |
Schaller, G.B. |
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Title |
Mountain mammals in Pakistan |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
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Oryx |
Abbreviated Journal |
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13 |
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351-356 |
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Pakistan; Chitral-Gol; status; distribution; hunting; poaching; hunters; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; chitral gol; chitral; protected area; protected; area; 2240 |
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Four or five snow leopards were present in 300 sq km of Chitral District in 1974. Six snow leopards were shot in vicinity of Chitral Gol in winter of 1971-1972, and at least one the next year. Estimates fewer then 250 snow leopards in Pakistan. |
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SLN @ rana @ 33 |
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863 |
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Author |
Sharkey, W., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Sinovas, P., Keane, A. |
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Title |
A framework for understanding the contributions of local residents to protected area law enforcement |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2024 |
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Oryx |
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1-13 |
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Community engagement, framework, law enforcement, monitoring, participation, protected areas, rule-breaking |
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Terrestrial and marine protected areas have long been championed as an approach to biodiversity conservation. For protected areas to be effective, equitable and inclusive, the involvement of local residents in their management and governance is considered important. Globally, there are many approaches to involving local residents in protected area law enforcement. However, opportunities for comparing different approaches have been limited by the lack of a clear common framework for analysis. To support a more holistic understanding, we present a framework for analysing the contributions of local residents to protected area law enforcement. Informed by a review of the literature and discussions with conservation practitioners, the framework comprises five key dimensions: (1) the different points in the enforcement system at which local residents are involved, (2) the nature of local participation in decision-making, (3) the type of external support provided to local residents, (4) the different motivating forces for participation, and (5) the extent to which local participation is formalized. We apply the framework to three real-world case studies to demonstrate its use in analysing and comparing the characteristics of different approaches. We suggest this framework could be used to examine variation in local participation within the enforcement system, inform evaluation and frame constructive discussions between relevant stakeholders. With the global coverage of protected areas likely to increase, the framework provides a foundation for better understanding the contributions of local residents to protected area law enforcement. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1746 |
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Author |
Xu, F.; Ma, M.; Wu, Y.-Q. |
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Title |
Winter Daily Activity Rhythm and Time Budget of Ibex(Capra ibex) |
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Miscellaneous |
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2006 |
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activities; activity; capra ibex; Daily activity rhythms; ibex; Time budget; Tomor Protected Area; winter; Xinjiang |
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SLN @ rana @ 868 |
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1035 |
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Johansson, O., Rauset, G. R., Samelius, G., McCarthy, T., Andren, H., Tumursukh, L., Mishra, C. |
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Title |
Land sharing is essential for snow leopard conservation |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Biological Conservation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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203 |
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1-7 |
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Home range, LoCoH, Mongolia, Panthera uncial, Protected areas, Land sparing |
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Conserving large carnivores in an increasingly crowded planet raises difficult challenges. A recurring debate is whether large carnivores can be conserved in human used landscapes (land sharing) or whether they require specially designated areas (land sparing). Here we show that 40% of the 170 protected areas in the global range of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) are smaller than the home range of a single adult male and only 4– 13% are large enough for a 90% probability of containing 15 or more adult females. We used data from 16 snow leopards equipped with GPS collars in the Tost Mountains of South Gobi, Mongolia, to calculate home range size and overlap using three different estimators: minimum convex polygons (MCP), kernel utility distributions (Kernel), and local convex hulls (LoCoH). Local convex hull home ranges were smaller and included lower proportions of unused habitats compared to home ranges based on minimum convex polygons and Kernels. Intra-sexual home range overlapwas low, especially for adult males, suggesting that snowleopards are territorial. Mean home range size based on the LoCoH estimates was 207 km2 ± 63 SD for adult males and 124 km2 ± 41 SD for adult females. Our estimates were 6–44 times larger than earlier estimates based on VHF technology when comparing similar estimators, i.e. MCP. Our study illustrates that protected areas alone will not be able to conserve predatorswith large home ranges and conservationists and managers should not restrict their efforts to land sparing. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1446 |
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Hanson, J. H., Schutgens, M., Baral, N. |
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Title |
What explains tourists support for snow leopard conservation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal? |
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Journal Article |
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Human Dimensions of Wildlife |
Abbreviated Journal |
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1-15 |
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Flagship species; Himalayas; knowledge-attitude-practice model; Panthera uncia; protected area management; tourism |
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Wildlife tourism is increasingly important for the conservation of
threatened species such as snow leopards. However, what tourists
know or value about snow leopards, and to what extent they support
the conservation of this species, has received limited empirical attention.
This paper investigates tourist knowledge about snow leopards,
beliefs and values toward the species, and support for its conservation
in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Nepal. Survey data were
collected from 406 foreign tourists between March and May 2014.
Although knowledge about snow leopards varied among respondents,
there was widespread support for their conservation.
Knowledge about snow leopards was best explained by education
level and environmental organization membership. Improved knowledge
about the species, and a variety of intrinsic conservation values,
were found to increase tourist support for snow leopard conservation.
These results provide important insights to help tailor tourism
initiatives to support the conservation of snow leopards. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1474 |
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Jamtsho, Y., Katel, O. |
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Title |
Livestock depredation by snow leopard and Tibetan wolf: Implications for herders� livelihoods in Wangchuck Centennial National Park, Bhutan |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
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Springer Open |
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9:1 |
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1-10 |
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Wildlife-livestock conflicts, Endangered predators, Protected area, Income loss |
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Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a serious problem in many parts of the world, and Bhutan�s Wangchuck Centennial
National Park (WCNP) is no exception. Located in the remote alpine areas of the eastern Himalaya, wildlife species
such as snow leopard (SL) and Tibetan wolf (TW) are reported to kill livestock in many parts of the Park. Such
depredation is believed to have affected the livelihoods of high-altitude herding communities, resulting in conflicts
between them. This study provides analysis on the extent of livestock depredation by wildlife predators such as SL
and TW and examines its implications for the livelihoods of herding communities of Choekhortoe and Dhur regions
of WCNP. Using semi-structured questionnaires, all herders (n = 38) in the study area were interviewed. The questions
pertained to livestock population, frequency of depredation and income lost due to depredation in the last five years
from 2012 to 2016. This study recorded 2,815 livestock heads in the study area, with an average herd size of 74.1 stock.
The average herd size holding showed a decreasing trend over the years, and one of the reasons cited by the herders
is depredation by SL and TW and other predators. This loss equated to an average annual financial loss equivalent to
10.2% (US$837) of their total per capita cash income. Such losses have resulted in negative impacts on herders�
livelihood; e.g. six herders (2012-2016) even stopped rearing livestock and resorted to an alternate source of cash
income. The livestock intensification programmes, including pasture improvement through allowing controlled
burning, and financial compensation, may be some potential short-term solutions to reduce conflict between herders
and predators. Issuing permits for cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) collection only to the herders and instilling the
sense of stewardship to highland herders may be one of the long-term solutions. |
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SLN @ rakhee @ |
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1479 |
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Bajimaya, S.; Baral N.; Yadav L.B. |
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Title |
Report on Overall Assessment of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve |
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Miscellaneous |
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1990 |
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Nepal; hunting; reserves; reserve; parks; park; refuge; hunter; protected-area; browse; protected area; protected; area; 2300 |
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A report submitted to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal. |
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SLN @ rana @ 149 |
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108 |
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Aromov, B. |
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The Materials of the Numbers of Dispersed Animal Species in Kyzylsu Nature Reserve |
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1982 |
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Uzbekistan; Russia; Soviet-Union; Ussr; parks; park; reserves; reserve; refuge; protected-area; browse; soviet union; soviet; union; protected area; protected areas; protected; area; areas; 2550 |
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Russian |
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Abstracts of the Republican Conference, Tashkent. Date of Copyright: 1982 |
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SLN @ rana @ 65 |
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102 |
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Heinen, J.T.; Metha, J.C. |
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Conceptual and legal issues in the designation and management of conservation areas in Nepal |
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1999 |
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Environmental Conservation |
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26 |
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21-29 |
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Nepal; conservation; protected area; management; browse; 70 |
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The modern era of wildlife and protected area conservation in Nepal began in 1973 with the passage of comprehensive legislation, and has evolved very quickly as new priorities and problems have emerged. Here we explore the legal and managerial development of conservation areas, a recently-defined category of protected area designed to promote conservation through local-level participation and development. A review of the Conservation Area Management Regulations of 1996 shows that there are several potential problems inherent in this designation. As written, the regulations move power from the government to organizations under governmental contract. Thus, management authority largely remains top-down from the standpoint of local users. We also question how well the designation will protect some sensitive wildlife species, since organizations do not have law enforcement authority under Nepalese legislation.
Despite these concerns, there have been several successful conservation area programmes in existence in Nepal since the 1980s and most of the issues addressed are surmountable with the current regulations, providing that several criteria are met. We propose that His Majesty's Government and organizations under contract develop more definitive methods of disbursing funds for local-level projects, and institute social impact assessments. In addition, more attention must be paid to wildlife law enforcement; independent assessments of important wild populations and unique habitats are needed. Finally, we discuss some broader issues that should be better addressed in Nepal and elsewhere, including cross-sectoral coordination within the government. |
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Document Type: English |
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SLN @ rana @ 361 |
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377 |
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